Jane I. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195307313
- eISBN:
- 9780199867875
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307313.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This book provides an overview and analysis of the recent history of Christian-Muslim dialogue in the United States, and the ways in which it has been furthered and enriched since September 11, 2001. ...
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This book provides an overview and analysis of the recent history of Christian-Muslim dialogue in the United States, and the ways in which it has been furthered and enriched since September 11, 2001. Starting with a brief history of Christian-Muslim relations, the text deals with Islam in America, models of dialogue, problems that can occur in interfaith engagement, pluralism as it is understood by Christians and Muslims, and new avenues for dialogue. The specific examples cited suggest to the reader some of the kinds of cooperative events that are taking place, as well as the variety of thinking on the part of both Christians and Muslims as to what it means to be in dialogue and to take seriously the elements of faith held by the other.Less
This book provides an overview and analysis of the recent history of Christian-Muslim dialogue in the United States, and the ways in which it has been furthered and enriched since September 11, 2001. Starting with a brief history of Christian-Muslim relations, the text deals with Islam in America, models of dialogue, problems that can occur in interfaith engagement, pluralism as it is understood by Christians and Muslims, and new avenues for dialogue. The specific examples cited suggest to the reader some of the kinds of cooperative events that are taking place, as well as the variety of thinking on the part of both Christians and Muslims as to what it means to be in dialogue and to take seriously the elements of faith held by the other.
Malcolm Hebron
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186205
- eISBN:
- 9780191674440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186205.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
Sieges were a popular subject in medieval romances. Tales of the Crusades featured champions of Christianity capturing towns in the Holy Land or mounting heroic defences. The fall of a great city ...
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Sieges were a popular subject in medieval romances. Tales of the Crusades featured champions of Christianity capturing towns in the Holy Land or mounting heroic defences. The fall of a great city such as Troy, Thebes, or Jerusalem provided opportunities for the recreation of ancient chivalry and for reflections on historical change. Images of the siege in romances also point to other forms, such as drama and love allegory, where it represents the trial of the soul or the pursuit of the beloved. This book is the first full-length study of this important theme in medieval literature. Close reading of selected Middle English shows how writers used descriptions of sieges to explore such subjects as military strategy, heroism, chivalry, and attitudes to the past. This study also draws on a wide range of writings in several languages, to set the romances in a broad context. When they are seen against a background of military manuals, patristic commentary, pageantry, and love poetry, the sieges of romance take on deeper resonances of meaning and reflect the vitality of the theme in medieval culture as a whole.Less
Sieges were a popular subject in medieval romances. Tales of the Crusades featured champions of Christianity capturing towns in the Holy Land or mounting heroic defences. The fall of a great city such as Troy, Thebes, or Jerusalem provided opportunities for the recreation of ancient chivalry and for reflections on historical change. Images of the siege in romances also point to other forms, such as drama and love allegory, where it represents the trial of the soul or the pursuit of the beloved. This book is the first full-length study of this important theme in medieval literature. Close reading of selected Middle English shows how writers used descriptions of sieges to explore such subjects as military strategy, heroism, chivalry, and attitudes to the past. This study also draws on a wide range of writings in several languages, to set the romances in a broad context. When they are seen against a background of military manuals, patristic commentary, pageantry, and love poetry, the sieges of romance take on deeper resonances of meaning and reflect the vitality of the theme in medieval culture as a whole.
Alfred Haverkamp
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221722
- eISBN:
- 9780191678486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221722.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The first section of this chapter describes the crusades against the heathen. Only a few decades after the First Crusade had led to the first climax of expansion in the Mediterranean area, a renewed ...
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The first section of this chapter describes the crusades against the heathen. Only a few decades after the First Crusade had led to the first climax of expansion in the Mediterranean area, a renewed and in the long run successful expansion of the Roman Christian sphere of influence towards the east began in continental Europe. While the attacks in the Mediterranean area were directed towards old cultures, against Islam as well as the Orthodox empire of Byzantium, those on the continent were mainly directed against the Slavs and other still pagan peoples. The second section discusses the battle sand missions of different knightly orders, such as the Livonian order of the Knights of the Sword, Knights of Christ of Dobrin, and the Teutonic Order.Less
The first section of this chapter describes the crusades against the heathen. Only a few decades after the First Crusade had led to the first climax of expansion in the Mediterranean area, a renewed and in the long run successful expansion of the Roman Christian sphere of influence towards the east began in continental Europe. While the attacks in the Mediterranean area were directed towards old cultures, against Islam as well as the Orthodox empire of Byzantium, those on the continent were mainly directed against the Slavs and other still pagan peoples. The second section discusses the battle sand missions of different knightly orders, such as the Livonian order of the Knights of the Sword, Knights of Christ of Dobrin, and the Teutonic Order.
G. Ronald Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306392
- eISBN:
- 9780199785025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306392.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
This chapter argues that Wolfram's two great epics, Parzival and Willehalm, are a poet's protest against the whole notion of religious crusade, and in particular against Christian-Muslim enmity. In ...
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This chapter argues that Wolfram's two great epics, Parzival and Willehalm, are a poet's protest against the whole notion of religious crusade, and in particular against Christian-Muslim enmity. In both works he attempts to make his contemporaries realize that a Christian crusade aimed at killing Muslims in order to secure possession of Christ's grave and restore his feudal territory to him is a mistake of literalness concerning the whereabouts of the Lord Christ's rock grave and the location of his “territory.” He suggests that the literalness is a sign of profound sickness causing both suffering and ugliness among the baptized who live on Mount Salvation. In his attempt at enlightenment, Wolfram's unexpected poetic weapon is the gemstone.Less
This chapter argues that Wolfram's two great epics, Parzival and Willehalm, are a poet's protest against the whole notion of religious crusade, and in particular against Christian-Muslim enmity. In both works he attempts to make his contemporaries realize that a Christian crusade aimed at killing Muslims in order to secure possession of Christ's grave and restore his feudal territory to him is a mistake of literalness concerning the whereabouts of the Lord Christ's rock grave and the location of his “territory.” He suggests that the literalness is a sign of profound sickness causing both suffering and ugliness among the baptized who live on Mount Salvation. In his attempt at enlightenment, Wolfram's unexpected poetic weapon is the gemstone.
GREGORY O’MALLEY
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253791
- eISBN:
- 9780191719820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253791.003.04
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter discusses the significance of crusading in later medieval and 16th century English and Welsh society, concluding that there was still enthusiasm for holy war, but little opportunity to ...
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This chapter discusses the significance of crusading in later medieval and 16th century English and Welsh society, concluding that there was still enthusiasm for holy war, but little opportunity to pursue it. The Hospital provided an outlet for such enthusiasm through its confraternity, which was proclaimed with reference to the defence of the faith, but it is not clear from the sources that all commentators identified the order with crusading. The order's further significance as a provider of the sacraments outside the parish network, its consequent disputes with the secular clergy, and the particular features of its liturgical and devotional practises are also examined. The order's social position as a landowner and employer is explored, with particular reference to its reliance on the relatives of brethren, members of the gentry, and a small body of expert servants to run its estates, so that its members became somewhat divorced from direct contact with society at large.Less
This chapter discusses the significance of crusading in later medieval and 16th century English and Welsh society, concluding that there was still enthusiasm for holy war, but little opportunity to pursue it. The Hospital provided an outlet for such enthusiasm through its confraternity, which was proclaimed with reference to the defence of the faith, but it is not clear from the sources that all commentators identified the order with crusading. The order's further significance as a provider of the sacraments outside the parish network, its consequent disputes with the secular clergy, and the particular features of its liturgical and devotional practises are also examined. The order's social position as a landowner and employer is explored, with particular reference to its reliance on the relatives of brethren, members of the gentry, and a small body of expert servants to run its estates, so that its members became somewhat divorced from direct contact with society at large.
John Tolan, Henry Laurens, and Gilles Veinstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This book sheds light on the shared roots of Islamic and Western cultures and on the richness of their inextricably intertwined histories, refuting once and for all the misguided notion of a “clash ...
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This book sheds light on the shared roots of Islamic and Western cultures and on the richness of their inextricably intertwined histories, refuting once and for all the misguided notion of a “clash of civilizations” between the Muslim world and Europe. The book brings to life the complex and tumultuous relations between Genoans and Tunisians, Alexandrians and the people of Constantinople, Catalans and Maghrebis—the myriad groups and individuals whose stories reflect the common cultural, intellectual, and religious heritage of Europe and Islam. Since the seventh century, when the armies of Constantinople and Medina fought for control of Syria and Palestine, there has been ongoing contact between the Muslim world and the West. This sweeping history vividly recounts the wars and the crusades, the alliances and diplomacy, commerce and the slave trade, technology transfers, and the intellectual and artistic exchanges. Here readers are given an unparalleled introduction to key periods and events, including the Muslim conquests, the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the commercial revolution of the medieval Mediterranean, the intellectual and cultural achievements of Muslim Spain, the crusades and Spanish reconquest, the rise of the Ottomans and their conquest of a third of Europe, European colonization and decolonization, and the challenges and promise of this entwined legacy today. As provocative as it is groundbreaking, this book describes this shared history in all its richness and diversity, revealing how ongoing encounters between Europe and Islam have profoundly shaped both.Less
This book sheds light on the shared roots of Islamic and Western cultures and on the richness of their inextricably intertwined histories, refuting once and for all the misguided notion of a “clash of civilizations” between the Muslim world and Europe. The book brings to life the complex and tumultuous relations between Genoans and Tunisians, Alexandrians and the people of Constantinople, Catalans and Maghrebis—the myriad groups and individuals whose stories reflect the common cultural, intellectual, and religious heritage of Europe and Islam. Since the seventh century, when the armies of Constantinople and Medina fought for control of Syria and Palestine, there has been ongoing contact between the Muslim world and the West. This sweeping history vividly recounts the wars and the crusades, the alliances and diplomacy, commerce and the slave trade, technology transfers, and the intellectual and artistic exchanges. Here readers are given an unparalleled introduction to key periods and events, including the Muslim conquests, the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the commercial revolution of the medieval Mediterranean, the intellectual and cultural achievements of Muslim Spain, the crusades and Spanish reconquest, the rise of the Ottomans and their conquest of a third of Europe, European colonization and decolonization, and the challenges and promise of this entwined legacy today. As provocative as it is groundbreaking, this book describes this shared history in all its richness and diversity, revealing how ongoing encounters between Europe and Islam have profoundly shaped both.
J. M. Hussey
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198264569
- eISBN:
- 9780191601170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198264569.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The effects of the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and the subsequent establishment of a Latin Empire in the area covered by the Orthodox Church as a result of the Fourth Crusade are discussed. ...
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The effects of the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and the subsequent establishment of a Latin Empire in the area covered by the Orthodox Church as a result of the Fourth Crusade are discussed. The period covered is 1204–61. The different sections of the chapter address the following: the Latin patriarchate of Orthodox Constantinople (1204–61); ecclesiastical organization within the various Latin conquests—Greece and the Cyclades, Venetian Crete, and Cyprus; thirteenth century rival Byzantine Churches—Nicaea and Epirus; and the Nicaean Empire and Rome.Less
The effects of the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and the subsequent establishment of a Latin Empire in the area covered by the Orthodox Church as a result of the Fourth Crusade are discussed. The period covered is 1204–61. The different sections of the chapter address the following: the Latin patriarchate of Orthodox Constantinople (1204–61); ecclesiastical organization within the various Latin conquests—Greece and the Cyclades, Venetian Crete, and Cyprus; thirteenth century rival Byzantine Churches—Nicaea and Epirus; and the Nicaean Empire and Rome.
Ogbu Kalu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195340006
- eISBN:
- 9780199867073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340006.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter begins with a description of charismatic flares in missionary churches from 1920 to 1960. It then considers the typology of classical Pentecostalism in African from 1901 to 1960, and ...
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This chapter begins with a description of charismatic flares in missionary churches from 1920 to 1960. It then considers the typology of classical Pentecostalism in African from 1901 to 1960, and early Pentecostalism in Southern Africa from 1908 to 1958. It argues that Pentecostalism emerged from an indigenous response of Africans to the missionary message; the missionary input from evangelical ministries such as Scripture Union and Campus Crusade; from the increasing missionary forays of Pentecostals from the holiness tradition and Pentecostal denominations from various countries who utilized the labors of African agents; and from interdenominational parachurches, bolstered by the educational institutions of many American Bible colleges and many evangelical evangelistic outreaches.Less
This chapter begins with a description of charismatic flares in missionary churches from 1920 to 1960. It then considers the typology of classical Pentecostalism in African from 1901 to 1960, and early Pentecostalism in Southern Africa from 1908 to 1958. It argues that Pentecostalism emerged from an indigenous response of Africans to the missionary message; the missionary input from evangelical ministries such as Scripture Union and Campus Crusade; from the increasing missionary forays of Pentecostals from the holiness tradition and Pentecostal denominations from various countries who utilized the labors of African agents; and from interdenominational parachurches, bolstered by the educational institutions of many American Bible colleges and many evangelical evangelistic outreaches.
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Although an uneasy peace was maintained in the years after Photius, during the tenth and eleventh centuries political, cultural, and religious factors rapidly drove East and West further part. The ...
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Although an uneasy peace was maintained in the years after Photius, during the tenth and eleventh centuries political, cultural, and religious factors rapidly drove East and West further part. The mutual excommunications of Cardinal Humbert and Patriarch Michael Cerularius in 1054, often called the beginning of the “Great Schism” between East and West, reignited the filioque debate, as its omission from/addition to the creed came to be seen as sign of the other’s heretical ways. While the Greek-speaking East continued to rely heavily on the claims put forward in the Mystagogia, Latin scholastic theologians like Anselm and Thomas Aquinas advanced an entirely new series of arguments in favor of the doctrine. Theological encounters between the two sides (with some notable exceptions) only exacerbated the tension, and following the Fourth Crusade there seemed little chance of healing the breach that had grown up between Christian East and West.Less
Although an uneasy peace was maintained in the years after Photius, during the tenth and eleventh centuries political, cultural, and religious factors rapidly drove East and West further part. The mutual excommunications of Cardinal Humbert and Patriarch Michael Cerularius in 1054, often called the beginning of the “Great Schism” between East and West, reignited the filioque debate, as its omission from/addition to the creed came to be seen as sign of the other’s heretical ways. While the Greek-speaking East continued to rely heavily on the claims put forward in the Mystagogia, Latin scholastic theologians like Anselm and Thomas Aquinas advanced an entirely new series of arguments in favor of the doctrine. Theological encounters between the two sides (with some notable exceptions) only exacerbated the tension, and following the Fourth Crusade there seemed little chance of healing the breach that had grown up between Christian East and West.
Jane Idleman Smith
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195307313
- eISBN:
- 9780199867875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307313.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
For more than fourteen centuries Christians and Muslims have lived in proximity and in one way or another have interacted with each other. The responses of each community have been guided both ...
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For more than fourteen centuries Christians and Muslims have lived in proximity and in one way or another have interacted with each other. The responses of each community have been guided both religiously and practically. This chapter details the rise of Islam and the meaning of jihad, relations between Muslims and Christians from the beginning of Islam to the present, religious polemic, the Crusades, the importance of Jerusalem for both faiths, Muslim military advances into western territories and western missionary movements, and political colonialism in Muslim lands. Dialogue between Christians and Muslims cannot proceed in depth without an understanding of the history that has led to current preconceptions, tensions, and often misunderstandings.Less
For more than fourteen centuries Christians and Muslims have lived in proximity and in one way or another have interacted with each other. The responses of each community have been guided both religiously and practically. This chapter details the rise of Islam and the meaning of jihad, relations between Muslims and Christians from the beginning of Islam to the present, religious polemic, the Crusades, the importance of Jerusalem for both faiths, Muslim military advances into western territories and western missionary movements, and political colonialism in Muslim lands. Dialogue between Christians and Muslims cannot proceed in depth without an understanding of the history that has led to current preconceptions, tensions, and often misunderstandings.
Lamin Sanneh
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189605
- eISBN:
- 9780199868582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189605.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Synopsis: This chapter describes Christianity's intercultural worldwide appeal and encounter with Islam. The chapter assesses the Arab legacy and divergence with a Hellenized Christianity. The ...
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Synopsis: This chapter describes Christianity's intercultural worldwide appeal and encounter with Islam. The chapter assesses the Arab legacy and divergence with a Hellenized Christianity. The religion's Western and Eastern ascendancy was checked by Islam's rise and rapid expansion. Axum, and Nubia, which lay on the periphery of Byzantine Alexandria, were subdued and overthrown by Muslim Egypt. Rome and Ethiopia were challenged, but survived. In the East missionary expansion continued apace. The chapter describes the Islamic enlightenment and effects on Europe. While Europe was in crisis in the centuries of the Crusades, the Islamic world was undergoing a double transformation with creative intellectual development alongside an embattled caliphate facing annihilation at the hands of the Mongols. Like missions and for similar reasons, Europe turned outwards with maritime exploration, conceding the stalemate with Islam. The chapter shows how the rise of the Ottomans failed to bridge the gulf with the West.Less
Synopsis: This chapter describes Christianity's intercultural worldwide appeal and encounter with Islam. The chapter assesses the Arab legacy and divergence with a Hellenized Christianity. The religion's Western and Eastern ascendancy was checked by Islam's rise and rapid expansion. Axum, and Nubia, which lay on the periphery of Byzantine Alexandria, were subdued and overthrown by Muslim Egypt. Rome and Ethiopia were challenged, but survived. In the East missionary expansion continued apace. The chapter describes the Islamic enlightenment and effects on Europe. While Europe was in crisis in the centuries of the Crusades, the Islamic world was undergoing a double transformation with creative intellectual development alongside an embattled caliphate facing annihilation at the hands of the Mongols. Like missions and for similar reasons, Europe turned outwards with maritime exploration, conceding the stalemate with Islam. The chapter shows how the rise of the Ottomans failed to bridge the gulf with the West.
David Domke and Kevin Coe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326413
- eISBN:
- 9780199870431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326413.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter focuses on the first religious signal: speaking the language of the faithful. Two types of presidential communications — invocations of God and invocations of faith — are examined in all ...
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This chapter focuses on the first religious signal: speaking the language of the faithful. Two types of presidential communications — invocations of God and invocations of faith — are examined in all major presidential speeches since the Inauguration of Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. The evidence reveals dramatic increases in both types of language beginning in 1981 with the Inauguration of Ronald Reagan. Since that time, presidents have made direct references to God a more consistent and more prominent part of their public speeches. They have also made invocations of faith — using terms such as Bible, blessing, church, crusade, mission, pray, and the like — a more prominent part of their speeches. Further evidence reveals that these changes cannot be accounted for by political party, the occurrence of war, or the prospect of facing a re-election campaign. Regardless of these factors, the past four presidents have engaged in religious politics in a way that previous modern presidents did not.Less
This chapter focuses on the first religious signal: speaking the language of the faithful. Two types of presidential communications — invocations of God and invocations of faith — are examined in all major presidential speeches since the Inauguration of Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. The evidence reveals dramatic increases in both types of language beginning in 1981 with the Inauguration of Ronald Reagan. Since that time, presidents have made direct references to God a more consistent and more prominent part of their public speeches. They have also made invocations of faith — using terms such as Bible, blessing, church, crusade, mission, pray, and the like — a more prominent part of their speeches. Further evidence reveals that these changes cannot be accounted for by political party, the occurrence of war, or the prospect of facing a re-election campaign. Regardless of these factors, the past four presidents have engaged in religious politics in a way that previous modern presidents did not.
Thomas A. Robinson and Lanette D. Ruff
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199790876
- eISBN:
- 9780199919192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199790876.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The girl evangelists were real evangelists and they and their team functioned as an adult revivalist team would, planning and scheduling crusades that generally lasted about three weeks in each city. ...
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The girl evangelists were real evangelists and they and their team functioned as an adult revivalist team would, planning and scheduling crusades that generally lasted about three weeks in each city. Some comparison is made with vaudeville acts of the day and the organization needed for itinerant kinds of entertainment. Ways in which the girls were promoted are discussed. Often the age of the girl was a selling point – the younger the better. Reference was often made to the great crowds they had drawn in past crusades or the number of converts they had gained, or some special talent. The girl's staff, musical aspects of the crusades, and the audience are examined, as well as the cash aspect of evangelism, and ways of building up a supportive following. In all these activities, the girl evangelists were following the well-tested methods of adult revivalists.Less
The girl evangelists were real evangelists and they and their team functioned as an adult revivalist team would, planning and scheduling crusades that generally lasted about three weeks in each city. Some comparison is made with vaudeville acts of the day and the organization needed for itinerant kinds of entertainment. Ways in which the girls were promoted are discussed. Often the age of the girl was a selling point – the younger the better. Reference was often made to the great crowds they had drawn in past crusades or the number of converts they had gained, or some special talent. The girl's staff, musical aspects of the crusades, and the audience are examined, as well as the cash aspect of evangelism, and ways of building up a supportive following. In all these activities, the girl evangelists were following the well-tested methods of adult revivalists.
J. M. Wallace‐Hadrill
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269069
- eISBN:
- 9780191600777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269064.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
An examination is made of the making of the German Church as a result of missionary activities among the Germanic peoples bordering the Frankish world in the Merovingian and early Carolingian ...
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An examination is made of the making of the German Church as a result of missionary activities among the Germanic peoples bordering the Frankish world in the Merovingian and early Carolingian periods. This is the birth of the idea of crusade — at least in the sense of armed penetration into a strange world in the name of Christ. The beginnings of this activity lay in the earlier part of the 7th century, when missionaries under Merovingian protection started work in the northern and eastern regions of Francia itself. The pioneers were Aquitanian and Irish; the next stage was dominated by Anglo–Saxon Englishmen, of whom the most well known are Willibrord and Boniface; other missions to and beyond the Middle and Upper Rhine in the seventh and early 8th centuries were Franco–Irish. The major part of the chapter is devoted to the work of Boniface and his relations with the Pope and with the Carolingian mayor Charles Martel, who helped him spread Christianity through Germany, and Martel's sons Carloman and Pippin III (the first Carolingian king).Less
An examination is made of the making of the German Church as a result of missionary activities among the Germanic peoples bordering the Frankish world in the Merovingian and early Carolingian periods. This is the birth of the idea of crusade — at least in the sense of armed penetration into a strange world in the name of Christ. The beginnings of this activity lay in the earlier part of the 7th century, when missionaries under Merovingian protection started work in the northern and eastern regions of Francia itself. The pioneers were Aquitanian and Irish; the next stage was dominated by Anglo–Saxon Englishmen, of whom the most well known are Willibrord and Boniface; other missions to and beyond the Middle and Upper Rhine in the seventh and early 8th centuries were Franco–Irish. The major part of the chapter is devoted to the work of Boniface and his relations with the Pope and with the Carolingian mayor Charles Martel, who helped him spread Christianity through Germany, and Martel's sons Carloman and Pippin III (the first Carolingian king).
Nicholas L. Paul
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450976
- eISBN:
- 9780801465987
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450976.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
When the First Crusade ended with the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, jubilant crusaders returned home to Europe bringing with them stories, sacred relics, and other memorabilia. In the ensuing ...
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When the First Crusade ended with the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, jubilant crusaders returned home to Europe bringing with them stories, sacred relics, and other memorabilia. In the ensuing decades, the memory of the crusaders' bravery and pious sacrifice was invoked among the noble families of western Christendom. Popes preaching future crusades would count on these very same families for financing, leadership, and for the willing warriors who would lay down their lives on the battlefield. Despite the risks and hardships associated with crusading, descendants of those who suffered and died on crusade would continue to take the cross, in some cases over several generations. Crusading was very much a family affair. Scholars of the crusades have long pointed to the importance of dynastic tradition and ties of kinship in the crusading movement but have failed to address more fundamental questions about the operation of these social processes. What is a “family tradition”? How are such traditions constructed and maintained, and by whom? How did crusading families confront the loss of their kin in distant lands? The book shows how traditions of crusading were established and reinforced in the collective memories of noble families throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Filled with unique insights and careful analysis, the book reveals the lasting impact of the crusades, beyond the expeditions themselves, on the formation of dynastic identity and the culture of the medieval European nobility.Less
When the First Crusade ended with the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, jubilant crusaders returned home to Europe bringing with them stories, sacred relics, and other memorabilia. In the ensuing decades, the memory of the crusaders' bravery and pious sacrifice was invoked among the noble families of western Christendom. Popes preaching future crusades would count on these very same families for financing, leadership, and for the willing warriors who would lay down their lives on the battlefield. Despite the risks and hardships associated with crusading, descendants of those who suffered and died on crusade would continue to take the cross, in some cases over several generations. Crusading was very much a family affair. Scholars of the crusades have long pointed to the importance of dynastic tradition and ties of kinship in the crusading movement but have failed to address more fundamental questions about the operation of these social processes. What is a “family tradition”? How are such traditions constructed and maintained, and by whom? How did crusading families confront the loss of their kin in distant lands? The book shows how traditions of crusading were established and reinforced in the collective memories of noble families throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Filled with unique insights and careful analysis, the book reveals the lasting impact of the crusades, beyond the expeditions themselves, on the formation of dynastic identity and the culture of the medieval European nobility.
Wendy L. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195329100
- eISBN:
- 9780199870226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329100.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Beginning in the late 1940s, government officials and an array of private elites worked to enlist civil society in general—and immigrants and their children in particular—in efforts to project the ...
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Beginning in the late 1940s, government officials and an array of private elites worked to enlist civil society in general—and immigrants and their children in particular—in efforts to project the “American Way” overseas. This chapter focuses on four such efforts at public diplomacy: the Friendship Train which collected foodstuffs for Italy and France; the “Letters to Italy” and “Letters from America” campaigns, both designed to persuade immigrants to write friends and family in the Old Country; and the massive Crusade for Freedom of the 1950s, which mobilized public support for Radio Free Europe. Such efforts should be understood, not simply as weapons in the Cold War, but as part of the process of constructing a domestic consensus on America’s core values. Organizers of these efforts sought to develop in Americans a “greater awareness” of their own blessings and to convince all Americans that they stood on the front lines in the battle against communism.Less
Beginning in the late 1940s, government officials and an array of private elites worked to enlist civil society in general—and immigrants and their children in particular—in efforts to project the “American Way” overseas. This chapter focuses on four such efforts at public diplomacy: the Friendship Train which collected foodstuffs for Italy and France; the “Letters to Italy” and “Letters from America” campaigns, both designed to persuade immigrants to write friends and family in the Old Country; and the massive Crusade for Freedom of the 1950s, which mobilized public support for Radio Free Europe. Such efforts should be understood, not simply as weapons in the Cold War, but as part of the process of constructing a domestic consensus on America’s core values. Organizers of these efforts sought to develop in Americans a “greater awareness” of their own blessings and to convince all Americans that they stood on the front lines in the battle against communism.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
When Richard II began to assert himself at the age of 15, it was still ambiguous whether he was of an age to exert his full authority. This chapter focuses on one strategy the king pursued to remedy ...
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When Richard II began to assert himself at the age of 15, it was still ambiguous whether he was of an age to exert his full authority. This chapter focuses on one strategy the king pursued to remedy this situation, namely the aggressive pursuit of a royal expedition, partly in order to promote his manhood in the sense of his renown and personal honour. Those who wished to contest this and other strategies to establish the king's authority took recourse instead to the topos of his inconstant youth. This chapter traces the project of a royal expedition from the first emergence of the king's ‘firm purpose’ in May 1382 to his attempts to intervene in Bishop Despenser's Crusade in autumn 1383. It places this in the context of other forms of evidence of the king's self-assertion, up to the tumultuous parliament held at Salisbury in April 1384.Less
When Richard II began to assert himself at the age of 15, it was still ambiguous whether he was of an age to exert his full authority. This chapter focuses on one strategy the king pursued to remedy this situation, namely the aggressive pursuit of a royal expedition, partly in order to promote his manhood in the sense of his renown and personal honour. Those who wished to contest this and other strategies to establish the king's authority took recourse instead to the topos of his inconstant youth. This chapter traces the project of a royal expedition from the first emergence of the king's ‘firm purpose’ in May 1382 to his attempts to intervene in Bishop Despenser's Crusade in autumn 1383. It places this in the context of other forms of evidence of the king's self-assertion, up to the tumultuous parliament held at Salisbury in April 1384.
Cynthia Grant Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390209
- eISBN:
- 9780199866670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390209.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
By 1915, the half‐empty pews in the Portland church are a miniature of the big institutional picture. Efforts to bring in more men have had little effect, and many women have left for more empowering ...
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By 1915, the half‐empty pews in the Portland church are a miniature of the big institutional picture. Efforts to bring in more men have had little effect, and many women have left for more empowering alternatives: Christian Science, which offers the power to heal and the chance to lead Sunday services; the Post Office Mission, where letter‐writing allows them to preach and interpret their faith for appreciative audiences; and for those who aspire to pulpits but find them off limits, the suffrage crusade, which gives them a platform to lift up their gospel and prayers. Even ladies who distance themselves from political action eventually stage a revolt when it comes out that two of the men who have managed the funds of their pet philanthropy, The Home, have stolen vast sums. Converted, the women rewrite the bylaws, creating an all‐female board of trustees.Less
By 1915, the half‐empty pews in the Portland church are a miniature of the big institutional picture. Efforts to bring in more men have had little effect, and many women have left for more empowering alternatives: Christian Science, which offers the power to heal and the chance to lead Sunday services; the Post Office Mission, where letter‐writing allows them to preach and interpret their faith for appreciative audiences; and for those who aspire to pulpits but find them off limits, the suffrage crusade, which gives them a platform to lift up their gospel and prayers. Even ladies who distance themselves from political action eventually stage a revolt when it comes out that two of the men who have managed the funds of their pet philanthropy, The Home, have stolen vast sums. Converted, the women rewrite the bylaws, creating an all‐female board of trustees.
Marisa Galvez
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226693217
- eISBN:
- 9780226693491
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226693491.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
When medieval people went to war over religion, they prayed, took up arms, bade farewell to their families—and sometimes wrote lyric poetry. These warrior-artisans expressed their culture in poetry ...
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When medieval people went to war over religion, they prayed, took up arms, bade farewell to their families—and sometimes wrote lyric poetry. These warrior-artisans expressed their culture in poetry as live performance as well as in other art forms, from gold-illuminated manuscripts and tombstones to elaborate embroidered tapestries. More than historical documents or expressions of a common spirit of crusade, these fundamentally lyric works enabled their makers to process experiences of popular piety and personal sacrifice related to holy war. This book argues that these poetic articulations are crucial for understanding the crusades as a complex cultural and historical phenomenon. In a period during which the Church imagined the need to recover the Holy Land as inseparable from the individual and collective moral reform of its believers, the crusader subject of vernacular literature and art sought to reconcile competing ideals of earthly love and chivalry with crusade as a penitential pilgrimage. For some, such a reconciliation was untroubled; certainly there are many chronicles, sermons, works of art, and narrative poems (e.g. chansons de geste) that affirm the preaching of the Church to reclaim the Holy Land. This book concerns another version of speaking crusades, in which courtly art forms, such as lyric, and romance, and material objects, such as tapestries and textiles, manifest ambivalence about crusade ideals.Less
When medieval people went to war over religion, they prayed, took up arms, bade farewell to their families—and sometimes wrote lyric poetry. These warrior-artisans expressed their culture in poetry as live performance as well as in other art forms, from gold-illuminated manuscripts and tombstones to elaborate embroidered tapestries. More than historical documents or expressions of a common spirit of crusade, these fundamentally lyric works enabled their makers to process experiences of popular piety and personal sacrifice related to holy war. This book argues that these poetic articulations are crucial for understanding the crusades as a complex cultural and historical phenomenon. In a period during which the Church imagined the need to recover the Holy Land as inseparable from the individual and collective moral reform of its believers, the crusader subject of vernacular literature and art sought to reconcile competing ideals of earthly love and chivalry with crusade as a penitential pilgrimage. For some, such a reconciliation was untroubled; certainly there are many chronicles, sermons, works of art, and narrative poems (e.g. chansons de geste) that affirm the preaching of the Church to reclaim the Holy Land. This book concerns another version of speaking crusades, in which courtly art forms, such as lyric, and romance, and material objects, such as tapestries and textiles, manifest ambivalence about crusade ideals.
Norman Housley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199552283
- eISBN:
- 9780191716515
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552283.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This book describes and analyzes warfare that sprang from and was driven by religious belief, in the period from the Hussite wars to the first generation of the Reformation. The focus is on a number ...
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This book describes and analyzes warfare that sprang from and was driven by religious belief, in the period from the Hussite wars to the first generation of the Reformation. The focus is on a number of key theatres. At times warfare between national communities was shaped by convictions of ‘sacred patriotism’, either in defending God-given land or in the pursuit of messianic programmes abroad. Insurrectionary activity, especially when fuelled by apocalyptic expectations, was a second important type of religious war. In the 1420s and early 1430s the Hussites waged war successfully in defence of what they believed to be ‘God's Law’. And some frontier communities depicted their struggle against non-believers as religious war by reference to crusading ideas and habits of thought. The book explores what these conflicts had in common in the ways the combatants perceived their own role, their demonization of their opponents, and the ongoing critique of religious war in all its forms. The author assesses the interaction between crusade and religious war in the broader sense, and argues that the religious violence of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was organic, to the extent that it sprang from deeply-rooted proclivities within European society.Less
This book describes and analyzes warfare that sprang from and was driven by religious belief, in the period from the Hussite wars to the first generation of the Reformation. The focus is on a number of key theatres. At times warfare between national communities was shaped by convictions of ‘sacred patriotism’, either in defending God-given land or in the pursuit of messianic programmes abroad. Insurrectionary activity, especially when fuelled by apocalyptic expectations, was a second important type of religious war. In the 1420s and early 1430s the Hussites waged war successfully in defence of what they believed to be ‘God's Law’. And some frontier communities depicted their struggle against non-believers as religious war by reference to crusading ideas and habits of thought. The book explores what these conflicts had in common in the ways the combatants perceived their own role, their demonization of their opponents, and the ongoing critique of religious war in all its forms. The author assesses the interaction between crusade and religious war in the broader sense, and argues that the religious violence of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was organic, to the extent that it sprang from deeply-rooted proclivities within European society.
