Joseph E. Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288144
- eISBN:
- 9780191603884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288143.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on the use of fiscal and monetary policies (including an analysis of the macroeconomic dimensions of prudential regulations) for a closed economy by contrasting Keynesian, ...
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This chapter focuses on the use of fiscal and monetary policies (including an analysis of the macroeconomic dimensions of prudential regulations) for a closed economy by contrasting Keynesian, heterodox, and conservative perspectives on the effectiveness of various instruments and their ancillary effects. While conservatives believe that fiscal policy is ineffective due to offsetting actions, standard Keynesians believe that government expenditures have a multiplier effect, and heterodox economists believe there may also be a financial accelerator if firms are cash or credit constrained. Similarly, while conservative economists believe that deficit spending maybe be counterproductive and can lead to crowding out and a loss of investor confidence, heterodox and Keynesians believe that there may be crowding in and that a strong economy builds investor confidence. The disagreements extend to views of monetary policy as well where conservatives believe that monetary policy is largely ineffective, Keynesians believe that monetary policy is an important tool in macroeconomic management, and heterodox economists emphasize that credit, and not the money supply, matters for the level of economic activity. Finally, heterodox economists have also designed ways to use prudential regulations as a tool for macroeconomic policy.Less
This chapter focuses on the use of fiscal and monetary policies (including an analysis of the macroeconomic dimensions of prudential regulations) for a closed economy by contrasting Keynesian, heterodox, and conservative perspectives on the effectiveness of various instruments and their ancillary effects. While conservatives believe that fiscal policy is ineffective due to offsetting actions, standard Keynesians believe that government expenditures have a multiplier effect, and heterodox economists believe there may also be a financial accelerator if firms are cash or credit constrained. Similarly, while conservative economists believe that deficit spending maybe be counterproductive and can lead to crowding out and a loss of investor confidence, heterodox and Keynesians believe that there may be crowding in and that a strong economy builds investor confidence. The disagreements extend to views of monetary policy as well where conservatives believe that monetary policy is largely ineffective, Keynesians believe that monetary policy is an important tool in macroeconomic management, and heterodox economists emphasize that credit, and not the money supply, matters for the level of economic activity. Finally, heterodox economists have also designed ways to use prudential regulations as a tool for macroeconomic policy.
Margit Osterloh and Antoinette Weibel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235926
- eISBN:
- 9780191717093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235926.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The generation of new knowledge is crucial for a firm's competitive advantage. This chapter analyses explorative knowledge production in teams as a social dilemma. Such social dilemmas can to some ...
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The generation of new knowledge is crucial for a firm's competitive advantage. This chapter analyses explorative knowledge production in teams as a social dilemma. Such social dilemmas can to some extent be solved by transactional solutions, such as activating the shadow of the future or selective incentives. But transformational solutions are more important. Employee's intrinsic initiative to participate in knowledge exploration is crowded-out by certain high-powered incentives and unfriendly monitoring. It is crowded-in by low-powered incentives, friendly monitoring, communication, and institutional framing. The chapter concludes that there exist convincing ideas of how to govern explorative knowledge production which should be tested empirically.Less
The generation of new knowledge is crucial for a firm's competitive advantage. This chapter analyses explorative knowledge production in teams as a social dilemma. Such social dilemmas can to some extent be solved by transactional solutions, such as activating the shadow of the future or selective incentives. But transformational solutions are more important. Employee's intrinsic initiative to participate in knowledge exploration is crowded-out by certain high-powered incentives and unfriendly monitoring. It is crowded-in by low-powered incentives, friendly monitoring, communication, and institutional framing. The chapter concludes that there exist convincing ideas of how to govern explorative knowledge production which should be tested empirically.
Margit Osterloh and Bruno S. Frey
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269761
- eISBN:
- 9780191710087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269761.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter highlights some important unintentional adverse consequences of mechanisms that are commonly recommended for improving CG. It argues that the circle of reinforcement of monitoring, ...
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This chapter highlights some important unintentional adverse consequences of mechanisms that are commonly recommended for improving CG. It argues that the circle of reinforcement of monitoring, sanctions and incentives in response to scandals configures a ‘governance for crooks’ that tends to worsen the very problem it is designed to solve. It highlights that one important underlying mechanism explaining this adverse consequence is the ‘crowding out effect’, whereby an excess of extrinsic motivation crowds out intrinsic motivation and undermines corporate virtue. The chapter offer a stylized model of the phenomenon and draws implications for human resource management — HRM — (personnel selection and reward policies).Less
This chapter highlights some important unintentional adverse consequences of mechanisms that are commonly recommended for improving CG. It argues that the circle of reinforcement of monitoring, sanctions and incentives in response to scandals configures a ‘governance for crooks’ that tends to worsen the very problem it is designed to solve. It highlights that one important underlying mechanism explaining this adverse consequence is the ‘crowding out effect’, whereby an excess of extrinsic motivation crowds out intrinsic motivation and undermines corporate virtue. The chapter offer a stylized model of the phenomenon and draws implications for human resource management — HRM — (personnel selection and reward policies).
Pierre Cardaliaguet, François Delarue, Jean-Michel Lasry, and Pierre-Louis Lions
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190716
- eISBN:
- 9780691193717
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190716.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book describes the latest advances in the theory of mean field games, which are optimal control problems with a continuum of players, each of them interacting with the whole statistical ...
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This book describes the latest advances in the theory of mean field games, which are optimal control problems with a continuum of players, each of them interacting with the whole statistical distribution of a population. While it originated in economics, this theory now has applications in areas as diverse as mathematical finance, crowd phenomena, epidemiology, and cybersecurity. Because mean field games concern the interactions of infinitely many players in an optimal control framework, one expects them to appear as the limit for Nash equilibria of differential games with finitely many players as the number of players tends to infinity. The book rigorously establishes this convergence, which has been an open problem until now. The limit of the system associated with differential games with finitely many players is described by the so-called master equation, a nonlocal transport equation in the space of measures. After defining a suitable notion of differentiability in the space of measures, the authors provide a complete self-contained analysis of the master equation. Their analysis includes the case of common noise problems in which all the players are affected by a common Brownian motion. They then go on to explain how to use the master equation to prove the mean field limit. The book presents two important new results in mean field games that contribute to a unified theoretical framework for this exciting and fast-developing area of mathematics.Less
This book describes the latest advances in the theory of mean field games, which are optimal control problems with a continuum of players, each of them interacting with the whole statistical distribution of a population. While it originated in economics, this theory now has applications in areas as diverse as mathematical finance, crowd phenomena, epidemiology, and cybersecurity. Because mean field games concern the interactions of infinitely many players in an optimal control framework, one expects them to appear as the limit for Nash equilibria of differential games with finitely many players as the number of players tends to infinity. The book rigorously establishes this convergence, which has been an open problem until now. The limit of the system associated with differential games with finitely many players is described by the so-called master equation, a nonlocal transport equation in the space of measures. After defining a suitable notion of differentiability in the space of measures, the authors provide a complete self-contained analysis of the master equation. Their analysis includes the case of common noise problems in which all the players are affected by a common Brownian motion. They then go on to explain how to use the master equation to prove the mean field limit. The book presents two important new results in mean field games that contribute to a unified theoretical framework for this exciting and fast-developing area of mathematics.
Dan P. McAdams
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176933
- eISBN:
- 9780199786787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176933.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The redemptive self is a psychologically powerful life narrative that supports a caring and productive (that is, generative) approach to life in the midlife years. However, the story is not without ...
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The redemptive self is a psychologically powerful life narrative that supports a caring and productive (that is, generative) approach to life in the midlife years. However, the story is not without its shortcomings — shortcomings that reveal peculiar features of American narrative identity. This chapter identifies and analyzes four potential problems inherent in redemptive life narratives: (1) the conflict between power/freedom and love/community; (2) the arrogance and self-righteousness that comes from (individual and cultural) narratives of American exceptionalism; (3) the danger of redemptive violence; and (4) naïve expectations regarding the deliverance from suffering and the denial of tragedy in human life, from such experiences as living through the Holocaust. The classic of American sociology, The Lonely Crowd, a study of the changing American character, is also discussed.Less
The redemptive self is a psychologically powerful life narrative that supports a caring and productive (that is, generative) approach to life in the midlife years. However, the story is not without its shortcomings — shortcomings that reveal peculiar features of American narrative identity. This chapter identifies and analyzes four potential problems inherent in redemptive life narratives: (1) the conflict between power/freedom and love/community; (2) the arrogance and self-righteousness that comes from (individual and cultural) narratives of American exceptionalism; (3) the danger of redemptive violence; and (4) naïve expectations regarding the deliverance from suffering and the denial of tragedy in human life, from such experiences as living through the Holocaust. The classic of American sociology, The Lonely Crowd, a study of the changing American character, is also discussed.
Pierre-Richard Agénor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155807
- eISBN:
- 9781400845392
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155807.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter begins by focusing on “conventional” channels through which public capital is deemed to affect growth, namely, productivity, complementarity, and crowding-out effects. It presents a ...
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This chapter begins by focusing on “conventional” channels through which public capital is deemed to affect growth, namely, productivity, complementarity, and crowding-out effects. It presents a basic two-period Allais–Samuelson Overlapping Generations model, which is extended in subsequent chapters to address a host of other issues. At the core of this model is a production function in which public capital is complementary to private capital. Several extensions of the basic model are then considered, including indirect taxation, a complementarity effect operating through the efficiency of private investment, an effect of public capital on household utility, and maintenance expenditure. The chapter also provides a discussion of optimal fiscal policy, which is studied from the perspective of growth maximization by a benevolent government, rather than in terms of social welfare maximization.Less
This chapter begins by focusing on “conventional” channels through which public capital is deemed to affect growth, namely, productivity, complementarity, and crowding-out effects. It presents a basic two-period Allais–Samuelson Overlapping Generations model, which is extended in subsequent chapters to address a host of other issues. At the core of this model is a production function in which public capital is complementary to private capital. Several extensions of the basic model are then considered, including indirect taxation, a complementarity effect operating through the efficiency of private investment, an effect of public capital on household utility, and maintenance expenditure. The chapter also provides a discussion of optimal fiscal policy, which is studied from the perspective of growth maximization by a benevolent government, rather than in terms of social welfare maximization.
John Casey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195092950
- eISBN:
- 9780199869732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195092950.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
The Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological ...
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The Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological drama of damnation, with millions of the damned crushed promiscuously together, with a revolting stench. The chapter examines some Jesuit versions of hell, including one whose fearsome picture of the eternal and unspeakable sufferings of the damned bears a remarkable resemblance to the sermons on hell in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man of James Joyce. It traces an English tradition of empirical speculation about the exact nature of hell, the composition of its fires, and where it might be located in the universe (in the sun, for instance), and the gradual rise in a sentiment hostile to the idea of everlasting punishment.Less
The Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological drama of damnation, with millions of the damned crushed promiscuously together, with a revolting stench. The chapter examines some Jesuit versions of hell, including one whose fearsome picture of the eternal and unspeakable sufferings of the damned bears a remarkable resemblance to the sermons on hell in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man of James Joyce. It traces an English tradition of empirical speculation about the exact nature of hell, the composition of its fires, and where it might be located in the universe (in the sun, for instance), and the gradual rise in a sentiment hostile to the idea of everlasting punishment.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0085
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The plausibility of old Greek medicine had paled following the end of the Roman Empire in the Early Middle Ages. The Arabs emerged from the desert and were introduced to what the Christian West no ...
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The plausibility of old Greek medicine had paled following the end of the Roman Empire in the Early Middle Ages. The Arabs emerged from the desert and were introduced to what the Christian West no longer wanted. This knowledge was foreign to the Arabs and seemed incomprehensibly superior to their own healing practices. The European and American Arabs had arrived. With incredible astonishment, they learned about needle treatments, herbal knowledge, and summaries of the doctrines. Soon, the “Abus” and “Ibns” of Europe and North America emerged. From the thin booklets, books of many hundred pages were written and key words were flourished like banners before the eyes of the surprised masses. A similar process is now being witnessed. In China, traditional medicine is now officially only valid in playpen format. It was intended for temporary use and what the Chinese had not expected was crowding in the playpen.Less
The plausibility of old Greek medicine had paled following the end of the Roman Empire in the Early Middle Ages. The Arabs emerged from the desert and were introduced to what the Christian West no longer wanted. This knowledge was foreign to the Arabs and seemed incomprehensibly superior to their own healing practices. The European and American Arabs had arrived. With incredible astonishment, they learned about needle treatments, herbal knowledge, and summaries of the doctrines. Soon, the “Abus” and “Ibns” of Europe and North America emerged. From the thin booklets, books of many hundred pages were written and key words were flourished like banners before the eyes of the surprised masses. A similar process is now being witnessed. In China, traditional medicine is now officially only valid in playpen format. It was intended for temporary use and what the Chinese had not expected was crowding in the playpen.
Charles K. Bellinger
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195134988
- eISBN:
- 9780199833986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195134982.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Rene Girard's concept that human psychology begins with a sense of lack or personal deficiency is compared with Kierkegaard's notion of the incompleteness of the self. Mimetic desire, as it is ...
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Rene Girard's concept that human psychology begins with a sense of lack or personal deficiency is compared with Kierkegaard's notion of the incompleteness of the self. Mimetic desire, as it is described by Girard, is a phenomenon that Kierkegaard was keenly aware of. Both authors show that mimetic desire leads to a situation captured by the phrase ”the crowd is untruth.” Immature persons, in a state of spiritual cowardice, take offense at God and are scandalized by the possibility of self‐knowledge; they hide in the crowd. The synthesis of Kierkegaard and Girard produces a very powerful Christian interpretation of the psychology of violence.Less
Rene Girard's concept that human psychology begins with a sense of lack or personal deficiency is compared with Kierkegaard's notion of the incompleteness of the self. Mimetic desire, as it is described by Girard, is a phenomenon that Kierkegaard was keenly aware of. Both authors show that mimetic desire leads to a situation captured by the phrase ”the crowd is untruth.” Immature persons, in a state of spiritual cowardice, take offense at God and are scandalized by the possibility of self‐knowledge; they hide in the crowd. The synthesis of Kierkegaard and Girard produces a very powerful Christian interpretation of the psychology of violence.
Wai Chee Dimock
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780226477077
- eISBN:
- 9780226477244
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226477077.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
Can vulnerability serve as an entry point to our recorded past and our projected future? What story does it tell about human and nonhuman life at a time when the large-scale harms of climate change ...
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Can vulnerability serve as an entry point to our recorded past and our projected future? What story does it tell about human and nonhuman life at a time when the large-scale harms of climate change are increasingly hard to ignore? Weak Planet begins with the exigencies of the present moment and traces a long history in response. Reversing our usual focus on masterful authors and hegemonic institutions, the book explores the precarious survival of literature as an assisted outcome, with implications for our collective future. Crowd-sourced authorship, subjunctive agency, and collateral resilience give us a vocabulary to think about an input-rich ecosystem. Featured here are Louise Erdrich’s and Sherman Alexie’s user-amended captivity narratives; new pastorals by Maya Lin and indigenous climate activists; non-tragic sequels to Moby-Dick by C. L. R. James, Frank Stella, and Amitav Ghosh; induced forms of Irishness in Henry James, Colm Tóibín, W. B. Yeats, and Gish Jen; and experiments in a blurry Islam in works by Henri Matisse, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, and Langston Hughes. Drawing on Native American Studies, disability studies, and environmental humanities, as well as the radical empiricism of John Dewey and William James, Weak Planet offers a poetics of non-paralysis, inspired by the imperfect and incessant labor of finite beings, given a future with the help of others.Less
Can vulnerability serve as an entry point to our recorded past and our projected future? What story does it tell about human and nonhuman life at a time when the large-scale harms of climate change are increasingly hard to ignore? Weak Planet begins with the exigencies of the present moment and traces a long history in response. Reversing our usual focus on masterful authors and hegemonic institutions, the book explores the precarious survival of literature as an assisted outcome, with implications for our collective future. Crowd-sourced authorship, subjunctive agency, and collateral resilience give us a vocabulary to think about an input-rich ecosystem. Featured here are Louise Erdrich’s and Sherman Alexie’s user-amended captivity narratives; new pastorals by Maya Lin and indigenous climate activists; non-tragic sequels to Moby-Dick by C. L. R. James, Frank Stella, and Amitav Ghosh; induced forms of Irishness in Henry James, Colm Tóibín, W. B. Yeats, and Gish Jen; and experiments in a blurry Islam in works by Henri Matisse, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, and Langston Hughes. Drawing on Native American Studies, disability studies, and environmental humanities, as well as the radical empiricism of John Dewey and William James, Weak Planet offers a poetics of non-paralysis, inspired by the imperfect and incessant labor of finite beings, given a future with the help of others.
Andries Richter and Daan van Soest
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199656202
- eISBN:
- 9780191742149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656202.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The global community faces several very pressing environmental challenges such as climate change, depletion of the high-sea fisheries, and unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. Governments are in ...
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The global community faces several very pressing environmental challenges such as climate change, depletion of the high-sea fisheries, and unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. Governments are in the process of designing environmental policies to address these problems unilaterally, but also collectively (in the form of international agreements). Meanwhile, private citizens and firms are observed to voluntarily take protective action. Whereas standard game theory would predict that formal government intervention can only provide an extra stimulus for protective action, there are many examples of external interventions decreasing agents' propensity to undertake socially desired activities. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the circumstances under which formal interventions can crowd out voluntary contributions to the common good. Furthermore, it is discussed how the effectiveness of government intervention may be improved by preserving the agents' intrinsic motivation to contribute to the common good.Less
The global community faces several very pressing environmental challenges such as climate change, depletion of the high-sea fisheries, and unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. Governments are in the process of designing environmental policies to address these problems unilaterally, but also collectively (in the form of international agreements). Meanwhile, private citizens and firms are observed to voluntarily take protective action. Whereas standard game theory would predict that formal government intervention can only provide an extra stimulus for protective action, there are many examples of external interventions decreasing agents' propensity to undertake socially desired activities. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the circumstances under which formal interventions can crowd out voluntary contributions to the common good. Furthermore, it is discussed how the effectiveness of government intervention may be improved by preserving the agents' intrinsic motivation to contribute to the common good.
Paul Friedland
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592692
- eISBN:
- 9780191741852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592692.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, European Early Modern History
Through the beginning of the sixteenth century, executions often attracted large crowds of people who saw themselves as full participants in a ritual with profound spiritual meaning. With the first ...
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Through the beginning of the sixteenth century, executions often attracted large crowds of people who saw themselves as full participants in a ritual with profound spiritual meaning. With the first executions of Lutheran heretics, however, who refused to play the traditional role of the remorseful penitent but instead went to the scaffold joyously, crowds of spectators began to attend executions as a spectacular novelty. From the middle of the sixteenth century onward, wealthier segments of the population began viewing executions as a form of novel entertainment, renting windows overlooking the scaffold. By the seventeenth century, the upper classes had developed a fascination with criminality, which they satisfied through the reading of scandalously realistic true-crime novels as well as through a growing taste for witnessing real criminals be put to death in spectacles of public execution.Less
Through the beginning of the sixteenth century, executions often attracted large crowds of people who saw themselves as full participants in a ritual with profound spiritual meaning. With the first executions of Lutheran heretics, however, who refused to play the traditional role of the remorseful penitent but instead went to the scaffold joyously, crowds of spectators began to attend executions as a spectacular novelty. From the middle of the sixteenth century onward, wealthier segments of the population began viewing executions as a form of novel entertainment, renting windows overlooking the scaffold. By the seventeenth century, the upper classes had developed a fascination with criminality, which they satisfied through the reading of scandalously realistic true-crime novels as well as through a growing taste for witnessing real criminals be put to death in spectacles of public execution.
Jean‐Paul Brodeur
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740598
- eISBN:
- 9780199866083
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740598.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Chapter 9 describes special types of policing, such as military policing and private extralegal protection. Depending on the political regime, military policing is conducted in markedly different ...
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Chapter 9 describes special types of policing, such as military policing and private extralegal protection. Depending on the political regime, military policing is conducted in markedly different ways. Military policing, as exemplified in France, is fully compatible with democracy. It is not different in its nature from civilian policing. The military police operate within a highly centralized structure, they are deployed in rural areas, their chain of command is more rigid, and they are specialized in various duties such as crowd control. In other countries, such as Brazil, military police operate within an undemocratic legal framework that sets them apart from civilian policing. Within this framework they can carry out brutal operations causing a large number of casualties with absolute impunity. The last part of this chapter discusses Gambetta's hypothesis that criminal organizations, such as the Italian or Russian Mafia, provide protection at a high price to private clients.Less
Chapter 9 describes special types of policing, such as military policing and private extralegal protection. Depending on the political regime, military policing is conducted in markedly different ways. Military policing, as exemplified in France, is fully compatible with democracy. It is not different in its nature from civilian policing. The military police operate within a highly centralized structure, they are deployed in rural areas, their chain of command is more rigid, and they are specialized in various duties such as crowd control. In other countries, such as Brazil, military police operate within an undemocratic legal framework that sets them apart from civilian policing. Within this framework they can carry out brutal operations causing a large number of casualties with absolute impunity. The last part of this chapter discusses Gambetta's hypothesis that criminal organizations, such as the Italian or Russian Mafia, provide protection at a high price to private clients.
Catriona Pennell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199590582
- eISBN:
- 9780191738777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590582.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
Chapter One deals with feelings of tension in the lead‐up to the announcement of war on 4 August and follows the chaos and disruption that followed during the first few weeks of the conflict. What ...
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Chapter One deals with feelings of tension in the lead‐up to the announcement of war on 4 August and follows the chaos and disruption that followed during the first few weeks of the conflict. What were people thinking and feeling around the UK in these few days before the official announcement of war? The actual day war broke out is also examined in detail to see what was happening in London. The gatherings outside Buckingham Palace are compared to other crowds around the country.Less
Chapter One deals with feelings of tension in the lead‐up to the announcement of war on 4 August and follows the chaos and disruption that followed during the first few weeks of the conflict. What were people thinking and feeling around the UK in these few days before the official announcement of war? The actual day war broke out is also examined in detail to see what was happening in London. The gatherings outside Buckingham Palace are compared to other crowds around the country.
Ronojoy Sen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231164900
- eISBN:
- 9780231539937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164900.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
How cricket swamped all other sports in India.
How cricket swamped all other sports in India.
Emily Steinlight
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501710704
- eISBN:
- 9781501710728
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501710704.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
From the teeming streets of Dickens's London to the households of domestic fiction, nineteenth-century British writers constructed worlds crammed beyond capacity with human life. This book contends ...
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From the teeming streets of Dickens's London to the households of domestic fiction, nineteenth-century British writers constructed worlds crammed beyond capacity with human life. This book contends that rather than simply reflecting demographic growth, such pervasive literary crowding contributed to a seismic shift in British political thought. The book shows how the nineteenth-century novel, in particular, claimed a new cultural role as it took on the task of narrating human aggregation at a moment when the Malthusian specter of surplus population suddenly and quite unexpectedly became a central premise of modern politics. In readings of novels by Mary Shelley, Elizabeth Gaskell, Charles Dickens, Mary Braddon, Thomas Hardy, and Joseph Conrad that link fiction and biopolitics, the book brings the crowds that pervade nineteenth-century fiction into the foreground. In so doing, it transforms the subject and political stakes of the Victorian novel, dislodging the longstanding idea that its central category is the individual by demonstrating how fiction is altered by its emerging concern with population. By overpopulating narrative space and imagining the human species perpetually in excess of the existing social order, the book shows, fiction made it necessary to radically reimagine life in the aggregate.Less
From the teeming streets of Dickens's London to the households of domestic fiction, nineteenth-century British writers constructed worlds crammed beyond capacity with human life. This book contends that rather than simply reflecting demographic growth, such pervasive literary crowding contributed to a seismic shift in British political thought. The book shows how the nineteenth-century novel, in particular, claimed a new cultural role as it took on the task of narrating human aggregation at a moment when the Malthusian specter of surplus population suddenly and quite unexpectedly became a central premise of modern politics. In readings of novels by Mary Shelley, Elizabeth Gaskell, Charles Dickens, Mary Braddon, Thomas Hardy, and Joseph Conrad that link fiction and biopolitics, the book brings the crowds that pervade nineteenth-century fiction into the foreground. In so doing, it transforms the subject and political stakes of the Victorian novel, dislodging the longstanding idea that its central category is the individual by demonstrating how fiction is altered by its emerging concern with population. By overpopulating narrative space and imagining the human species perpetually in excess of the existing social order, the book shows, fiction made it necessary to radically reimagine life in the aggregate.
Benjamin L. Carp
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304022
- eISBN:
- 9780199788606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304022.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots ...
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The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the Liberty riot of 1768, the Boston Massacre of 1770, and the Boston Tea Party of 1773. British authorities repeatedly tried to assert control over Boston's waterfront community, and each time, merchants and mariners mobilized in response to impressment (by resisting), customs duties (by smuggling), and other impositions of imperial authority. Five times the Bostonians banished imperial officials, soldiers, and other pariahs to Castle Island in the harbor. The central significance of the Boston waterfront had crystallized by 1774, when Parliament singled the city out for punishment. Boston's conspicuous leadership among the waterfront communities of North America demonstrated how mobilization could unify city dwellers from throughout the social spectrum and across the continent.Less
The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the Liberty riot of 1768, the Boston Massacre of 1770, and the Boston Tea Party of 1773. British authorities repeatedly tried to assert control over Boston's waterfront community, and each time, merchants and mariners mobilized in response to impressment (by resisting), customs duties (by smuggling), and other impositions of imperial authority. Five times the Bostonians banished imperial officials, soldiers, and other pariahs to Castle Island in the harbor. The central significance of the Boston waterfront had crystallized by 1774, when Parliament singled the city out for punishment. Boston's conspicuous leadership among the waterfront communities of North America demonstrated how mobilization could unify city dwellers from throughout the social spectrum and across the continent.
Jean‐Paul Brodeur
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740598
- eISBN:
- 9780199866083
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740598.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Chapter 5 is devoted to the work of uniformed as opposed to plainclothes police. It first asks who they are. Data on sociological variables such as age, sex, education, and ethnic status are ...
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Chapter 5 is devoted to the work of uniformed as opposed to plainclothes police. It first asks who they are. Data on sociological variables such as age, sex, education, and ethnic status are presented, with a focus on the recruitment of women. Second, the author raises the question of what police actually do during their working hours. Two issues are discussed on the basis of meta‐analyses of fifty-one empirical studies and the general opinion of more than twenty researchers. The first is the time allocated by the police in uniform to crime control and the second is the proportion of their working time that is committed to specific duties as opposed to time that is uncommitted to anything specific. Finally, the two most important means of policing in uniform—police visibility and the use of coercion—are the object of a discussion stressing their limitations.Less
Chapter 5 is devoted to the work of uniformed as opposed to plainclothes police. It first asks who they are. Data on sociological variables such as age, sex, education, and ethnic status are presented, with a focus on the recruitment of women. Second, the author raises the question of what police actually do during their working hours. Two issues are discussed on the basis of meta‐analyses of fifty-one empirical studies and the general opinion of more than twenty researchers. The first is the time allocated by the police in uniform to crime control and the second is the proportion of their working time that is committed to specific duties as opposed to time that is uncommitted to anything specific. Finally, the two most important means of policing in uniform—police visibility and the use of coercion—are the object of a discussion stressing their limitations.
MICHAEL C. DORF
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195343298
- eISBN:
- 9780199867806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195343298.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter argues that the existence of the written Constitution crowds out arguments rooted in the customs of nonjudicial government. It offers support for the existence of the phenomenon, but ...
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This chapter argues that the existence of the written Constitution crowds out arguments rooted in the customs of nonjudicial government. It offers support for the existence of the phenomenon, but undertakes nothing like what would be needed to measure its full scope. Nor does the chapter examine whether the phenomenon occurs in other legal systems with written constitutions. Accordingly, the chapter should be understood as attempting to raise consciousness. After the first section, the chapter proceeds in three sections. Section II introduces the concept of crowding out in other contexts and then provides three principal examples of constitutional crowding out of the extraconstitutional Rule of Recognition (eCRoR), involving Court packing, jurisdictional gerrymandering, and the right to vote in Presidential elections. Section III explores practical, normative, and theoretical questions: Within Hart's framework, can we develop workable standards for identifying customary rules of recognition, and should we even try? Finally, Section IV concludes by calling attention to an earlier effort along these lines by Karl Llewellyn, asking whether the chapter's formulation of the issue has a chance of succeeding where his largely failed.Less
This chapter argues that the existence of the written Constitution crowds out arguments rooted in the customs of nonjudicial government. It offers support for the existence of the phenomenon, but undertakes nothing like what would be needed to measure its full scope. Nor does the chapter examine whether the phenomenon occurs in other legal systems with written constitutions. Accordingly, the chapter should be understood as attempting to raise consciousness. After the first section, the chapter proceeds in three sections. Section II introduces the concept of crowding out in other contexts and then provides three principal examples of constitutional crowding out of the extraconstitutional Rule of Recognition (eCRoR), involving Court packing, jurisdictional gerrymandering, and the right to vote in Presidential elections. Section III explores practical, normative, and theoretical questions: Within Hart's framework, can we develop workable standards for identifying customary rules of recognition, and should we even try? Finally, Section IV concludes by calling attention to an earlier effort along these lines by Karl Llewellyn, asking whether the chapter's formulation of the issue has a chance of succeeding where his largely failed.
Lee Jussim
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195366600
- eISBN:
- 9780199933044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366600.003.0076
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter captures and summarizes some of the major themes and implications of the prior four chapters on stereotypes: It highlights the broad and general conclusions, based on the scientific, ...
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This chapter captures and summarizes some of the major themes and implications of the prior four chapters on stereotypes: It highlights the broad and general conclusions, based on the scientific, empirical evidence on stereotype accuracy, that are and are not justified; it highlights the prevalence of the “processistic fallacy”—of basing conclusions emphasizing stereotype inaccuracy on research that merely discovers (supposedly flawed) processes, but without actually assessing accuracy; it reviews evidence on the “wisdom of crowds” to explain why consensual stereotypes are not the false cultural myths they are often accused of being and, instead, are generally far more accurate than personal stereotypes; it highlights limitations to existing empirical research on stereotype (in)accuracy; it reviews the limited evidence on conditions under which high stereotype inaccuracy either has been found or is likely to be found; and it introduces the “egalitarian denial” hypothesis, which predicts that people highly motivated to be or appear egalitarian are those most likely to develop inaccurate stereotypes, because they will often underestimate real differences. This chapter also concludes that many social science perspectives on stereotypes are exaggerated, inaccurate, and rigidly resistant to change in the face of relentless disconfirming evidence and maintain their conclusions by virtue of a very selective focus on studies and findings that confirm the a priori belief in the irrationality and badness of stereotypes.Less
This chapter captures and summarizes some of the major themes and implications of the prior four chapters on stereotypes: It highlights the broad and general conclusions, based on the scientific, empirical evidence on stereotype accuracy, that are and are not justified; it highlights the prevalence of the “processistic fallacy”—of basing conclusions emphasizing stereotype inaccuracy on research that merely discovers (supposedly flawed) processes, but without actually assessing accuracy; it reviews evidence on the “wisdom of crowds” to explain why consensual stereotypes are not the false cultural myths they are often accused of being and, instead, are generally far more accurate than personal stereotypes; it highlights limitations to existing empirical research on stereotype (in)accuracy; it reviews the limited evidence on conditions under which high stereotype inaccuracy either has been found or is likely to be found; and it introduces the “egalitarian denial” hypothesis, which predicts that people highly motivated to be or appear egalitarian are those most likely to develop inaccurate stereotypes, because they will often underestimate real differences. This chapter also concludes that many social science perspectives on stereotypes are exaggerated, inaccurate, and rigidly resistant to change in the face of relentless disconfirming evidence and maintain their conclusions by virtue of a very selective focus on studies and findings that confirm the a priori belief in the irrationality and badness of stereotypes.
