Joseph H. Carens
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297680
- eISBN:
- 9780191598937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297688.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Focuses on the relationship between cultural difference and equal opportunity. Because cultural heritages can affect the motivation and the capacity to take advantage of conventionally valued ...
More
Focuses on the relationship between cultural difference and equal opportunity. Because cultural heritages can affect the motivation and the capacity to take advantage of conventionally valued opportunities, some argue that respect for cultural differences requires us to accept social and economic inequalities between groups. The chapter uses the cases of Asian Americans, the Amish, African Americans and women to qualify and challenge this claim. It concludes that the relationship between pluralism and equality is generally complementary, and that this complementariness is enhanced when social institutions minimize inequalities.Less
Focuses on the relationship between cultural difference and equal opportunity. Because cultural heritages can affect the motivation and the capacity to take advantage of conventionally valued opportunities, some argue that respect for cultural differences requires us to accept social and economic inequalities between groups. The chapter uses the cases of Asian Americans, the Amish, African Americans and women to qualify and challenge this claim. It concludes that the relationship between pluralism and equality is generally complementary, and that this complementariness is enhanced when social institutions minimize inequalities.
Juliet Hooker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335361
- eISBN:
- 9780199868995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335361.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter argues that taking racialized solidarity into account in theories of multiculturalism requires that existing normative justifications of minority group rights be reframed in order to ...
More
This chapter argues that taking racialized solidarity into account in theories of multiculturalism requires that existing normative justifications of minority group rights be reframed in order to make whiteness visible. This entails focusing arguments for such rights on the need to reverse past and continuing disadvantages suffered by subordinated groups as a result of either cultural difference and/or racial hierarchy, thereby reintegrating the two branches of the multiculturalism literature. This would bring questions of collective injustice to the forefront of debates about minority group rights, which are one of the few instances where the content of the political community's public memory is challenged and the differences between the ethical-political perspectives of dominant and subordinated groups are confronted. Through such processes of contestation the ethical-political perspectives of dominant groups might be transformed, thereby leading to the development of greater political will to achieve racial justice.Less
This chapter argues that taking racialized solidarity into account in theories of multiculturalism requires that existing normative justifications of minority group rights be reframed in order to make whiteness visible. This entails focusing arguments for such rights on the need to reverse past and continuing disadvantages suffered by subordinated groups as a result of either cultural difference and/or racial hierarchy, thereby reintegrating the two branches of the multiculturalism literature. This would bring questions of collective injustice to the forefront of debates about minority group rights, which are one of the few instances where the content of the political community's public memory is challenged and the differences between the ethical-political perspectives of dominant and subordinated groups are confronted. Through such processes of contestation the ethical-political perspectives of dominant groups might be transformed, thereby leading to the development of greater political will to achieve racial justice.
Joseph H. Carens
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280088
- eISBN:
- 9780191599927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280084.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Joseph Carens argues that Michael Walzer's account of the moral autonomy of political communities is not true to our shared understanding of justice. Drawing upon a wide range of cross‐cultural ...
More
Joseph Carens argues that Michael Walzer's account of the moral autonomy of political communities is not true to our shared understanding of justice. Drawing upon a wide range of cross‐cultural examples, he argues that our understanding of justice requires us sometimes to criticize institutions and policies of political communities that are culturally different to our own communities. Focusing on issues of gender and democracy, he also argues that the ‘we’ who make these judgements does not always correspond to the members of a political community but can be either wider or narrower.Less
Joseph Carens argues that Michael Walzer's account of the moral autonomy of political communities is not true to our shared understanding of justice. Drawing upon a wide range of cross‐cultural examples, he argues that our understanding of justice requires us sometimes to criticize institutions and policies of political communities that are culturally different to our own communities. Focusing on issues of gender and democracy, he also argues that the ‘we’ who make these judgements does not always correspond to the members of a political community but can be either wider or narrower.
R. D. Grillo
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294269
- eISBN:
- 9780191599378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294263.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
There is no single crisis of the contemporary nation state, but a multiplicity of crises, one of which has centrally to do with ethnicity and cultural difference and how to handle pluralism. ...
More
There is no single crisis of the contemporary nation state, but a multiplicity of crises, one of which has centrally to do with ethnicity and cultural difference and how to handle pluralism. Pluralism itself, however, has taken many forms, and three varieties are particularly interesting from a comparative perspective. In early patrimonial societies, as Max Weber called them, those with different ethnic and cultural identities often formed separate corporations within which they had relative autonomy. Under conditions of modernity and industrialism, the emphasis is on homogeneity and assimilation, while contemporary, post‐modern, post‐industrial societies often allow considerable space for heterogeneity and difference.Less
There is no single crisis of the contemporary nation state, but a multiplicity of crises, one of which has centrally to do with ethnicity and cultural difference and how to handle pluralism. Pluralism itself, however, has taken many forms, and three varieties are particularly interesting from a comparative perspective. In early patrimonial societies, as Max Weber called them, those with different ethnic and cultural identities often formed separate corporations within which they had relative autonomy. Under conditions of modernity and industrialism, the emphasis is on homogeneity and assimilation, while contemporary, post‐modern, post‐industrial societies often allow considerable space for heterogeneity and difference.
Joseph H. Carens
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297680
- eISBN:
- 9780191598937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297688.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Explores the possibilities of reconciling the demands of aboriginal peoples in Canada for forms of self‐government that will reflect and protect their distinct cultural traditions with the idea of a ...
More
Explores the possibilities of reconciling the demands of aboriginal peoples in Canada for forms of self‐government that will reflect and protect their distinct cultural traditions with the idea of a shared Canadian citizenship based on equality and political unity. It outlines the long history of the use of Canadian citizenship as a tool of coercive assimilation of First Nations people in Canada and argues that this history justifies considerable wariness on their part toward any project of civic integration. It also considers the question of whether the cultural differences between aboriginal people and other Canadians would warrant some limitations on the application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada's Bill of Rights) to aboriginal people. Finally, the chapter argues that a unitary model of citizenship is bound to fail to achieve the civic integration of aboriginal people. It contends that a version of differentiated citizenship that makes dialogue over justice and cultural difference central is the best hope for achieving civic integration, though it is an approach that carries its own risks.Less
Explores the possibilities of reconciling the demands of aboriginal peoples in Canada for forms of self‐government that will reflect and protect their distinct cultural traditions with the idea of a shared Canadian citizenship based on equality and political unity. It outlines the long history of the use of Canadian citizenship as a tool of coercive assimilation of First Nations people in Canada and argues that this history justifies considerable wariness on their part toward any project of civic integration. It also considers the question of whether the cultural differences between aboriginal people and other Canadians would warrant some limitations on the application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada's Bill of Rights) to aboriginal people. Finally, the chapter argues that a unitary model of citizenship is bound to fail to achieve the civic integration of aboriginal people. It contends that a version of differentiated citizenship that makes dialogue over justice and cultural difference central is the best hope for achieving civic integration, though it is an approach that carries its own risks.
Alex J. Bellamy (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199265206
- eISBN:
- 9780191601866
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199265208.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book is a major new evaluation of the contribution of the influential English School to international relations theory. It focuses on all the key contemporary and international political issues, ...
More
This book is a major new evaluation of the contribution of the influential English School to international relations theory. It focuses on all the key contemporary and international political issues, and contains a mixture of theoretical and empirical issues, presented by leading scholars in the field. In recent years, the English School of International Relations – or international society – approach to international relations has become prominent because its theories and concepts seem to be able to help explain some of the most complex and seemingly paradoxical features of contemporary world politics. In doing this, the approach has attracted a variety of criticisms from both ends of the political spectrum, with some arguing that the claim that states form an international society is premature in an era of terror where power politics and the use of force have returned to the fore, and others insisting that the state‐centrism of international society makes it an inherently conservative approach that is unable to address many of the world's most pressing problems. The book provides the first in‐depth study of the English School approach to international relations from a variety of different theoretical and practical perspectives. Sixteen scholars from three continents critically evaluate the contribution of the School to the study of international theory and world history, consider its relationship with a variety of alternative perspectives, including international political economy, feminism, environmentalism, and critical security studies, and assess how the approach can help to make sense of the big issues of the day such as terrorism, the management of cultural difference, global governance, the ethics of coercion, and the role of international law. The contributors find that whilst the concept of international society helps to shed light on many of the important tensions in world politics, much work still needs to be done. In particular, the approach needs to broaden its empirical scope to incorporate more of the issues and actors that shape global politics, draw upon other theoretical traditions to improve its explanations of change in world politics, and recognize the complex and multi‐layered nature of the contemporary world. After an introduction by the editor, the book is arranged in three parts: One, The English School's Contribution to International Relations (four chapters); Two, Critical Engagements with International Society (six chapters); and Three, International Society After September 11 (five chapters). There is also a Conclusion by the editor.Less
This book is a major new evaluation of the contribution of the influential English School to international relations theory. It focuses on all the key contemporary and international political issues, and contains a mixture of theoretical and empirical issues, presented by leading scholars in the field. In recent years, the English School of International Relations – or international society – approach to international relations has become prominent because its theories and concepts seem to be able to help explain some of the most complex and seemingly paradoxical features of contemporary world politics. In doing this, the approach has attracted a variety of criticisms from both ends of the political spectrum, with some arguing that the claim that states form an international society is premature in an era of terror where power politics and the use of force have returned to the fore, and others insisting that the state‐centrism of international society makes it an inherently conservative approach that is unable to address many of the world's most pressing problems. The book provides the first in‐depth study of the English School approach to international relations from a variety of different theoretical and practical perspectives. Sixteen scholars from three continents critically evaluate the contribution of the School to the study of international theory and world history, consider its relationship with a variety of alternative perspectives, including international political economy, feminism, environmentalism, and critical security studies, and assess how the approach can help to make sense of the big issues of the day such as terrorism, the management of cultural difference, global governance, the ethics of coercion, and the role of international law. The contributors find that whilst the concept of international society helps to shed light on many of the important tensions in world politics, much work still needs to be done. In particular, the approach needs to broaden its empirical scope to incorporate more of the issues and actors that shape global politics, draw upon other theoretical traditions to improve its explanations of change in world politics, and recognize the complex and multi‐layered nature of the contemporary world. After an introduction by the editor, the book is arranged in three parts: One, The English School's Contribution to International Relations (four chapters); Two, Critical Engagements with International Society (six chapters); and Three, International Society After September 11 (five chapters). There is also a Conclusion by the editor.
Donald Black
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737147
- eISBN:
- 9780199944002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737147.003.0017
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
Culture is the expressive dimension of social life—from language, religion, and ideas to art, clothing, and table manners. Societies have their own patterns of culture, and so do ethnicities, social ...
More
Culture is the expressive dimension of social life—from language, religion, and ideas to art, clothing, and table manners. Societies have their own patterns of culture, and so do ethnicities, social classes, genders, and smaller groups. A cultural difference is a cultural distance: a degree of diversity. Cultural space continually fluctuates, sometimes gradually, sometimes rapidly, and every fluctuation is a movement of cultural time. A movement of cultural time might be anything from a disagreement in a conversation to contact with a foreign tribe or the appearance of a new religion. Any increase of cultural distance is overdiversity, and any decrease is underdiversity. Consider conflict caused by the former: Conflict is a direct function of overdiversity. The greater a cultural difference and the faster it appears, the more conflict it causes.Less
Culture is the expressive dimension of social life—from language, religion, and ideas to art, clothing, and table manners. Societies have their own patterns of culture, and so do ethnicities, social classes, genders, and smaller groups. A cultural difference is a cultural distance: a degree of diversity. Cultural space continually fluctuates, sometimes gradually, sometimes rapidly, and every fluctuation is a movement of cultural time. A movement of cultural time might be anything from a disagreement in a conversation to contact with a foreign tribe or the appearance of a new religion. Any increase of cultural distance is overdiversity, and any decrease is underdiversity. Consider conflict caused by the former: Conflict is a direct function of overdiversity. The greater a cultural difference and the faster it appears, the more conflict it causes.
HUGH M. THOMAS
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199251230
- eISBN:
- 9780191719134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251230.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
In the late 11th century, English society was permeated by an awareness of ethnic difference, and of the contrast between English and Normans. Most strikingly, awareness of ethnic difference spread ...
More
In the late 11th century, English society was permeated by an awareness of ethnic difference, and of the contrast between English and Normans. Most strikingly, awareness of ethnic difference spread throughout bureaucratic systems and documents. An understanding of the level of the cultural divide between the English and the Normans, and the nature of the precise differences, is an important prerequisite to understanding the interaction between them. This chapter focuses on cultural differences that contemporaries described, because those are the ones most likely to have served as markers of ethnic difference in post-conquest England. Fortunately for the development of ethnic harmony, the English and the conquerors had much in common, thus lessening the possibility of irreconcilable cultural clashes that could permanently divide them. Nonetheless, the cultural differences were by no means negligible, and this chapter shows that a fair amount of acculturation was necessary before the two peoples could hope to become one.Less
In the late 11th century, English society was permeated by an awareness of ethnic difference, and of the contrast between English and Normans. Most strikingly, awareness of ethnic difference spread throughout bureaucratic systems and documents. An understanding of the level of the cultural divide between the English and the Normans, and the nature of the precise differences, is an important prerequisite to understanding the interaction between them. This chapter focuses on cultural differences that contemporaries described, because those are the ones most likely to have served as markers of ethnic difference in post-conquest England. Fortunately for the development of ethnic harmony, the English and the conquerors had much in common, thus lessening the possibility of irreconcilable cultural clashes that could permanently divide them. Nonetheless, the cultural differences were by no means negligible, and this chapter shows that a fair amount of acculturation was necessary before the two peoples could hope to become one.
R. D. Grillo
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294269
- eISBN:
- 9780191599378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294263.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Between 1880 and 1930 a ‘new immigration’ of some 28 million people entered the US, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, posing serious questions for the body politic: could, should, the USA ...
More
Between 1880 and 1930 a ‘new immigration’ of some 28 million people entered the US, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, posing serious questions for the body politic: could, should, the USA assimilate them, and what would their assimilation mean? A minority opposed their entry in the belief that their social, cultural, and racial background made them unassimilable. The prevailing view was that immigrants were required for the country's burgeoning industries, but should undergo ‘Americanization’. Despite policies that encouraged immigrants and their descendants to submerge their ethnic and cultural differences in the ‘melting pot’, a century later ethnicity remained a powerful force in urban America. The politics of the 1960s, the changing composition of urban populations, and the arrival of new waves of immigrants from Asia and Hispanic America combined with long‐term social and economic changes to create a framework within which ethnic and cultural pluralism continued to be significant in a post‐industrial society.Less
Between 1880 and 1930 a ‘new immigration’ of some 28 million people entered the US, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, posing serious questions for the body politic: could, should, the USA assimilate them, and what would their assimilation mean? A minority opposed their entry in the belief that their social, cultural, and racial background made them unassimilable. The prevailing view was that immigrants were required for the country's burgeoning industries, but should undergo ‘Americanization’. Despite policies that encouraged immigrants and their descendants to submerge their ethnic and cultural differences in the ‘melting pot’, a century later ethnicity remained a powerful force in urban America. The politics of the 1960s, the changing composition of urban populations, and the arrival of new waves of immigrants from Asia and Hispanic America combined with long‐term social and economic changes to create a framework within which ethnic and cultural pluralism continued to be significant in a post‐industrial society.
Brant R. Burleson and Lisa K. Hanasono
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380170
- eISBN:
- 9780199864355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380170.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely ...
More
Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely than do men among qualitatively different comforting messages; European Americans also discriminate among qualitatively different messages somewhat more than do members of other cultural groups. This chapter reviews the literature on sex and cultural differences in responses to supportive communication and proposes an explanation for these differences grounded in a dual-process theory of supportive message processing. The results of several recent studies whose results support this theory are summarized, and directions for future research are sketched.Less
Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely than do men among qualitatively different comforting messages; European Americans also discriminate among qualitatively different messages somewhat more than do members of other cultural groups. This chapter reviews the literature on sex and cultural differences in responses to supportive communication and proposes an explanation for these differences grounded in a dual-process theory of supportive message processing. The results of several recent studies whose results support this theory are summarized, and directions for future research are sketched.
Chandran Kukathas
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257546
- eISBN:
- 9780191599705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925754X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter argues that while diversity may be a permanent feature of human societies, there is a core of human nature which can account for the patterns of human diversity. It defends a ...
More
This chapter argues that while diversity may be a permanent feature of human societies, there is a core of human nature which can account for the patterns of human diversity. It defends a philosophical anthropology which asserts that ‘cultural difference is not an essential but only an incidental and transitional attribute of human beings’. Difference is not essential but circumstantial; when circumstances are similar, people will act and choose similarly. Since culture and the historical forms that human life has taken are of no value in themselves, what matters is man, who creates culture and whom culture serves.Less
This chapter argues that while diversity may be a permanent feature of human societies, there is a core of human nature which can account for the patterns of human diversity. It defends a philosophical anthropology which asserts that ‘cultural difference is not an essential but only an incidental and transitional attribute of human beings’. Difference is not essential but circumstantial; when circumstances are similar, people will act and choose similarly. Since culture and the historical forms that human life has taken are of no value in themselves, what matters is man, who creates culture and whom culture serves.
Michael Hechter
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199247516
- eISBN:
- 9780191599460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924751X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Nationalism is principally a modern phenomenon because, for the great bulk of human history, there was no disjuncture between the boundaries of the nation and those of the governance unit. Owing to ...
More
Nationalism is principally a modern phenomenon because, for the great bulk of human history, there was no disjuncture between the boundaries of the nation and those of the governance unit. Owing to high communication costs, most premodern states were compelled to rely on indirect rule to govern spatially distant territories. Over time, this kind of rule led to an outcome in which culturally distinct territories were governed by traditional authorities. Since, over time, these local authorities usually came to share the same culture as that of their subjects, cultural differences did not tend to be a basis of political conflict.Less
Nationalism is principally a modern phenomenon because, for the great bulk of human history, there was no disjuncture between the boundaries of the nation and those of the governance unit. Owing to high communication costs, most premodern states were compelled to rely on indirect rule to govern spatially distant territories. Over time, this kind of rule led to an outcome in which culturally distinct territories were governed by traditional authorities. Since, over time, these local authorities usually came to share the same culture as that of their subjects, cultural differences did not tend to be a basis of political conflict.
Will Kymlicka
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240982
- eISBN:
- 9780191599729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240981.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter presents the author’s response to criticisms that the theory of minority rights developed in his book, “Multicultural Citizenship” relies on universal liberal values, and is insensitive ...
More
This chapter presents the author’s response to criticisms that the theory of minority rights developed in his book, “Multicultural Citizenship” relies on universal liberal values, and is insensitive to contextual factors and cultural differences. The author argues that any attempt to develop a theory of minority rights will contradict other conceptions on the nature and role of culture. Developing a coherent liberal theory of minority rights is essential to finding the answers to questions on ethnocultural pluralism.Less
This chapter presents the author’s response to criticisms that the theory of minority rights developed in his book, “Multicultural Citizenship” relies on universal liberal values, and is insensitive to contextual factors and cultural differences. The author argues that any attempt to develop a theory of minority rights will contradict other conceptions on the nature and role of culture. Developing a coherent liberal theory of minority rights is essential to finding the answers to questions on ethnocultural pluralism.
S.N. Balagangadhara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082965
- eISBN:
- 9780199081936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082965.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Today, it is almost sacrilegious to ‘Other the other’ while doing anthropology. Because the notion of culture itself has become suspect, apparently, one cannot even suggest that cultures different ...
More
Today, it is almost sacrilegious to ‘Other the other’ while doing anthropology. Because the notion of culture itself has become suspect, apparently, one cannot even suggest that cultures different from one’s own are these ‘others’. This chapter begins by showing that most arguments that advocate jettisoning the concept of culture are cognitively inadmissible: none of these arguments establishes the need to reject the concept of culture or show its undesirability. Subsequently, it examines the suggestion to look at the adjectival uses of the word ‘cultural’. Here, an answer to the following question is formulated: what makes some difference, any difference, a cultural difference and not a social, biological or psychological difference? Instead of a wholesale rejection of the notion of culture, this chapter shows that it is possible to explore the nature of cultural difference in new ways provided we come up with interesting hypotheses about its nature.Less
Today, it is almost sacrilegious to ‘Other the other’ while doing anthropology. Because the notion of culture itself has become suspect, apparently, one cannot even suggest that cultures different from one’s own are these ‘others’. This chapter begins by showing that most arguments that advocate jettisoning the concept of culture are cognitively inadmissible: none of these arguments establishes the need to reject the concept of culture or show its undesirability. Subsequently, it examines the suggestion to look at the adjectival uses of the word ‘cultural’. Here, an answer to the following question is formulated: what makes some difference, any difference, a cultural difference and not a social, biological or psychological difference? Instead of a wholesale rejection of the notion of culture, this chapter shows that it is possible to explore the nature of cultural difference in new ways provided we come up with interesting hypotheses about its nature.
John L. Graham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241828
- eISBN:
- 9780191596834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241821.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Culture has a pervasive impact on the management of human resources, especially in terms of the efficient transaction, organization, and strategic planning of international business. This chapter ...
More
Culture has a pervasive impact on the management of human resources, especially in terms of the efficient transaction, organization, and strategic planning of international business. This chapter first defines the central notion of culture, including discussion of its dimensions and measurement. Next, the influences of culture on interpersonal behaviours and negotiation styles are discussed. Third, human resources policies are outlined that take into account cultural differences in employee groups. The final section focuses on the impact of culture on the strategic thinking of managers.Less
Culture has a pervasive impact on the management of human resources, especially in terms of the efficient transaction, organization, and strategic planning of international business. This chapter first defines the central notion of culture, including discussion of its dimensions and measurement. Next, the influences of culture on interpersonal behaviours and negotiation styles are discussed. Third, human resources policies are outlined that take into account cultural differences in employee groups. The final section focuses on the impact of culture on the strategic thinking of managers.
Susan Tiefenbrun
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385779
- eISBN:
- 9780199776061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385779.003.012
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
China's rampant piracy of American intellectual property costs the United States billions of dollars annually. This chapter examines the impact of cultural factors on a nation's interpretation of an ...
More
China's rampant piracy of American intellectual property costs the United States billions of dollars annually. This chapter examines the impact of cultural factors on a nation's interpretation of an international treaty designed to protect intellectual property rights of authors and artists. It explores the dramatic irony represented in the history and development of U.S. and Chinese adherence to the Berne Convention. It argues that the United States has read the Berne Convention in a manner consistent with the intent of the treaty and has interpreted the implications of the minimum standards it imposes; it is precisely for those hermeneutic reasons that the United States chose not to sign or even adhere to this international treaty for more than one hundred years. In contrast, China superimposed its own specifically Chinese cultural, political, and esthetic values on the European value systems embedded deeply in the Berne Convention. In other words, China read the treaty in its own idiom and interpreted the legal discourse of the Berne Convention in a manner inconsistent with the spirit and intent of the treaty.Less
China's rampant piracy of American intellectual property costs the United States billions of dollars annually. This chapter examines the impact of cultural factors on a nation's interpretation of an international treaty designed to protect intellectual property rights of authors and artists. It explores the dramatic irony represented in the history and development of U.S. and Chinese adherence to the Berne Convention. It argues that the United States has read the Berne Convention in a manner consistent with the intent of the treaty and has interpreted the implications of the minimum standards it imposes; it is precisely for those hermeneutic reasons that the United States chose not to sign or even adhere to this international treaty for more than one hundred years. In contrast, China superimposed its own specifically Chinese cultural, political, and esthetic values on the European value systems embedded deeply in the Berne Convention. In other words, China read the treaty in its own idiom and interpreted the legal discourse of the Berne Convention in a manner inconsistent with the spirit and intent of the treaty.
Xavier E. Cagigas and Robert M. Bilder
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195176704
- eISBN:
- 9780199864706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176704.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
This chapter utilizes A.R. Luria’s method of neuropsychological investigation to shed light upon recent advances in neuroimaging and emerging paradigms in the cognitive neurosciences such as ...
More
This chapter utilizes A.R. Luria’s method of neuropsychological investigation to shed light upon recent advances in neuroimaging and emerging paradigms in the cognitive neurosciences such as cognitive phenomics. Particular attention is focused on the theoretical power of Luria’s method for understanding the emerging literature in cultural neuropsychology which is challenging the notion of psychic unity and revolutionizing the field’s understanding of cognition. An argument is made for embracing biological and cultural diversity by recasting neurocognition as being completely culturally-constituted. Other themes covered in the chapter include: Goldberg’s gradiental theory, activity theory, the effects of bilingualism and other experience-based influences on brain plasticity, biocultural co-constructivism, and the cultural-historical method for understanding neurocognition.Less
This chapter utilizes A.R. Luria’s method of neuropsychological investigation to shed light upon recent advances in neuroimaging and emerging paradigms in the cognitive neurosciences such as cognitive phenomics. Particular attention is focused on the theoretical power of Luria’s method for understanding the emerging literature in cultural neuropsychology which is challenging the notion of psychic unity and revolutionizing the field’s understanding of cognition. An argument is made for embracing biological and cultural diversity by recasting neurocognition as being completely culturally-constituted. Other themes covered in the chapter include: Goldberg’s gradiental theory, activity theory, the effects of bilingualism and other experience-based influences on brain plasticity, biocultural co-constructivism, and the cultural-historical method for understanding neurocognition.
Martin Worthington
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265420
- eISBN:
- 9780191760471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265420.003.0014
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter operates in the sphere of influence-free literary comparison, comparing what Babylonian and Middle Egyptian literature say about speech. It argues that in Middle Egyptian literature, ...
More
This chapter operates in the sphere of influence-free literary comparison, comparing what Babylonian and Middle Egyptian literature say about speech. It argues that in Middle Egyptian literature, speech is allotted an ideological charge which it lacks in Babylonian works. This asymmetry reveals differences in broader cultural attitudes which deserve attention from future researchers. Along the way, structural-stylistic and editorial-linguistic comments are made on individual compositions.Less
This chapter operates in the sphere of influence-free literary comparison, comparing what Babylonian and Middle Egyptian literature say about speech. It argues that in Middle Egyptian literature, speech is allotted an ideological charge which it lacks in Babylonian works. This asymmetry reveals differences in broader cultural attitudes which deserve attention from future researchers. Along the way, structural-stylistic and editorial-linguistic comments are made on individual compositions.
Nicolas Langlitz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691204284
- eISBN:
- 9780691204260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691204284.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter offers a historical account of the chimpanzee culture wars. Scientifically, the debate pitted field biologists against experimental psychologists, and proponents of human–animal ...
More
This chapter offers a historical account of the chimpanzee culture wars. Scientifically, the debate pitted field biologists against experimental psychologists, and proponents of human–animal continuity against those interested primarily in what set Homo sapiens apart from other primate species. Chimpanzee ethnographers struggled with the question of whether they had to exclude genetic and ecological explanations to determine the cultural nature of behavioral differences. Politically, challenges to the dualist ontology of one nature and many human cultures became part of a much larger battle over biological humanism that had emerged after World War II to rein in the excesses of Nazi racial ideology. In the culture wars, a new ethnos-centered left broke with this false universalism in the name of multiculturalism. In the chimpanzee culture wars, cultural primatologists suggested extending multiculturalism beyond the human. But just as they adopted the culture concept, many cultural anthropologists decided in the late 1980s to write against culture. They now suspected that talk about cultural differences served the very racist “othering” that it had been meant to replace. Alienated by the moralism of their colleagues in the humanities, cultural primatologists continued their exploration of chimpanzee cultures in a positivist vein.Less
This chapter offers a historical account of the chimpanzee culture wars. Scientifically, the debate pitted field biologists against experimental psychologists, and proponents of human–animal continuity against those interested primarily in what set Homo sapiens apart from other primate species. Chimpanzee ethnographers struggled with the question of whether they had to exclude genetic and ecological explanations to determine the cultural nature of behavioral differences. Politically, challenges to the dualist ontology of one nature and many human cultures became part of a much larger battle over biological humanism that had emerged after World War II to rein in the excesses of Nazi racial ideology. In the culture wars, a new ethnos-centered left broke with this false universalism in the name of multiculturalism. In the chimpanzee culture wars, cultural primatologists suggested extending multiculturalism beyond the human. But just as they adopted the culture concept, many cultural anthropologists decided in the late 1980s to write against culture. They now suspected that talk about cultural differences served the very racist “othering” that it had been meant to replace. Alienated by the moralism of their colleagues in the humanities, cultural primatologists continued their exploration of chimpanzee cultures in a positivist vein.
Suvi Saarikallio
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199586974
- eISBN:
- 9780191738357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586974.003.0031
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter reviews some of the recent literature exploring the possible meanings of music for promoting psychological wellbeing in different cultures. As a result, it can be suggested that even ...
More
This chapter reviews some of the recent literature exploring the possible meanings of music for promoting psychological wellbeing in different cultures. As a result, it can be suggested that even though the ways may be different, the reasons may be the same: the emotional, mental, and social domains appear recurrently as fundamental elements of the music-related enhancement of psychological wellbeing in a range of cultures. However, clear cultural differences are likely to exist regarding which aspects of these general elements become emphasized in a given cultural context. One possible difference may be that individualistic cultures appreciate music particularly as a means for supporting personal emotional work whereas collectivist cultures appreciate music especially as a form of social enjoyment.Less
This chapter reviews some of the recent literature exploring the possible meanings of music for promoting psychological wellbeing in different cultures. As a result, it can be suggested that even though the ways may be different, the reasons may be the same: the emotional, mental, and social domains appear recurrently as fundamental elements of the music-related enhancement of psychological wellbeing in a range of cultures. However, clear cultural differences are likely to exist regarding which aspects of these general elements become emphasized in a given cultural context. One possible difference may be that individualistic cultures appreciate music particularly as a means for supporting personal emotional work whereas collectivist cultures appreciate music especially as a form of social enjoyment.
