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This chapter reports the small number of experiments on the ion mobility in liquid ³He at intermediate temperatures between the critical point at T_c=3.3 K and T=1 K. The inadequacy of the theoretical description in this cross-over region is pointed out.

This chapter examines how the movements of the fold can be translated and further understood through the movement of Chinese screen actresses, from the Asian film industry into that of the West. It focuses on how two popular Hong Kong film stars, Maggie Cheung and Michelle Yeoh, have translated or “crossed over” from Hong Kong cinema into the institutional sites of French art house cinema (Cheung in Olivier Assayas's Irma Vep), and Hollywood (Yeoh in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies). The chapter also explains how the figures of the spy, vamp, and woman warrior, particularly as introduced by Yeoh and Cheung through their cross-over roles, characterize diasporic Chinese femininity.

This chapter examines how diasporic Chinese femininity, as translated through cross-over films, can also be produced through mimetic forms of reading and writing. It also examines how ethnicity is produced both within and across different diasporic contexts, and explores how ethnicity functions as a supplement by interrogating the detailing of heterosexuality as a way of reproducing and perpetuating ethnic identity. The chapter focuses on the Asian-Australian example to show how whiteness operates as an ornamental detail that works in tandem with discourses of heterosexuality within a specific regional context. It also highlights the novel Memoirs of a Geisha as a marker of the successful production of ethnicity in a diasporic, cross-cultural context through mimesis.

On February 12, 1924, Rhapsody in Blue, composed by George Gershwin (1898-1937), premiered at Aeolian Hall in New York City. Soon a group of other composers joined him in a brief but intense movement to produce “highbrow jazz”, including John Alden Carpenter, Aaron Copland, Louis Gruenberg, and William Grant Still. The first three made their careers in concert music, and the last straddled both popular music and concert music. At the same time, parallel forays were being made by European modernists seeking a means of mediating between the rarefied aesthetic terrain of high modernism and the more accessible plains of jazz. Gershwin may have taken his biggest artistic leap of the mid-1920s with another work, the Concerto in F, which represented a more ambitious attempt to bridge independent musical categories. One of the trendsetters in the crossover movement was the jazz-band conductor Paul Whiteman (1890-1967).

This chapter addresses the most widely studied crossover success, Elvis Presley, and the almost entirely unexamined contemporary phenomenon of the “wigger.” In doing this, it tries to illustrate both why cultural crossover matters and why it cannot by itself generate a crossing over into nonwhiteness. It suggests how the vision of a nonwhite society can help to transcend crossover and build a better bridge. Presley's case shows the possibilities and limits of racial crossover. The varied explanations of the origin of the word wigger, and of its meanings are offered. The cases of racial crossovers among people of color have different dynamics but also define no surefire path to unity and liberation. Crossing over still requires the steady, everyday work of organizing to fight against white privilege and against the miseries that make whites settle for those privileges and encourage others to aspire to whiteness.

A preliminary discussion of electron properties (charge, angular momentum, spin) and definitions in magnetism is followed by the magnetism of mononuclear complexes — in particular, spin cross-over — showing the role of cooperativity and the sensitivity to external perturbations. Orbital interactions and magnetic exchange are explained in binuclear model systems with localized electrons, with emphasis on heuristic models and recent computational methods. The usefulness of concepts such as overlap and orthogonality is emphasized, and the phenomenological spin Hamiltonian is defined. The concepts are then applied to extended molecular magnetic systems, leading to molecular magnetic materials of various dimensionalities exhibiting bulk ferro- or ferrimagnetism. Magnetic anisotropy is introduced. It is shown that in some cases a slow relaxation of magnetization arises and gives rise to appealing single-ion magnets, single-molecule magnets, or single-chain magnets — a route to storing information at the molecular level.

This chapter considers works of literary journalism, including Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil's Highway, Rubén Martínez’s, Crossing Over: A Mexican Family on the Migrant Trail, and Sonia Nazario’s, Enrique's Journey: The Story of a Boy's Dangerous Odyssey to Reunite with His Mother. It argues that these accounts seek to counter the strident narrative of immigration as a threat to the existence of the nation by offering alternative narratives in which undocumented people are not imagined, first and foremost, as “aliens.” These texts offer counterdiscourses, reframing the story of immigration in terms that shift the focus from the borders of “our” imagined community to construct alternative notions of ethical communities. The texts employ rhetorical strategies that can be understood through Bakhtinian notions of empathy and exotopy. The narratives solicit readers both to empathize with the subjects of their narrative and to move back to their own subject positions as positions of difference—since only from our own subject positions can meaningful ethical action be undertaken. Nonetheless, these texts are also potentially constrained by the degree to which they reinstate a troubling politics of place that diffuses a sense of urgency and crisis needing address.

After preliminaries about electron properties, and definitions in magnetism, one treats the magnetism of mononuclear complexes, in particular spin cross-over, showing the role of cooperativity and the sensitivity to external perturbations. Orbital interactions and exchange interaction are explained in binuclear model systems, using orbital overlap and orthogonality concepts to explain antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic coupling. The phenomenologically useful Spin Hamiltonian is defined. The concepts are then applied to extended molecular magnetic systems, leading to molecular magnetic materials of various dimensionalities exhibiting bulk ferro- or ferrimagnetism. An illustration is provided by Prussian Blue analogues. Magnetic anisotropy is introduced. It is shown that in some cases, a slow relaxation of magnetization arises and gives rise to appealing single-ion magnets, single-molecule magnets or single-chain magnets, a route to store information at the molecular level.

Chapter 6 considers work in the expressive orientation, which concerns the articulation and expression of identities. The dilemma is one of authenticity, and it turns on questions of provenance. When the identity is grounded in shared experiences, needs, and desires, the adherent may be well placed to help. When the experiences, needs, and desires are unshared, she is a less possible and less useful ally. Three approaches are distinguished: disjoint “validation,” in which the adherent attests, on the basis of her expertise, that the claimed identity is valid; conjoint “crossing-over” in which the adherent seeks to share the identity-forming experiences of the constituents; and “self-expression,” in which constituents seek to secure their identities alone. The supporting case study for this chapter contrasts the mobilization of male sympathizers in the Edwardian women’s suffrage movement with their demobilization in the Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1970s.

Chapter 4 provides a close reading of Heidegger’s “On the Essence of Language: The Metaphysics of Language and the Essencing of the Word” (1939), a seminar on Herder’s Treatise. From Heidegger’s obscure preparatory notes to the seminar (as well as his students’ notes), the chapter reconstructs his interpretation of Herder, focusing on the sense of hearing and its importance to language. This chapter not only discusses a text rarely considered in the literature about Herder but also points out what seems to be Herder’s profound influence on Heidegger’s later ideas. Along with hearing, another central topic is the exploration of the relationship between the internal and external which Heidegger discusses, following Herder, in terms of what he calls “the crossing-over,” a unique space between inside and outside, sounds and silence. This is the space in which, according to Heidegger, language and hearing reside.

Parallel distributed processing (PDP), the science of population-encoded representations, enables us to understand how neural networks can support cognitive processes. Auto-associator networks are networks in which each unit is connected to many other units. The activity function of such networks has the capacity for settling into stable states, called attractor basins, which correspond to concept representations. The characteristics of attractor basins supported by substrates for semantic knowledge and the results of attenuation of this knowledge in semantic dementia serve both to illustrate the function of such systems and to reveal a paradox: the PDP properties of neural networks enable us to miraculously acquire large and apparently seamless domains of knowledge from a series of individual experiences, but at the cost of serious limitations, as manifested in semantic errors in semantic dementia and in the phenomenology defined by Steven’s power law of magnitude estimation and hemispatial neglect (including the cross-over effect).

Between 1956 and 1962, Peter Watkins (1935-) made a series of groundbreaking amateur fiction films with the help of Playcraft, a local amateur dramatic society, based in Canterbury, Kent. Two of these efforts, Diary of an Unknown Soldier (1959) and The Forgotten Faces (1961), would go on to win amateur film ‘Oscars’ in the IAC’s annual ‘Ten Best’ competition, bring him to the attention of a wider and more general public, and eventually help secure his cross-over into professional filmmaking. The films’ concerted challenge to Hollywood practices, as early explorations of ‘docudrama’ realism and depictions of war and conflict distant from then dominant British norms, marked ambitions that would be pursued in much of Watkins’ subsequent work. This chapter analyses Watkins’ pre-professional filmmaking in detail, and argues that the director’s amateurism did not dissolve with his movement into the professional sphere. Rather, an amateur stance is seen as informing his entire career, dramatising a reaction to what the director always perceived to be the restrictions and limitations of the professional sector.

This chapter examines Ken Russell’s first three amateur fiction films, Peepshow (1956), Knights on Bikes (1956) and Amelia and the Angel (1958), the work which famously brought him to the attention of the BBC and eased his transition to professional filmmaker. Through a close examination of these films, the chapter establishes that many of Russell’s persistent concerns, formal techniques and recurrent images are already present in these very early excursions into filmmaking. Exploring the phenomenon of amateur ‘cross-over’ more generally, the section on Amelia and the Angel explains how the reception of this particular film led to Russell graduating to professional filmmaking. It also considers the form and content of the work, and argues that it may be considered the first ‘true’ Russell film, with its Catholic subtext, visual exuberance and often violent shifts in tone. The chapter is based in original archive research, and draws on primary sources including Russell’s own commentaries on his filmmaking.

The chapter explores the interpretation of international treaties by domestic courts in the era of world society and legal pluralism. It argues that despite the formation of ‘varieties of capitalism’ and the differentiation of legal cultures on territorial or regional basis, divergence in the interpretation of treaties can be avoided, as municipal courts turn to the ‘translation paradigm’ of interpretation. The chapter contends that under this paradigm, good governance, rule of law, and preservation of international peace and security as ‘structures of interpretation’ condition the operation of the principle of systemic integration of the VCLT. These principles enable domestic courts to devise ‘patterns of interpretation’ as techniques that transform normative contradictions into reciprocal toleration. This is not the result of a linear process of convergence, but rather an ‘agonistic’ process fraught with tensions and collisions followed by mutual accommodation, adaptation, and ultimately normative coexistence within the purview of global governance.

By sex in eukaryotes, we understand a more-or-less regular succession of meiosis and syngamy. A natural consequence of this is the alternation of haploid and diploid phases in the life cycle. Eukaryotic sex significantly differs from prokaryotic sex in two crucial respects: the cellular mechanisms are quite different, and the transfer of genetic material in prokaryotes is less frequent and more localized (Maynard Smith et al., 1991). However, there seems to be significant continuity in the molecular mechanisms: sex in either case requires recombination enzymes, many of which are active in repair of damaged DNA as well. Thus, it seems plausible that recombinational repair was a preadaptation for sexual recombination. We mention in passing that there is a theory that selection for the recombinational repair of doublestrand DNA damage is responsible for the current maintenance of eukaryotic sex (Bernstein et al., 1981, 1988), but there are severe theoretical as well as factual problems with this theory; we will mention some factual difficulties later. Although an alternation of haploid and diploid phases follows from sex, a clue to the origin problem may lie in the idea that this alternation existed before the evolution of sexual recombination proper. The first hint that this may have been so comes from the classic paper by Cleveland (1947), where he proposed that the haploid-diploid cycle may have started with a spontaneous diploidization by endomitosis: that is, without syngamy. His suggestions were based on original observations on primitive flagellates (hypermastigotes and polymastigotes). Among them, Barbulanympha has a regular endomitosis-meiosis cycle. Margulis & Sagan (1986) called renewed attention to Cleveland’s ideas. In particular, they argued that the alternation of ploidy phases could have a primarily ecological explanation: if the environment alternates in some important factors, this may drive a haploid-diploid cycle, provided the phases are adaptations to different environments. For example, diploids have a smaller relative surface area than haploids, which may confer higher metabolic efficiency. We shall come back to such ideas soon. We focus first on the possible cellular mechanisms connecting the two phases. It is important that some protists have a one-step rather than a two-step meiosis: after syngamy, the two homologous chromosomes become disjunct without premeiotic doubling.

Chapter 7 further refines the results by using truth table analysis to derive causal recipes for avoiding poverty. We perform these analyses separately for white and black males and females and also at different levels of consistency of poverty avoidance. Truth table analysis examines all logically possible combinations of conditions and thereby provides the foundation for identifying the specific combinations consistently linked to an outcome. Logical simplification of these combinations yields causal recipes for inclusion in the set of cases with the outcome of avoiding poverty. The causal recipes for white males are very simple and broadly inclusive. Using a .80 consistency threshold yields three two-advantage recipes. The causal recipes for white females are slightly less inclusive, with two two-advantage recipes derived at .80 consistency. The recipes for black males and black females are still less inclusive, with each sample displaying two three-advantage recipes. Our analysis thus reveals that blacks are doubly disadvantaged: to achieve poverty avoidance levels comparable to whites, blacks must combine more advantages, even though they possess, on average, far fewer advantages.

The key concepts, proceeding top-down, for market analysis for the hospitality industry are market segmentation, demand, and supply. Location or trade area comes into the analysis as an umbrella over these three concepts. Market niche and segmentation, demand, and supply are primary determinants to establishing the criteria for locating hospitality facilities. Whenever there have been sufficient numbers of travelers in search of food and shelter, some form of hostelry industry has arisen.1 The Code of Hammurabi (1800 B.C.E) referred to innkeeping (Winfree 1996). In the western countries, as the Romans established an extensive roadway system, taverns and inns followed at strategically spaced locations. The Roman roads were used for military travel, trade and commerce, and pilgrimage and tourism. These are the primary reasons we use roads today. The early inns were largely run by religious orders. However, in Europe, as commerce grew in the fifteenth century, lodging as a commercial activity began to replace innkeeping as a charitable activity. In the American colonial period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, inns and taverns were an important part of commerce and cultural exchange. These facilities were designed after the inns and taverns of England, which were closely integrated into their communities. Inns and taverns did not intrude or disrupt the neighborhood; instead, they were thought of as being an integral part of the culture and activities of the neighborhood. Architecturally, early inns and taverns conformed to the look and feel of the surrounding neighborhood environment. Survivors of these early inns are the contemporary bed-and-breakfasts (B&Bs). The term hotel arose early in the nineteenth century and was used to distinguish a greater level of commercial activity than an inn. Hotels offered food, drink, retail shopping, and lodging. Hotels were also more intrusive in their neighborhoods. Instead of less than 10 rooms that typified many inns of the era, early hotels contained as many as 200 rooms, and rose to 6 floors in height. Many nineteenth-century hotels were the tallest buildings in town. Thus, the hospitality industry began its first cautious attempts at market segmentation and diversification. Inns remained, but hotels offered an alternative experience via amenity differentiation.