Chuck Tryon
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381830
- eISBN:
- 9781781382363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381830.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Iron Sky (2012) was one of the first high-profile films to use the practices of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. This chapter considers how crowdsourcing and crowdfunding are not only intersecting ...
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Iron Sky (2012) was one of the first high-profile films to use the practices of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. This chapter considers how crowdsourcing and crowdfunding are not only intersecting with the discourses of cult cinema, but also beginning to redefine it. Typically, definitions of cult cinema have focused on both aesthetic and audience factors. Aesthetically, cult films are often associated with parody, camp, and other forms of aesthetic transgression because of their ability to challenge the norms of Hollywood cinema, while cult audiences are typically assumed to emerge after a film is released, and movies deliberately designed to cultivate that audience are often dismissed as ‘prefabricated’. In this sense, Iron Sky challenges many of these preconceptions, even while building a massive international audience that has enthusiastically embraced it, to the point that the film's production team began work on a (crowdfunded and crowdsourced) sequel just months after the original film's premiere.Less
Iron Sky (2012) was one of the first high-profile films to use the practices of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. This chapter considers how crowdsourcing and crowdfunding are not only intersecting with the discourses of cult cinema, but also beginning to redefine it. Typically, definitions of cult cinema have focused on both aesthetic and audience factors. Aesthetically, cult films are often associated with parody, camp, and other forms of aesthetic transgression because of their ability to challenge the norms of Hollywood cinema, while cult audiences are typically assumed to emerge after a film is released, and movies deliberately designed to cultivate that audience are often dismissed as ‘prefabricated’. In this sense, Iron Sky challenges many of these preconceptions, even while building a massive international audience that has enthusiastically embraced it, to the point that the film's production team began work on a (crowdfunded and crowdsourced) sequel just months after the original film's premiere.
Caroline W. Lee, Michael McQuarrie, and Edward T. Walker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479847273
- eISBN:
- 9781479800223
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479847273.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Opportunities to “have your say,” “get involved,” and “join the conversation” are everywhere in public life. From crowdsourcing and town hall meetings to government experiments with social media, ...
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Opportunities to “have your say,” “get involved,” and “join the conversation” are everywhere in public life. From crowdsourcing and town hall meetings to government experiments with social media, participatory politics increasingly seem like a revolutionary antidote to the decline of civic engagement and the thinning of the contemporary public sphere. Many argue that, with new technologies, flexible organizational cultures, and a supportive policymaking context, we now hold the keys to large-scale democratic revitalization. This book shows that the equation may not be so simple. Modern societies face a variety of structural problems that limit potentials for true democratization, as well as vast inequalities in political action and voice that are not easily resolved by participatory solutions. Popular participation may even reinforce elite power in unexpected ways. This book reveals surprising insights into how dilemmas of the new public participation play out in politics and organizations. Through investigations including fights over the authenticity of business-sponsored public participation, the surge of the Tea Party, the role of corporations in electoral campaigns, and participatory budgeting practices in Brazil, the book seeks to refresh our understanding of public participation and trace the reshaping of authority in today's political environment.Less
Opportunities to “have your say,” “get involved,” and “join the conversation” are everywhere in public life. From crowdsourcing and town hall meetings to government experiments with social media, participatory politics increasingly seem like a revolutionary antidote to the decline of civic engagement and the thinning of the contemporary public sphere. Many argue that, with new technologies, flexible organizational cultures, and a supportive policymaking context, we now hold the keys to large-scale democratic revitalization. This book shows that the equation may not be so simple. Modern societies face a variety of structural problems that limit potentials for true democratization, as well as vast inequalities in political action and voice that are not easily resolved by participatory solutions. Popular participation may even reinforce elite power in unexpected ways. This book reveals surprising insights into how dilemmas of the new public participation play out in politics and organizations. Through investigations including fights over the authenticity of business-sponsored public participation, the surge of the Tea Party, the role of corporations in electoral campaigns, and participatory budgeting practices in Brazil, the book seeks to refresh our understanding of public participation and trace the reshaping of authority in today's political environment.
Christopher L. Tucci, Allan Afuah, and Gianluigi Viscusi (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would ...
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Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.Less
Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.
Gregory Asmolov
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199941599
- eISBN:
- 9780199349517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199941599.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Democratization
The chapter explores the role of ICT for emergency response in areas of limited statehood. It addresses whether ICT can make the crowd not only a resource for emergency response but also an actor in ...
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The chapter explores the role of ICT for emergency response in areas of limited statehood. It addresses whether ICT can make the crowd not only a resource for emergency response but also an actor in that response, capable of developing alternative modes of governance. Relying on the analysis of two case studies of natural disasters in Russia, the chapter argues that ICT provides new opportunities for the organization of large-scale collective action, making it possible for volunteers to play a dominant independent role in emergency response. The role of citizen collective action in emergency situations depends on the attitude of the state actors toward horizontal citizen structures. The chapter suggests that if the state is open to the synergy of formal and informal structures, the role of citizens will be embedded within the institutional response; if the state ignores or restricts networked volunteers, alternative modes of governance emerge.Less
The chapter explores the role of ICT for emergency response in areas of limited statehood. It addresses whether ICT can make the crowd not only a resource for emergency response but also an actor in that response, capable of developing alternative modes of governance. Relying on the analysis of two case studies of natural disasters in Russia, the chapter argues that ICT provides new opportunities for the organization of large-scale collective action, making it possible for volunteers to play a dominant independent role in emergency response. The role of citizen collective action in emergency situations depends on the attitude of the state actors toward horizontal citizen structures. The chapter suggests that if the state is open to the synergy of formal and informal structures, the role of citizens will be embedded within the institutional response; if the state ignores or restricts networked volunteers, alternative modes of governance emerge.
Peter van der Windt
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199941599
- eISBN:
- 9780199349517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199941599.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Democratization
This chapter draws on the experience of Voix des Kivus—a SMS-based data collection project implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2009 and 2011. The Voix des Kivus project used a ...
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This chapter draws on the experience of Voix des Kivus—a SMS-based data collection project implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2009 and 2011. The Voix des Kivus project used a “crowdseeding” approach, which combines the innovations of crowdsourcing with standard principles of survey research and statistical analysis. This chapter discusses the key distinctions between crowdseeding and crowdsourcing, and discusses how crowdseeding might have a larger potential to empower populations by enabling the collection and distribution of information as an alternative mechanism of governance. After describing Voix des Kivus, the chapter turns to a discussion of the ethical implications that arose while implementing the project, and discusses whether or not Voix des Kivus was successful in empowering its Congolese participants.Less
This chapter draws on the experience of Voix des Kivus—a SMS-based data collection project implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2009 and 2011. The Voix des Kivus project used a “crowdseeding” approach, which combines the innovations of crowdsourcing with standard principles of survey research and statistical analysis. This chapter discusses the key distinctions between crowdseeding and crowdsourcing, and discusses how crowdseeding might have a larger potential to empower populations by enabling the collection and distribution of information as an alternative mechanism of governance. After describing Voix des Kivus, the chapter turns to a discussion of the ethical implications that arose while implementing the project, and discusses whether or not Voix des Kivus was successful in empowering its Congolese participants.
Allan Afuah
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
Managers are regularly confronted with unsolved problems. If a manager knows who can solve a problem, they can assign the problem to the correct person to have it solved under an ex ante contract or ...
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Managers are regularly confronted with unsolved problems. If a manager knows who can solve a problem, they can assign the problem to the correct person to have it solved under an ex ante contract or other form of agreement/commitment, inside or outside the organization. If they do not know who can solve it, they can crowdsource it, broadcasting the problem to an undefined set of people (the crowd) to self-select and solve it with no ex ante contract or other commitment. Although the practice of crowdsourcing goes back to at least the Longitude Prize of 1714, research on the phenomenon has only recently flourished, thanks, in part, to advances in information technology, globalization, and other macro-environmental factors. This chapter presents a crowdsourcing primer and framework with the goal of providing management scholars with some of the fundamentals needed to pursue their research interests in this compelling phenomenon.Less
Managers are regularly confronted with unsolved problems. If a manager knows who can solve a problem, they can assign the problem to the correct person to have it solved under an ex ante contract or other form of agreement/commitment, inside or outside the organization. If they do not know who can solve it, they can crowdsource it, broadcasting the problem to an undefined set of people (the crowd) to self-select and solve it with no ex ante contract or other commitment. Although the practice of crowdsourcing goes back to at least the Longitude Prize of 1714, research on the phenomenon has only recently flourished, thanks, in part, to advances in information technology, globalization, and other macro-environmental factors. This chapter presents a crowdsourcing primer and framework with the goal of providing management scholars with some of the fundamentals needed to pursue their research interests in this compelling phenomenon.
Allan Afuah
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
In tournament-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd compete to solve a problem and the agent with the best solution wins. In collaboration-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd cooperate to solve ...
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In tournament-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd compete to solve a problem and the agent with the best solution wins. In collaboration-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd cooperate to solve a problem, bringing their collective expertise to bear on the problem. Each can yield extraordinarily high-value solutions. This raises a question: Can crowdsourcing co-opetition—simultaneous cooperation and competition to solve a problem via crowdsourcing—deliver even higher-value solutions than either tournament-based or collaboration-based crowdsourcing alone? I argue that simultaneous competition to solve modules of a decomposable problem and collaboration to aggregate the module solutions produces a higher-value solution to the problem than collaboration alone. And simultaneous cooperation to reduce crowdsourcing frictions and competition to solve a non-decomposable problem yields a higher-value solution than competition alone.Less
In tournament-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd compete to solve a problem and the agent with the best solution wins. In collaboration-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd cooperate to solve a problem, bringing their collective expertise to bear on the problem. Each can yield extraordinarily high-value solutions. This raises a question: Can crowdsourcing co-opetition—simultaneous cooperation and competition to solve a problem via crowdsourcing—deliver even higher-value solutions than either tournament-based or collaboration-based crowdsourcing alone? I argue that simultaneous competition to solve modules of a decomposable problem and collaboration to aggregate the module solutions produces a higher-value solution to the problem than collaboration alone. And simultaneous cooperation to reduce crowdsourcing frictions and competition to solve a non-decomposable problem yields a higher-value solution than competition alone.
Christian Horn, Marcel Bogers, and Alexander Brem*
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
Crowdsourcing is an increasingly important phenomenon that is fundamentally changing how companies create and capture value. There are still important questions with respect to how crowdsourcing ...
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Crowdsourcing is an increasingly important phenomenon that is fundamentally changing how companies create and capture value. There are still important questions with respect to how crowdsourcing works and can be applied in practice, especially in business practice. In this chapter, we focus on prediction markets as a mechanism and tool to tap into a crowd in the early stages of an innovation process. The act of opening up to external knowledge sources is also in line with the growing interest in open innovation. One example of a prediction market, a virtual stock market, is applied to open innovation through an online platform. We show that use of mechanisms of internal crowdsourcing with prediction markets can outperform use of external crowds.Less
Crowdsourcing is an increasingly important phenomenon that is fundamentally changing how companies create and capture value. There are still important questions with respect to how crowdsourcing works and can be applied in practice, especially in business practice. In this chapter, we focus on prediction markets as a mechanism and tool to tap into a crowd in the early stages of an innovation process. The act of opening up to external knowledge sources is also in line with the growing interest in open innovation. One example of a prediction market, a virtual stock market, is applied to open innovation through an online platform. We show that use of mechanisms of internal crowdsourcing with prediction markets can outperform use of external crowds.
Eric von Hippel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035217
- eISBN:
- 9780262335461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035217.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter looks at how both free innovators and commercial project sponsors are increasingly competing to “tighten the loop” between themselves and free innovators to obtain a larger share of ...
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This chapter looks at how both free innovators and commercial project sponsors are increasingly competing to “tighten the loop” between themselves and free innovators to obtain a larger share of voluntary and unpaid design efforts. Crowdsourcing calls by both free innovators and producers asking for assistance on innovation projects from the household sector are on the rise. Producers are also learning to support free innovators, seeking to channel their work into privately profitable directions. Hence, the chapter explains how producers are learning to support free innovators in ways that benefit themselves but not their rivals. It then explores how lower-cost pathways to commercialization are becoming available to household sector innovators. Finally, the chapter discusses how, via crowdsourcing, free innovators and producers are both learning to more effectively recruit free innovation labor from the household sector.Less
This chapter looks at how both free innovators and commercial project sponsors are increasingly competing to “tighten the loop” between themselves and free innovators to obtain a larger share of voluntary and unpaid design efforts. Crowdsourcing calls by both free innovators and producers asking for assistance on innovation projects from the household sector are on the rise. Producers are also learning to support free innovators, seeking to channel their work into privately profitable directions. Hence, the chapter explains how producers are learning to support free innovators in ways that benefit themselves but not their rivals. It then explores how lower-cost pathways to commercialization are becoming available to household sector innovators. Finally, the chapter discusses how, via crowdsourcing, free innovators and producers are both learning to more effectively recruit free innovation labor from the household sector.
Natalie Kübler and Mojca Pecman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199654864
- eISBN:
- 9780191745966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654864.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Lexicography, Semantics and Pragmatics
Because of globalisation, the requirements for bilingual LSP dictionaries have expanded dramatically, requiring more and more information for users. This chapter deals with the theoretical and ...
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Because of globalisation, the requirements for bilingual LSP dictionaries have expanded dramatically, requiring more and more information for users. This chapter deals with the theoretical and practical approaches to introducing bilingual collocations and higher order phraseology in a bilingual term base/dictionary for specialised translators and domain specialists, learners and professionals. The ARTES online bilingual LSP dictionary is described in detail, showing how it is adapted to target different users by providing both a term base and an electronic dictionary. Corpus data show that linguistic information must go beyond the terminological or lexical levels and include semantic and pragmatic information, stepping thus into the domain of discourse. Finally, solutions for implementing semantic preference and semantic prosody in the dictionary are put forward.Less
Because of globalisation, the requirements for bilingual LSP dictionaries have expanded dramatically, requiring more and more information for users. This chapter deals with the theoretical and practical approaches to introducing bilingual collocations and higher order phraseology in a bilingual term base/dictionary for specialised translators and domain specialists, learners and professionals. The ARTES online bilingual LSP dictionary is described in detail, showing how it is adapted to target different users by providing both a term base and an electronic dictionary. Corpus data show that linguistic information must go beyond the terminological or lexical levels and include semantic and pragmatic information, stepping thus into the domain of discourse. Finally, solutions for implementing semantic preference and semantic prosody in the dictionary are put forward.
Toma Tasovac
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199654864
- eISBN:
- 9780191745966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654864.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Lexicography, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter explores the potential and challenges of basing pedagogical, bilingual electronic dictionaries on WordNet – a comprehensive machine-readable lexical database of the English language. It ...
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This chapter explores the potential and challenges of basing pedagogical, bilingual electronic dictionaries on WordNet – a comprehensive machine-readable lexical database of the English language. It introduces the specifics of WordNet’s complex lexical architecture; explores the interfaces between WordNet and humanistic, pedagogical and bilingual lexicography; and highlights the Transpoetika Dictionary – an innovative, bilingualised Serbian-English pedagogical dictionary. The chapter shows that the potential of relational lexical databases by far exceeds their exclusive application in language engineering and automatic text processing. The author argues that WordNet can not only serve as a general lexicographic framework for building humanistic eDictionaries, but also pave the way for other collaborative projects in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and pedagogic lexicography. The author also discusses strategies for expanding the scope of WordNet-based humanistic dictionaries through web services and social media platforms such as Flickr and Twitter.Less
This chapter explores the potential and challenges of basing pedagogical, bilingual electronic dictionaries on WordNet – a comprehensive machine-readable lexical database of the English language. It introduces the specifics of WordNet’s complex lexical architecture; explores the interfaces between WordNet and humanistic, pedagogical and bilingual lexicography; and highlights the Transpoetika Dictionary – an innovative, bilingualised Serbian-English pedagogical dictionary. The chapter shows that the potential of relational lexical databases by far exceeds their exclusive application in language engineering and automatic text processing. The author argues that WordNet can not only serve as a general lexicographic framework for building humanistic eDictionaries, but also pave the way for other collaborative projects in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and pedagogic lexicography. The author also discusses strategies for expanding the scope of WordNet-based humanistic dictionaries through web services and social media platforms such as Flickr and Twitter.
Christian M. Meyer and Iryna Gurevych
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199654864
- eISBN:
- 9780191745966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654864.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Lexicography, Semantics and Pragmatics
With the rise of the Web 2.0, collaboratively constructed language resources are rivaling expert-built lexicons. The collaborative construction process of these resources is driven by what is called ...
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With the rise of the Web 2.0, collaboratively constructed language resources are rivaling expert-built lexicons. The collaborative construction process of these resources is driven by what is called the ‘Wisdom of Crowds’ phenomenon, which offers very promising research opportunities in the context of electronic lexicography. The vast number and broad diversity of authors yield quickly growing and constantly updated resources. While expert-built lexicons have been extensively studied in the past, there is still a gap in researching collaboratively constructed lexicons. We therefore provide a comprehensive description of Wiktionary – a freely available, collaborative online lexicon. The chapter studies the variety of encoded lexical, semantic, and cross-lingual knowledge of three different language editions of Wiktionary and compare the coverage of terms, lexemes, word senses, domains, and registers to multiple expert-built lexicons. The chapter concludes by discussing several findings and pointing out Wiktionary’s future directions and impact on lexicography.Less
With the rise of the Web 2.0, collaboratively constructed language resources are rivaling expert-built lexicons. The collaborative construction process of these resources is driven by what is called the ‘Wisdom of Crowds’ phenomenon, which offers very promising research opportunities in the context of electronic lexicography. The vast number and broad diversity of authors yield quickly growing and constantly updated resources. While expert-built lexicons have been extensively studied in the past, there is still a gap in researching collaboratively constructed lexicons. We therefore provide a comprehensive description of Wiktionary – a freely available, collaborative online lexicon. The chapter studies the variety of encoded lexical, semantic, and cross-lingual knowledge of three different language editions of Wiktionary and compare the coverage of terms, lexemes, word senses, domains, and registers to multiple expert-built lexicons. The chapter concludes by discussing several findings and pointing out Wiktionary’s future directions and impact on lexicography.
J. Andrei Villarroel
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262018494
- eISBN:
- 9780262312455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018494.003.0204
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter describes crowdsourcing projects carried out by large numbers of geographically distributed individuals acting independently but contributing to a collective whole. It discusses the ...
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This chapter describes crowdsourcing projects carried out by large numbers of geographically distributed individuals acting independently but contributing to a collective whole. It discusses the differences between traditional work and crowdsourcing work and highlights the competitive advantage of crowdsourcing. It proposes a model showing how open innovation squeezes firms to pay more attention to complex tasks that are less easily addressed by innovative individuals and groups. This chapter also shows how crowdsourcing is contributing to a significant evolution of the concept of open innovation.Less
This chapter describes crowdsourcing projects carried out by large numbers of geographically distributed individuals acting independently but contributing to a collective whole. It discusses the differences between traditional work and crowdsourcing work and highlights the competitive advantage of crowdsourcing. It proposes a model showing how open innovation squeezes firms to pay more attention to complex tasks that are less easily addressed by innovative individuals and groups. This chapter also shows how crowdsourcing is contributing to a significant evolution of the concept of open innovation.
Johann Füller, Katja Hutter, and Julia Hautz
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262018494
- eISBN:
- 9780262312455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018494.003.0309
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter examines the future of the crowdsourcing based on experience in the development of the software platform MASSive Ideation. It explains that unlike other idea contests for open ...
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This chapter examines the future of the crowdsourcing based on experience in the development of the software platform MASSive Ideation. It explains that unlike other idea contests for open innovation, MASSive Ideation enables the generation and evaluation of numerous ideas and supports their further elaboration into promising concepts with the collaboration of a large and geographically scattered crowd. This chapter speculates that more companies should consider the use of creative potential of crowds to enrich their innovation processes.Less
This chapter examines the future of the crowdsourcing based on experience in the development of the software platform MASSive Ideation. It explains that unlike other idea contests for open innovation, MASSive Ideation enables the generation and evaluation of numerous ideas and supports their further elaboration into promising concepts with the collaboration of a large and geographically scattered crowd. This chapter speculates that more companies should consider the use of creative potential of crowds to enrich their innovation processes.
Tessa Dwyer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474410946
- eISBN:
- 9781474434720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410946.003.0007
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter presents a case study of global TV site Viki (www.viki.com), which offers amateur subtitling in around 200 languages for media from around the world. It focuses on the ways in which ...
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This chapter presents a case study of global TV site Viki (www.viki.com), which offers amateur subtitling in around 200 languages for media from around the world. It focuses on the ways in which fansubbing and fan repurposing of technology has been adopted in the corporate and media industries via crowdsourcing, underscoring the commerce/community tensions that characterise ‘participatory culture’. In its aim to overcome the geopolitical constraints that limit the availability of media in many parts of the globe, Viki deploys a legal, business framework that overrides the national and linguistic biases of professional subtitling and dubbing via the ‘chaos’ of fan agency and interventionist practice. It also pinpoints the critical role played by language and multilingual publics within the evolving dynamics of convergence. Finally, this case study explores claims that fansubbing and other forms of community translation may be contributing to the ongoing marginalisation of linguistically diverse publics by enabling industry players to continue to underserve minor language communities.Less
This chapter presents a case study of global TV site Viki (www.viki.com), which offers amateur subtitling in around 200 languages for media from around the world. It focuses on the ways in which fansubbing and fan repurposing of technology has been adopted in the corporate and media industries via crowdsourcing, underscoring the commerce/community tensions that characterise ‘participatory culture’. In its aim to overcome the geopolitical constraints that limit the availability of media in many parts of the globe, Viki deploys a legal, business framework that overrides the national and linguistic biases of professional subtitling and dubbing via the ‘chaos’ of fan agency and interventionist practice. It also pinpoints the critical role played by language and multilingual publics within the evolving dynamics of convergence. Finally, this case study explores claims that fansubbing and other forms of community translation may be contributing to the ongoing marginalisation of linguistically diverse publics by enabling industry players to continue to underserve minor language communities.
Stephen Coleman and Jay G. Blumler
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199661992
- eISBN:
- 9780191782671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661992.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Early use of the Internet demonstrated that it was possible to tap the expertise of many people rapidly, simply by asking. Over time a variety of platforms have been built to aggregate the so-called ...
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Early use of the Internet demonstrated that it was possible to tap the expertise of many people rapidly, simply by asking. Over time a variety of platforms have been built to aggregate the so-called “wisdom of crowds” over the Internet. A few have been tremendously successful, such as Wikipedia, but many others have failed to draw the attention of a critical mass of users. In government and politics, the challenges are sometimes greater, given concerns over control over communication, the potential for political gaming and lobbying, when crowdsourcing depends on unbiased views, and the difficulty of top-down development of a community of contributors. This chapter focuses on the lessons learned from a UK initiative to exploit crowdsourcing as a tool for policy development. Whether governments can learn from such initiatives is a key issue in developing these tools to support more democratic policy formation.Less
Early use of the Internet demonstrated that it was possible to tap the expertise of many people rapidly, simply by asking. Over time a variety of platforms have been built to aggregate the so-called “wisdom of crowds” over the Internet. A few have been tremendously successful, such as Wikipedia, but many others have failed to draw the attention of a critical mass of users. In government and politics, the challenges are sometimes greater, given concerns over control over communication, the potential for political gaming and lobbying, when crowdsourcing depends on unbiased views, and the difficulty of top-down development of a community of contributors. This chapter focuses on the lessons learned from a UK initiative to exploit crowdsourcing as a tool for policy development. Whether governments can learn from such initiatives is a key issue in developing these tools to support more democratic policy formation.
Dustin T. Duncan, William C. Goedel, and Rumi Chunara
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190843496
- eISBN:
- 9780190843533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Research connecting neighborhoods and health has characterized neighborhood factors in multiple ways. This chapter discusses standard and emerging methods to measure and study neighborhood ...
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Research connecting neighborhoods and health has characterized neighborhood factors in multiple ways. This chapter discusses standard and emerging methods to measure and study neighborhood characteristics. In particular, this chapter provides an overview of neighborhood characteristic assessment methods, including self-report, systematic social observation, geographic information system (GIS) methods, Web-based geospatial methods, real-time geospatial methods, crowd-sourced geospatial methods, and information retrieval methods from online sources such as Instagram and Twitter. This chapter also discusses the strengths and limitations of each neighborhood characteristic assessment method (e.g., ease of administration, validity), and readers are provided with examples of each neighborhood assessment method applied in the epidemiology and population health literature.Less
Research connecting neighborhoods and health has characterized neighborhood factors in multiple ways. This chapter discusses standard and emerging methods to measure and study neighborhood characteristics. In particular, this chapter provides an overview of neighborhood characteristic assessment methods, including self-report, systematic social observation, geographic information system (GIS) methods, Web-based geospatial methods, real-time geospatial methods, crowd-sourced geospatial methods, and information retrieval methods from online sources such as Instagram and Twitter. This chapter also discusses the strengths and limitations of each neighborhood characteristic assessment method (e.g., ease of administration, validity), and readers are provided with examples of each neighborhood assessment method applied in the epidemiology and population health literature.
Christopher L. Tucci, Allan Afuah, and Gianluigi Viscusi
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
Partly fueled by the pervasiveness of information technologies that facilitate the broadcasting of problems to crowds, and by anecdotal examples of phenomenally high-value solutions from outsourcing ...
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Partly fueled by the pervasiveness of information technologies that facilitate the broadcasting of problems to crowds, and by anecdotal examples of phenomenally high-value solutions from outsourcing some problems to crowds, growth in the research and practice of crowdsourcing for problem solving has been remarkable. Research streams have been emerging in different disciplines. In this introduction to the volume, we introduce twelve chapters by scholars—from different disciplines—who explore interesting topics from some of these emerging research streams. The chapters fall into different groups distinguished by whether value is created and captured via tournament-based, collaboration-based, or hybrid crowdsourcing activities. We also offer future research directions and conclusions.Less
Partly fueled by the pervasiveness of information technologies that facilitate the broadcasting of problems to crowds, and by anecdotal examples of phenomenally high-value solutions from outsourcing some problems to crowds, growth in the research and practice of crowdsourcing for problem solving has been remarkable. Research streams have been emerging in different disciplines. In this introduction to the volume, we introduce twelve chapters by scholars—from different disciplines—who explore interesting topics from some of these emerging research streams. The chapters fall into different groups distinguished by whether value is created and captured via tournament-based, collaboration-based, or hybrid crowdsourcing activities. We also offer future research directions and conclusions.
Gianluigi Viscusi and Christopher L. Tucci
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
According to conventional wisdom on crowdsourcing, the number of people defines the crowd and maximization of this number is often assumed to be the goal of any crowdsourcing exercise. However, some ...
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According to conventional wisdom on crowdsourcing, the number of people defines the crowd and maximization of this number is often assumed to be the goal of any crowdsourcing exercise. However, some structural characteristics of the crowd might be more important than the sheer number of participants. These characteristics include (1) the growth rate and its attractiveness to members, (2) equality among members, (3) density within provisional boundaries, (4) goal orientation of the crowd, and (5) “seriality” of the interactions between members. Therefore, a typology is proposed that may allow managers to position their companies’ initiatives among four strategic types for driving innovation: crowd crystals, online communities, closed crowds, and open crowds. Incumbent companies may prefer closed and controlled access to the crowd, limiting the potential for gaining results and insights from fully open crowd-driven innovation initiatives. Thus, the effects on industries and organizations by open crowds are still to be explored.Less
According to conventional wisdom on crowdsourcing, the number of people defines the crowd and maximization of this number is often assumed to be the goal of any crowdsourcing exercise. However, some structural characteristics of the crowd might be more important than the sheer number of participants. These characteristics include (1) the growth rate and its attractiveness to members, (2) equality among members, (3) density within provisional boundaries, (4) goal orientation of the crowd, and (5) “seriality” of the interactions between members. Therefore, a typology is proposed that may allow managers to position their companies’ initiatives among four strategic types for driving innovation: crowd crystals, online communities, closed crowds, and open crowds. Incumbent companies may prefer closed and controlled access to the crowd, limiting the potential for gaining results and insights from fully open crowd-driven innovation initiatives. Thus, the effects on industries and organizations by open crowds are still to be explored.
Joel West and Jonathan Sims
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
There are many similarities in how firms pursuing an open innovation strategy can utilize crowds and communities as sources of external innovation. At the same time, the differences between these two ...
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There are many similarities in how firms pursuing an open innovation strategy can utilize crowds and communities as sources of external innovation. At the same time, the differences between these two network forms of collaboration have previously been blurred or overlooked. In this chapter, we integrate research on crowds and communities, identifying a third form—a crowd–community hybrid—that combines attributes of both. We compare examples of each of these three network forms, such as open source software communities, gated contests, crowdsourcing tournaments, user-generated content, and crowd science. We then summarize the intrinsic, extrinsic, and structural factors that enable individual and organizational participation in these collaborations. Finally, we contrast how these collaborative forms differ regarding their degree of innovativeness and relevance to firm goals. From this, we identify opportunities for future research on these topics.Less
There are many similarities in how firms pursuing an open innovation strategy can utilize crowds and communities as sources of external innovation. At the same time, the differences between these two network forms of collaboration have previously been blurred or overlooked. In this chapter, we integrate research on crowds and communities, identifying a third form—a crowd–community hybrid—that combines attributes of both. We compare examples of each of these three network forms, such as open source software communities, gated contests, crowdsourcing tournaments, user-generated content, and crowd science. We then summarize the intrinsic, extrinsic, and structural factors that enable individual and organizational participation in these collaborations. Finally, we contrast how these collaborative forms differ regarding their degree of innovativeness and relevance to firm goals. From this, we identify opportunities for future research on these topics.
