Simon Palfrey and Tiffany Stern
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199272051
- eISBN:
- 9780191699580
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272051.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
This chapter examines various ways in which Shakespeare exploits the limitations and possibilities of the cue, and in particular how cues are used to orchestrate performance and contribute to ...
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This chapter examines various ways in which Shakespeare exploits the limitations and possibilities of the cue, and in particular how cues are used to orchestrate performance and contribute to characterization. Shakespeare repeatedly exploits the potential opened up by the ‘shared’ cue for pressing upon that tender and sometimes explosive point where two minds meet — or fail to meet. The cue does not necessarily retain a fixed meaning for the cued actor: the cue can suggest one thing in private rehearsal, but reveal something quite different in public performance. In all of these ways the cue is a fundamental tool of Shakespearean characterization, as well as a vehicle and epitome of the dynamic ‘dramatic moment’.Less
This chapter examines various ways in which Shakespeare exploits the limitations and possibilities of the cue, and in particular how cues are used to orchestrate performance and contribute to characterization. Shakespeare repeatedly exploits the potential opened up by the ‘shared’ cue for pressing upon that tender and sometimes explosive point where two minds meet — or fail to meet. The cue does not necessarily retain a fixed meaning for the cued actor: the cue can suggest one thing in private rehearsal, but reveal something quite different in public performance. In all of these ways the cue is a fundamental tool of Shakespearean characterization, as well as a vehicle and epitome of the dynamic ‘dramatic moment’.
Maneesh Sahani and Louise Whiteley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter lays out one approach to describing the inferential problem encountered when integrating multiple different cues that may arise from many different objects. By switching representations ...
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This chapter lays out one approach to describing the inferential problem encountered when integrating multiple different cues that may arise from many different objects. By switching representations from a set of discrete single-valued cues to a spatial representation based on attribute and cue “maps,” it was possible naturally to model observers' behavior in some simple multiobject and multicue settings, and provide a natural, tractable approach to approximation within these settings. But while effective in these simple cases, the framework is still far from providing a complete description of perceptual inference and integration in cluttered scenes. The framework developed here works best when the cues used for inference are inherently localized in space (in the visual case) or with respect to some other dimension important for determining grouping.Less
This chapter lays out one approach to describing the inferential problem encountered when integrating multiple different cues that may arise from many different objects. By switching representations from a set of discrete single-valued cues to a spatial representation based on attribute and cue “maps,” it was possible naturally to model observers' behavior in some simple multiobject and multicue settings, and provide a natural, tractable approach to approximation within these settings. But while effective in these simple cases, the framework is still far from providing a complete description of perceptual inference and integration in cluttered scenes. The framework developed here works best when the cues used for inference are inherently localized in space (in the visual case) or with respect to some other dimension important for determining grouping.
Benjamin A. Rowland, Barry E. Stein, and Terrence R. Stanford
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also ...
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This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also evolving in an attempt to better incorporate the aforementioned empirical observations to explain multisensory enhancement. Model 4, a network model, incorporates the same key empirical observations as does Model 3, but with an entirely different implementation and also accounts for multisensory depression.Less
This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also evolving in an attempt to better incorporate the aforementioned empirical observations to explain multisensory enhancement. Model 4, a network model, incorporates the same key empirical observations as does Model 3, but with an entirely different implementation and also accounts for multisensory depression.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0029
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Approaching objects produce images that change in the following ways. First, each image grows in size, an effect known as looming. Secondly, the images in the two eyes change in disparity over time. ...
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Approaching objects produce images that change in the following ways. First, each image grows in size, an effect known as looming. Secondly, the images in the two eyes change in disparity over time. Thirdly, the two images differ in the way they move. This chapter discusses the signals used in the perception of approaching objects and the way these signals are processed in the nervous system. Topics covered include judging time-to-contact, monocular cues, binocular cues, spatial features, aftereffects of motion in depth, and physiology of motion in depth.Less
Approaching objects produce images that change in the following ways. First, each image grows in size, an effect known as looming. Secondly, the images in the two eyes change in disparity over time. Thirdly, the two images differ in the way they move. This chapter discusses the signals used in the perception of approaching objects and the way these signals are processed in the nervous system. Topics covered include judging time-to-contact, monocular cues, binocular cues, spatial features, aftereffects of motion in depth, and physiology of motion in depth.
Julia Trommershäuser, Konrad Kording, and Michael S. Landy (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This book provides an introduction into both computational models and experimental paradigms that are concerned with sensory cue integration both within and between sensory modalities. Importantly, ...
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This book provides an introduction into both computational models and experimental paradigms that are concerned with sensory cue integration both within and between sensory modalities. Importantly, across behavioral, electrophysiological, and theoretical approaches, Bayesian statistics is emerging as a common language in which cue-combination problems can be expressed. This book focuses on the emerging probabilistic way of thinking about these problems. These approaches derive from the realization that all our sensors are noisy and moreover are often affected by ambiguity. For example, mechanoreceptor outputs are variable and they cannot distinguish if a perceived force is caused by the weight of an object or by force we are producing ourselves. The computational approaches described in this book aim at formalizing the uncertainty of cues. They describe cue combination as the nervous system's attempt to minimize uncertainty in its estimates and to choose successful actions. Some computational approaches described in the chapters of this book are concerned with the application of such statistical ideas to real-world cue-combination problems, such as shape and depth perception. Other parts of the book ask how uncertainty may be represented in the nervous system and used for cue combination. The broadening scope of probabilistic approaches to cue combination is highlighted in the breadth of topics covered: the chapters summarize and discuss computational approaches and behavioral evidence aimed at understanding the combination of visual, auditory, proprioceptive, and haptic cues. Some chapters address the combination of cues within a single sensory modality while others address the combination across sensory modalities. Neural implementation, behavior, and theory are considered. The unifying aspect of this book is the focus on the uncertainty intrinsic to sensory cues and the underlying question of how the nervous system deals with this uncertainty.Less
This book provides an introduction into both computational models and experimental paradigms that are concerned with sensory cue integration both within and between sensory modalities. Importantly, across behavioral, electrophysiological, and theoretical approaches, Bayesian statistics is emerging as a common language in which cue-combination problems can be expressed. This book focuses on the emerging probabilistic way of thinking about these problems. These approaches derive from the realization that all our sensors are noisy and moreover are often affected by ambiguity. For example, mechanoreceptor outputs are variable and they cannot distinguish if a perceived force is caused by the weight of an object or by force we are producing ourselves. The computational approaches described in this book aim at formalizing the uncertainty of cues. They describe cue combination as the nervous system's attempt to minimize uncertainty in its estimates and to choose successful actions. Some computational approaches described in the chapters of this book are concerned with the application of such statistical ideas to real-world cue-combination problems, such as shape and depth perception. Other parts of the book ask how uncertainty may be represented in the nervous system and used for cue combination. The broadening scope of probabilistic approaches to cue combination is highlighted in the breadth of topics covered: the chapters summarize and discuss computational approaches and behavioral evidence aimed at understanding the combination of visual, auditory, proprioceptive, and haptic cues. Some chapters address the combination of cues within a single sensory modality while others address the combination across sensory modalities. Neural implementation, behavior, and theory are considered. The unifying aspect of this book is the focus on the uncertainty intrinsic to sensory cues and the underlying question of how the nervous system deals with this uncertainty.
Susan C. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179675
- eISBN:
- 9780199869794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179675.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Researchers disagree over whether preverbal infants have any true understanding of other minds. There seem to be at least two sources of hesitation among researchers. Some doubt that infants have any ...
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Researchers disagree over whether preverbal infants have any true understanding of other minds. There seem to be at least two sources of hesitation among researchers. Some doubt that infants have any concepts as sophisticated as that implied by the term ‘intentionality’. Other researchers simply doubt that infants understand anything in a conceptual way. This chapter provides arguments in favour of infants' abilities in both respects. It describes data from one study in which the method itself was designed to assess conceptual representations abstracted away from perception-action systems.Less
Researchers disagree over whether preverbal infants have any true understanding of other minds. There seem to be at least two sources of hesitation among researchers. Some doubt that infants have any concepts as sophisticated as that implied by the term ‘intentionality’. Other researchers simply doubt that infants understand anything in a conceptual way. This chapter provides arguments in favour of infants' abilities in both respects. It describes data from one study in which the method itself was designed to assess conceptual representations abstracted away from perception-action systems.
Thomas W. Cronin, Sönke Johnsen, N. Justin Marshall, and Eric J. Warrant
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151847
- eISBN:
- 9781400853021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151847.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter explains how orientation refers to an animal's ability to move or posture itself in a desired direction relative to its environment. The ability to orient is virtually a universal ...
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This chapter explains how orientation refers to an animal's ability to move or posture itself in a desired direction relative to its environment. The ability to orient is virtually a universal feature of animal life. Many animals go a step further and navigate through the environment, finding their way from their current location to a specific destination that might be meters or kilometers away. Orientation mechanisms, and even more those that underlie navigation, are often complex and multimodal, involving not only visual cues but also sensory information about gravity, magnetic fields, chemical stimuli, mechanical and auditory cues, and even internal stimuli. As for so many other aspects of visual ecology, many of the critical observations have involved invertebrate animals, but work on vertebrates is very active as well.Less
This chapter explains how orientation refers to an animal's ability to move or posture itself in a desired direction relative to its environment. The ability to orient is virtually a universal feature of animal life. Many animals go a step further and navigate through the environment, finding their way from their current location to a specific destination that might be meters or kilometers away. Orientation mechanisms, and even more those that underlie navigation, are often complex and multimodal, involving not only visual cues but also sensory information about gravity, magnetic fields, chemical stimuli, mechanical and auditory cues, and even internal stimuli. As for so many other aspects of visual ecology, many of the critical observations have involved invertebrate animals, but work on vertebrates is very active as well.
Anna Seydell, David C. Knill, and Julia Trommershäuser
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews the role of prior knowledge for the integration of sensory information and discusses how priors can be modified by experience. It shows that prior knowledge affects perception at ...
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This chapter reviews the role of prior knowledge for the integration of sensory information and discusses how priors can be modified by experience. It shows that prior knowledge affects perception at different levels. First, it often serves as an additional cue at the level of cue integration. Second, prior knowledge of statistical regularities in the world is also important for interpreting cues, because it can provide information needed to disambiguate sensory information and thus determines the shape of the likelihood function. Third, prior knowledge is also effective at a higher cognitive level, where it determines whether and how cues are integrated. The chapter concludes by discussing where prior knowledge comes from and how flexible it is.Less
This chapter reviews the role of prior knowledge for the integration of sensory information and discusses how priors can be modified by experience. It shows that prior knowledge affects perception at different levels. First, it often serves as an additional cue at the level of cue integration. Second, prior knowledge of statistical regularities in the world is also important for interpreting cues, because it can provide information needed to disambiguate sensory information and thus determines the shape of the likelihood function. Third, prior knowledge is also effective at a higher cognitive level, where it determines whether and how cues are integrated. The chapter concludes by discussing where prior knowledge comes from and how flexible it is.
Stephen Handel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169645
- eISBN:
- 9780199786732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169645.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The proximal stimulation at ear and eye is neutral, the excitations from different sources are intermixed, and the excitations can be organized in several ways to yield different percepts. The ...
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The proximal stimulation at ear and eye is neutral, the excitations from different sources are intermixed, and the excitations can be organized in several ways to yield different percepts. The Gestalt psychologists proposed laws of organization due to cortical field forces that acted to knit the visual excitations into continuous enclosed objects. The resulting objects were described as the “simplest” possible, termed prägnanz, although prägnanz was never clearly defined. Similar laws of organization have been proposed for auditory excitation. The most important is onset synchrony, namely auditory excitations that start at the same time are assumed to come from one source. When there is simultaneous auditory and visual excitation, the normal unity assumption is that both excitations come from the same source. If there is a conflict in the two excitations, the compellingness and reliability of the excitations will determine how each is weighted in importance.Less
The proximal stimulation at ear and eye is neutral, the excitations from different sources are intermixed, and the excitations can be organized in several ways to yield different percepts. The Gestalt psychologists proposed laws of organization due to cortical field forces that acted to knit the visual excitations into continuous enclosed objects. The resulting objects were described as the “simplest” possible, termed prägnanz, although prägnanz was never clearly defined. Similar laws of organization have been proposed for auditory excitation. The most important is onset synchrony, namely auditory excitations that start at the same time are assumed to come from one source. When there is simultaneous auditory and visual excitation, the normal unity assumption is that both excitations come from the same source. If there is a conflict in the two excitations, the compellingness and reliability of the excitations will determine how each is weighted in importance.
Ladan Shams and Ulrik Beierholm
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter first discusses experimental findings showing that multisensory perception encompasses a spectrum of phenomena ranging from full integration (or fusion), to partial integration, to ...
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This chapter first discusses experimental findings showing that multisensory perception encompasses a spectrum of phenomena ranging from full integration (or fusion), to partial integration, to complete segregation. Next, it describes two Bayesian causal-inference models that can account for the entire range of combinations of two or more sensory cues. It shows that one of these models, which is a hierarchical Bayesian model, is a special form of the other one (which is a nonhierarchical model). It then compares the predictions of these models with human data in multiple experiments and shows that Bayesian causal-inference models can account for the human data remarkably well. Finally, a study is presented that investigates the stability of priors in the face of drastic change in sensory conditions.Less
This chapter first discusses experimental findings showing that multisensory perception encompasses a spectrum of phenomena ranging from full integration (or fusion), to partial integration, to complete segregation. Next, it describes two Bayesian causal-inference models that can account for the entire range of combinations of two or more sensory cues. It shows that one of these models, which is a hierarchical Bayesian model, is a special form of the other one (which is a nonhierarchical model). It then compares the predictions of these models with human data in multiple experiments and shows that Bayesian causal-inference models can account for the human data remarkably well. Finally, a study is presented that investigates the stability of priors in the face of drastic change in sensory conditions.
Christopher A. Buneo, Gregory Apker, and Ying Shi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved ...
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This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved with the integration of somatic and visual cues during visually guided reaching. As with most behavioral neurophysiology, these studies focus on analyses of spiking activity (i.e., the mean firing rate of extracellular action potentials). However, it has become increasingly clear that analyses of other “nonspiking” signals such as local field potentials (LFPs) can provide important additional insights into the neural mechanisms of perceptual and motor processes, including cue integration. Thus, the chapter also reviews recent work conducted in a system where LFP modulations have been observed during integration, that is, the audiovisual perceptual system. It discusses the combined analysis of spikes and LFPs as a potentially fruitful avenue for investigations into the neural correlates of cue integration.Less
This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved with the integration of somatic and visual cues during visually guided reaching. As with most behavioral neurophysiology, these studies focus on analyses of spiking activity (i.e., the mean firing rate of extracellular action potentials). However, it has become increasingly clear that analyses of other “nonspiking” signals such as local field potentials (LFPs) can provide important additional insights into the neural mechanisms of perceptual and motor processes, including cue integration. Thus, the chapter also reviews recent work conducted in a system where LFP modulations have been observed during integration, that is, the audiovisual perceptual system. It discusses the combined analysis of spikes and LFPs as a potentially fruitful avenue for investigations into the neural correlates of cue integration.
Wei Ji Ma, Jeff Beck, and Alexandre Pouget
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0021
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter lays out a theoretical framework for how optimal cue integration can be implemented by neural populations. The main significance of this framework does not merely lie in understanding ...
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This chapter lays out a theoretical framework for how optimal cue integration can be implemented by neural populations. The main significance of this framework does not merely lie in understanding multisensory perception in a principled manner, but in the fact that it provides a blueprint for finding neural implementations of other forms of Bayes-optimal computation. Evidence for Bayesian optimality of human behavior has been found in many perceptual tasks, including decision making, visual search, oddity detection, and multiple-trajectory tracking. Probabilistic population coding provides a roadmap for identifying a neural implementation of each of these computations: First the Bayesian model at the behavioral level needs to be worked out, then it needs to be assumed that probability distributions in this model are encoded in neural populations with Poisson-like variability, and finally the neural operations that map onto the desired operations on probability distributions should be identified.Less
This chapter lays out a theoretical framework for how optimal cue integration can be implemented by neural populations. The main significance of this framework does not merely lie in understanding multisensory perception in a principled manner, but in the fact that it provides a blueprint for finding neural implementations of other forms of Bayes-optimal computation. Evidence for Bayesian optimality of human behavior has been found in many perceptual tasks, including decision making, visual search, oddity detection, and multiple-trajectory tracking. Probabilistic population coding provides a roadmap for identifying a neural implementation of each of these computations: First the Bayesian model at the behavioral level needs to be worked out, then it needs to be assumed that probability distributions in this model are encoded in neural populations with Poisson-like variability, and finally the neural operations that map onto the desired operations on probability distributions should be identified.
Ian P. Howard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199764167
- eISBN:
- 9780199949373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764167.003.0169
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Psychology
Different sources of information (cues) about visual depth are combined in various ways. Information provided by different cues may be added, or a weighted mean may be derived. Sometimes two cues are ...
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Different sources of information (cues) about visual depth are combined in various ways. Information provided by different cues may be added, or a weighted mean may be derived. Sometimes two cues are attended to in alternation. One depth cue may resolve the ambiguity of another cue or extend the range over which depth is detected. A conflict between two cues may be resolved by trading one cue against the other, or one cue may be ignored. This chapter reviews all these issues.Less
Different sources of information (cues) about visual depth are combined in various ways. Information provided by different cues may be added, or a weighted mean may be derived. Sometimes two cues are attended to in alternation. One depth cue may resolve the ambiguity of another cue or extend the range over which depth is detected. A conflict between two cues may be resolved by trading one cue against the other, or one cue may be ignored. This chapter reviews all these issues.
Natasha Kirkham
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195331059
- eISBN:
- 9780199864072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331059.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter describes a theory of multiple cue integration, supporting the acquisition of complex knowledge. The “great blooming, buzzing confusion” of the perceptual world actually holds a wealth ...
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This chapter describes a theory of multiple cue integration, supporting the acquisition of complex knowledge. The “great blooming, buzzing confusion” of the perceptual world actually holds a wealth of information for an infant in the form of statistical structure and cross-modal regularities. It also contains many distractions, in terms of noise and extraneous information. When learning about the world, how do infants pay attention to the right set of multiple cues at the right time? This theory posits a developmental trajectory out of this problem: At early ages, infants rely on multiple, cross-modal cues in learning about sequences and locations; later on, they are better able to ignore unhelpful information and learn from a narrower set of cues.Less
This chapter describes a theory of multiple cue integration, supporting the acquisition of complex knowledge. The “great blooming, buzzing confusion” of the perceptual world actually holds a wealth of information for an infant in the form of statistical structure and cross-modal regularities. It also contains many distractions, in terms of noise and extraneous information. When learning about the world, how do infants pay attention to the right set of multiple cues at the right time? This theory posits a developmental trajectory out of this problem: At early ages, infants rely on multiple, cross-modal cues in learning about sequences and locations; later on, they are better able to ignore unhelpful information and learn from a narrower set of cues.
Inah Lee, Raymond P. Kesner, and James J. Knierim
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195323245
- eISBN:
- 9780199869268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323245.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter seeks to establish the link, based on experimental evidence, between some of the key computational principles of the hippocampal subfields and their cognitive functions for episodic ...
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This chapter seeks to establish the link, based on experimental evidence, between some of the key computational principles of the hippocampal subfields and their cognitive functions for episodic event memory. It is shown that the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons are influenced not only by the external stimuli composed of spatial cues and their topological relationships but also by internal variables that influence the animal's behavior in space. In a goal-oriented, complex memory task, the internal context may encompass other variables, such as emotional variables and task demands, than simply idiothetic sensory cues (e.g., vestibular and proprioceptive inputs).Less
This chapter seeks to establish the link, based on experimental evidence, between some of the key computational principles of the hippocampal subfields and their cognitive functions for episodic event memory. It is shown that the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons are influenced not only by the external stimuli composed of spatial cues and their topological relationships but also by internal variables that influence the animal's behavior in space. In a goal-oriented, complex memory task, the internal context may encompass other variables, such as emotional variables and task demands, than simply idiothetic sensory cues (e.g., vestibular and proprioceptive inputs).
Sara Binzer Hobolt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549948
- eISBN:
- 9780191720451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549948.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
The purpose of this chapter is to examine how different ‘frames’ influence individual vote choices in referendums. Framing effects occur when people's responses to an issue depend on how it is ...
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The purpose of this chapter is to examine how different ‘frames’ influence individual vote choices in referendums. Framing effects occur when people's responses to an issue depend on how it is portrayed. Since referendums require voters to decide on issues that are often relatively unfamiliar, framing effects are generally very decisive. This chapter relies on survey experiments to examine two types of framing effects in two (hypothetical) referendums on joining the single currency and ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. First, it explores the influence of party endorsements on partisan and non‐partisan voters. Second, it examines the effect of describing different consequences of voting yes or no on vote choices. The findings show that government endorsements have a significant effect on attitudes towards referendum proposal, but that this effect is mediated by partisanship. Consequences frames also have a substantial effect: when negative consequences of the no‐vote are highlighted, people are more likely to favour a yes‐vote, whereas a negative emphasis on the consequences of the ballot proposal leads people to say no.Less
The purpose of this chapter is to examine how different ‘frames’ influence individual vote choices in referendums. Framing effects occur when people's responses to an issue depend on how it is portrayed. Since referendums require voters to decide on issues that are often relatively unfamiliar, framing effects are generally very decisive. This chapter relies on survey experiments to examine two types of framing effects in two (hypothetical) referendums on joining the single currency and ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. First, it explores the influence of party endorsements on partisan and non‐partisan voters. Second, it examines the effect of describing different consequences of voting yes or no on vote choices. The findings show that government endorsements have a significant effect on attitudes towards referendum proposal, but that this effect is mediated by partisanship. Consequences frames also have a substantial effect: when negative consequences of the no‐vote are highlighted, people are more likely to favour a yes‐vote, whereas a negative emphasis on the consequences of the ballot proposal leads people to say no.
Sara Binzer Hobolt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549948
- eISBN:
- 9780191720451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549948.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
What do voters need to know? That is the question examined in this chapter which explores voting behaviour in EU referendums from a normative perspective by considering the issue of voter competence. ...
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What do voters need to know? That is the question examined in this chapter which explores voting behaviour in EU referendums from a normative perspective by considering the issue of voter competence. The main argument put forward in the chapter is that that competent voting in EU referendums is based on issue‐specific preferences and requires political knowledge, but not necessarily high levels of factual political information, since information short‐cuts such as party cues can act as substitutes for detailed information. These theoretical questions are evaluated empirically in an analysis of the 1994 Norwegian referendum on EU membership. This case study reveals that most citizens can vote ‘competently’ by relying on the recommendations of political parties, although it does not follow that voters necessarily adhere to this advice.Less
What do voters need to know? That is the question examined in this chapter which explores voting behaviour in EU referendums from a normative perspective by considering the issue of voter competence. The main argument put forward in the chapter is that that competent voting in EU referendums is based on issue‐specific preferences and requires political knowledge, but not necessarily high levels of factual political information, since information short‐cuts such as party cues can act as substitutes for detailed information. These theoretical questions are evaluated empirically in an analysis of the 1994 Norwegian referendum on EU membership. This case study reveals that most citizens can vote ‘competently’ by relying on the recommendations of political parties, although it does not follow that voters necessarily adhere to this advice.
Janellen Huttenlocher, Stella F. Lourenco, and Marina Vasilyeva
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199553242
- eISBN:
- 9780191720444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553242.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
The ability to locate objects in the environment is adaptively important for mobile organisms. Research on location coding reveals that even toddlers have considerable spatial skill. Important ...
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The ability to locate objects in the environment is adaptively important for mobile organisms. Research on location coding reveals that even toddlers have considerable spatial skill. Important information has been obtained using a ‘disorientation’ task in which children watch a target object being hidden and are then blindfolded and rotated so they cannot track their changing relation to the target. Even toddlers under 2 years search successfully for the hidden object, showing that they can use geometric features of the spatial environment to determine object location. It has been claimed that these results show innate geometric abilities, but there is evidence that these early spatial skills are not simply geometric. The abilities toddlers exhibit involve the ability to use scalar cues to determine object location.Less
The ability to locate objects in the environment is adaptively important for mobile organisms. Research on location coding reveals that even toddlers have considerable spatial skill. Important information has been obtained using a ‘disorientation’ task in which children watch a target object being hidden and are then blindfolded and rotated so they cannot track their changing relation to the target. Even toddlers under 2 years search successfully for the hidden object, showing that they can use geometric features of the spatial environment to determine object location. It has been claimed that these results show innate geometric abilities, but there is evidence that these early spatial skills are not simply geometric. The abilities toddlers exhibit involve the ability to use scalar cues to determine object location.
Jennifer Keys Adair and Kiyomi Sánchez-Suzuki Colegrove
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780226765587
- eISBN:
- 9780226765754
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226765754.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Early Childhood and Elementary Education
In this ethnography, the authors spend time with a first-grade classroom led by Ms. Bailey, a teacher who speaks four languages and immigrated from Burundi as a young adult. Ms. Bailey’s class ...
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In this ethnography, the authors spend time with a first-grade classroom led by Ms. Bailey, a teacher who speaks four languages and immigrated from Burundi as a young adult. Ms. Bailey’s class included mostly children of color, many of whom spoke more than one language. Collectively and individually the class had many opportunities to enact their agency as part of their learning. The children could move around, discuss ideas, work together, design projects, initiate activities, talk about their real lives and help one another. The authors also spend time with over 250 superintendents, principals, teachers, immigrant parents and young children ages 5-7 across Texas who watched a twenty minute film of Ms. Bailey’s classroom and had complicated, often negative, responses to what they saw. Using Charles Mill’s concept of the Racial Contract and by engaging work across Latinx, Indigenous and Black diaspora theorizations of race and white supremacy, the authors try to make sense of what the interviews, the film, and the negative reactions to the film mean for the “great equalizer” of early childhood education. How does racism impact what we offer young children at school? And what does it mean for children and families to see school learning as something that requires their obedience rather than their full personhood?Less
In this ethnography, the authors spend time with a first-grade classroom led by Ms. Bailey, a teacher who speaks four languages and immigrated from Burundi as a young adult. Ms. Bailey’s class included mostly children of color, many of whom spoke more than one language. Collectively and individually the class had many opportunities to enact their agency as part of their learning. The children could move around, discuss ideas, work together, design projects, initiate activities, talk about their real lives and help one another. The authors also spend time with over 250 superintendents, principals, teachers, immigrant parents and young children ages 5-7 across Texas who watched a twenty minute film of Ms. Bailey’s classroom and had complicated, often negative, responses to what they saw. Using Charles Mill’s concept of the Racial Contract and by engaging work across Latinx, Indigenous and Black diaspora theorizations of race and white supremacy, the authors try to make sense of what the interviews, the film, and the negative reactions to the film mean for the “great equalizer” of early childhood education. How does racism impact what we offer young children at school? And what does it mean for children and families to see school learning as something that requires their obedience rather than their full personhood?
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews static monocular cues to depth. Topics covered include syntax of edges, corners, and surfaces; interposition, shading and shadows; accommodation and image blur; and vergence as a ...
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This chapter reviews static monocular cues to depth. Topics covered include syntax of edges, corners, and surfaces; interposition, shading and shadows; accommodation and image blur; and vergence as a cue to distance.Less
This chapter reviews static monocular cues to depth. Topics covered include syntax of edges, corners, and surfaces; interposition, shading and shadows; accommodation and image blur; and vergence as a cue to distance.
