Richard Breen and Ruud Luijkx
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Presents the results of the comparative analyses of absolute mobility and social fluidity in 11 European countries covering the period 1970 to 2000. Findings are presented separately for men and for ...
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Presents the results of the comparative analyses of absolute mobility and social fluidity in 11 European countries covering the period 1970 to 2000. Findings are presented separately for men and for women. We find a marked convergence between countries in their patterns and rates of absolute social mobility. There is also a widespread tendency for class inequalities in mobility chances to diminish over time, though there remain quite substantial variations in this respect between countries.Less
Presents the results of the comparative analyses of absolute mobility and social fluidity in 11 European countries covering the period 1970 to 2000. Findings are presented separately for men and for women. We find a marked convergence between countries in their patterns and rates of absolute social mobility. There is also a widespread tendency for class inequalities in mobility chances to diminish over time, though there remain quite substantial variations in this respect between countries.
Pippa Norris
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296614
- eISBN:
- 9780191600227
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296614.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter is the third of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the political institutions of the EU and its policy processes. The first section elaborates on these aspects ...
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This chapter is the third of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the political institutions of the EU and its policy processes. The first section elaborates on these aspects of legitimacy or regime support, and presents a conceptual framework. The second examines cross‐national variations and variations over time in regime support, including public satisfaction with the basic principles, decision‐making processes, and institutional arrangements of the EU. The third section analyses alternative explanations for these variations in regime support, including the role of (political) cultural legacies, social background, and policy performance‐ and leadership‐based factors. The conclusion considers the implications of this analysis for understanding the future of the EU.Less
This chapter is the third of four on the question of legitimacy in the EU, and deals with the political institutions of the EU and its policy processes. The first section elaborates on these aspects of legitimacy or regime support, and presents a conceptual framework. The second examines cross‐national variations and variations over time in regime support, including public satisfaction with the basic principles, decision‐making processes, and institutional arrangements of the EU. The third section analyses alternative explanations for these variations in regime support, including the role of (political) cultural legacies, social background, and policy performance‐ and leadership‐based factors. The conclusion considers the implications of this analysis for understanding the future of the EU.
Susan Moller Okin
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280088
- eISBN:
- 9780191599927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280084.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Susan Moller Okin, drawing on a wide range of cross‐national data on politics and gender, examines the representation of women in political life in contemporary liberal democracies. She argues that ...
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Susan Moller Okin, drawing on a wide range of cross‐national data on politics and gender, examines the representation of women in political life in contemporary liberal democracies. She argues that Walzer's notion of complex equality can be used as a tool for feminist criticism. She suggests that women's representation can be increased if the sphere of family does not dominate other spheres of social life for women.Less
Susan Moller Okin, drawing on a wide range of cross‐national data on politics and gender, examines the representation of women in political life in contemporary liberal democracies. She argues that Walzer's notion of complex equality can be used as a tool for feminist criticism. She suggests that women's representation can be increased if the sphere of family does not dominate other spheres of social life for women.
Jean Blondel
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246748
- eISBN:
- 9780191599385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246742.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be ...
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Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be positive—the discovery of corruption or the distribution of favours by parties has made them the target of mass media attacks that have fed into increasing citizen dissatisfaction with or disaffection from parties; Blondel, however, adopts a more cautious and conditional stance, noting that negative electoral consequences of illegal or semi‐legal practices have been inconsistent among countries with significant levels of corruption. Develops a series of analytical distinctions and empirical generalizations focusing on the concepts of party government and patronage, which starts by noting that the most basic linkages between governments and their supporting parties involve policies and appointments, and that traditional parliamentary theory neglects patronage as one important aspect of these linkages. In order to speculate about the origins of cross‐national differences in the extent of patronage, Blondel develops a classification scheme based upon two dimensions: the first is derived from the various types of party–government relationships—adversarial, consensual, and conciliatory; the second involves the extent of parliamentary support for the government; in addition to these dimensions, a distinction is made between those parliamentary settings in which parties are, in general terms, dependent upon the government, those in which parties predominate over the government, and those in which the government and its supporting party/ies are linked in a situation of mutual interdependence. These typologies show that patronage is extensive and widely distributed in ‘partitocratic’ countries, is less common in Westminster‐type majoritarian polities, is greatly reduced in ‘conciliatory’ systems, and has grown notably since the 1980s, but only in the first two of these categories; suggests that this increase is because favours, bribes, and corruption are utilized as a partial substitute for the unfulfilment of over‐ambitious government programme commitments; argues that an assessment of the effects of patronage also requires a differentiation among types of party government.Less
Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be positive—the discovery of corruption or the distribution of favours by parties has made them the target of mass media attacks that have fed into increasing citizen dissatisfaction with or disaffection from parties; Blondel, however, adopts a more cautious and conditional stance, noting that negative electoral consequences of illegal or semi‐legal practices have been inconsistent among countries with significant levels of corruption. Develops a series of analytical distinctions and empirical generalizations focusing on the concepts of party government and patronage, which starts by noting that the most basic linkages between governments and their supporting parties involve policies and appointments, and that traditional parliamentary theory neglects patronage as one important aspect of these linkages. In order to speculate about the origins of cross‐national differences in the extent of patronage, Blondel develops a classification scheme based upon two dimensions: the first is derived from the various types of party–government relationships—adversarial, consensual, and conciliatory; the second involves the extent of parliamentary support for the government; in addition to these dimensions, a distinction is made between those parliamentary settings in which parties are, in general terms, dependent upon the government, those in which parties predominate over the government, and those in which the government and its supporting party/ies are linked in a situation of mutual interdependence. These typologies show that patronage is extensive and widely distributed in ‘partitocratic’ countries, is less common in Westminster‐type majoritarian polities, is greatly reduced in ‘conciliatory’ systems, and has grown notably since the 1980s, but only in the first two of these categories; suggests that this increase is because favours, bribes, and corruption are utilized as a partial substitute for the unfulfilment of over‐ambitious government programme commitments; argues that an assessment of the effects of patronage also requires a differentiation among types of party government.
Amy Adamczyk
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520288751
- eISBN:
- 9780520963597
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520288751.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gay and Lesbian Studies
Across the world, public opinion about homosexuality varies substantially. While residents in some nations have embraced gay rights as human rights, in other countries, very few people find ...
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Across the world, public opinion about homosexuality varies substantially. While residents in some nations have embraced gay rights as human rights, in other countries, very few people find homosexuality acceptable. Why are there such big differences in attitudes about homosexuality? Using survey data from almost ninety societies, this book shows that cross-national differences in how residents view homosexuality can largely be explained by three country characteristics: the strength of democratic institutions, the level of economic development, and the religious context. While these factors can explain a lot of the differences across the world, the way they shape attitudes within individual nations varies substantially. Each country has a different story to tell about how these forces affect public opinion. Country case studies, a content analysis of newspaper articles, and in-depth interviews are used to unpack the characteristics working within individual and key sets of nations. Attention is given not only to demographic and country characteristics that shape public opinion but also to the way these factors work within specific countries and combine with a nation’s unique history and social context to shape attitudes, laws, policies, and enforcement regarding homosexuality.Less
Across the world, public opinion about homosexuality varies substantially. While residents in some nations have embraced gay rights as human rights, in other countries, very few people find homosexuality acceptable. Why are there such big differences in attitudes about homosexuality? Using survey data from almost ninety societies, this book shows that cross-national differences in how residents view homosexuality can largely be explained by three country characteristics: the strength of democratic institutions, the level of economic development, and the religious context. While these factors can explain a lot of the differences across the world, the way they shape attitudes within individual nations varies substantially. Each country has a different story to tell about how these forces affect public opinion. Country case studies, a content analysis of newspaper articles, and in-depth interviews are used to unpack the characteristics working within individual and key sets of nations. Attention is given not only to demographic and country characteristics that shape public opinion but also to the way these factors work within specific countries and combine with a nation’s unique history and social context to shape attitudes, laws, policies, and enforcement regarding homosexuality.
David Brady
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385878
- eISBN:
- 9780199870066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385878.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter investigates the patterns in poverty between and within the eighteen affluent democracies since the late 1960s. By carefully scrutinizing these patterns, the chapter provides insight ...
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This chapter investigates the patterns in poverty between and within the eighteen affluent democracies since the late 1960s. By carefully scrutinizing these patterns, the chapter provides insight into the variation in poverty that the rest of the book seeks to explain. Also, this chapter provides the dependent variables for the remaining chapters in the book. The chapter specifically explores patterns in poverty for each country (and over time) for the entire population, among adult and working‐age adult women and men, among the elderly, and among children. The main measures of poverty are the relative headcount and poverty intensity. The chapter also details and describes the Luxembourg Income Study, which provides the microdata for all the analyses of poverty. The measurement of household income and adjustments for household size are detailed.Less
This chapter investigates the patterns in poverty between and within the eighteen affluent democracies since the late 1960s. By carefully scrutinizing these patterns, the chapter provides insight into the variation in poverty that the rest of the book seeks to explain. Also, this chapter provides the dependent variables for the remaining chapters in the book. The chapter specifically explores patterns in poverty for each country (and over time) for the entire population, among adult and working‐age adult women and men, among the elderly, and among children. The main measures of poverty are the relative headcount and poverty intensity. The chapter also details and describes the Luxembourg Income Study, which provides the microdata for all the analyses of poverty. The measurement of household income and adjustments for household size are detailed.
Mark E. Courtney and Dorota Iwaniec (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195309188
- eISBN:
- 9780199863907
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309188.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This book fills major gaps in knowledge about residential care of children, and is sure to inform ongoing debates within and between nations about the appropriate use of such institutions. Each “case ...
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This book fills major gaps in knowledge about residential care of children, and is sure to inform ongoing debates within and between nations about the appropriate use of such institutions. Each “case study” chapter provides a rich description of the development, current status, and future of residential care in countries from Brazil to Botswana. Chapters describe how residential care is defined in the country in question, how it has evolved over time, including its history, trends over time, and any “landmark” events in the history of residential care. The chapters examine factors (historical, political, economic, ideological, and cultural) that have contributed to the observed pattern of development of residential care and provide a description of the current state of residential care (number of children in care, ages, average length of stay, reasons that children/youth are placed in residential care, etc.). Lastly, each case study describes expected future directions for residential care and potential concerns. Two integrative chapters provide a critical cross-national perspective, identifying common themes, analyzing underlying factors, and speculating about the future of residential child care across the globe.Less
This book fills major gaps in knowledge about residential care of children, and is sure to inform ongoing debates within and between nations about the appropriate use of such institutions. Each “case study” chapter provides a rich description of the development, current status, and future of residential care in countries from Brazil to Botswana. Chapters describe how residential care is defined in the country in question, how it has evolved over time, including its history, trends over time, and any “landmark” events in the history of residential care. The chapters examine factors (historical, political, economic, ideological, and cultural) that have contributed to the observed pattern of development of residential care and provide a description of the current state of residential care (number of children in care, ages, average length of stay, reasons that children/youth are placed in residential care, etc.). Lastly, each case study describes expected future directions for residential care and potential concerns. Two integrative chapters provide a critical cross-national perspective, identifying common themes, analyzing underlying factors, and speculating about the future of residential child care across the globe.
Perri Six
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263334
- eISBN:
- 9780191734564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263334.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
In many western countries, politicians and senior civil servants are working on the improvement of the coordination and integration of the activities of many government departments and agencies. This ...
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In many western countries, politicians and senior civil servants are working on the improvement of the coordination and integration of the activities of many government departments and agencies. This chapter offers some hypotheses that determine the differences in the style of governments in some countries in terms of their coordination and integration or ‘joining-up’ styles. In this chapter, particular attention is directed on the difficult relationship relating to cross-national trends in horizontal coordination and integration within the client level and privacy concerns. The chapter also offers a short discussion on the ways in which horizontal relationships might be arranged between regulators with different responsibilities within the same jurisdiction for different aspects of work in the same organizations. Before offering a better explanation of the differences in the styles of coordination and integration between countries, the chapter considers some explanations derived from literatures on the subject of ‘joined-up’ government that accept or reject rationales that support or fail to explain the geographical variance of joining-up. After taking a look at some prevailing explanations on the varying styles of coordination and integration, the chapter presents the neo-Durkheimian institutionalist explanation which is non-circular and which provides a more detailed account of the geographical and historical differences of ‘joined-up’ government. The chapter concludes with some provisional conclusions on the politics of administrative coordination and the politics of ‘joined-up’ government.Less
In many western countries, politicians and senior civil servants are working on the improvement of the coordination and integration of the activities of many government departments and agencies. This chapter offers some hypotheses that determine the differences in the style of governments in some countries in terms of their coordination and integration or ‘joining-up’ styles. In this chapter, particular attention is directed on the difficult relationship relating to cross-national trends in horizontal coordination and integration within the client level and privacy concerns. The chapter also offers a short discussion on the ways in which horizontal relationships might be arranged between regulators with different responsibilities within the same jurisdiction for different aspects of work in the same organizations. Before offering a better explanation of the differences in the styles of coordination and integration between countries, the chapter considers some explanations derived from literatures on the subject of ‘joined-up’ government that accept or reject rationales that support or fail to explain the geographical variance of joining-up. After taking a look at some prevailing explanations on the varying styles of coordination and integration, the chapter presents the neo-Durkheimian institutionalist explanation which is non-circular and which provides a more detailed account of the geographical and historical differences of ‘joined-up’ government. The chapter concludes with some provisional conclusions on the politics of administrative coordination and the politics of ‘joined-up’ government.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the key players and institutional channels that influenced the emergence of a cross-national modernizing network that ...
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This chapter discusses the key players and institutional channels that influenced the emergence of a cross-national modernizing network that paved the way for the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production to Western Europe. In the late 1940s, France and West Germany established cross-national networks with a number of Americans in key institutional positions of power. Such a network never emerged in Italy because of differences in objectives and ideology between the Italians and the American group. The institutional contiguity inbetween the Germans and the Americans was provided by the American Military Government in Germany.Less
This chapter discusses the key players and institutional channels that influenced the emergence of a cross-national modernizing network that paved the way for the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production to Western Europe. In the late 1940s, France and West Germany established cross-national networks with a number of Americans in key institutional positions of power. Such a network never emerged in Italy because of differences in objectives and ideology between the Italians and the American group. The institutional contiguity inbetween the Germans and the Americans was provided by the American Military Government in Germany.
Prudence L. Carter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199899630
- eISBN:
- 9780199951147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899630.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter offers a brief social history of the development of racial inequality, as well as an overview of how school desegregation emerged in the United States and South Africa. It argues that ...
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This chapter offers a brief social history of the development of racial inequality, as well as an overview of how school desegregation emerged in the United States and South Africa. It argues that both of these sharply unequal societies have committed to some ideal of integrated education as a means either to societal transformation or to the social advancement of groups historically excluded because of racial separatism. The United States continues to face the challenge of equalizing educational outcomes more than fifty years after the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. Similarly, South Africa, a relatively new democracy, faces the challenges of schooling diverse groups of students nearly two decades after apartheid's demise. This chapter highlights cross-national similarities and differences in educational policies and practices regarding school desegregation or mixed race schooling.Less
This chapter offers a brief social history of the development of racial inequality, as well as an overview of how school desegregation emerged in the United States and South Africa. It argues that both of these sharply unequal societies have committed to some ideal of integrated education as a means either to societal transformation or to the social advancement of groups historically excluded because of racial separatism. The United States continues to face the challenge of equalizing educational outcomes more than fifty years after the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. Similarly, South Africa, a relatively new democracy, faces the challenges of schooling diverse groups of students nearly two decades after apartheid's demise. This chapter highlights cross-national similarities and differences in educational policies and practices regarding school desegregation or mixed race schooling.
Johan De Deken and Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592296
- eISBN:
- 9780191731471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592296.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Reliable cross-national information about the number of working-age persons in receipt of income transfers (caseloads) would be highly valuable for comparative welfare state research, as well as for ...
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Reliable cross-national information about the number of working-age persons in receipt of income transfers (caseloads) would be highly valuable for comparative welfare state research, as well as for policymakers’ intent on addressing the problem of ‘benefit dependency’. In principle, caseloads could complement or replace conventional indicators of welfare state change, such as social expenditure or social rights. For example, shifts in caseloads across different transfer programmes seem a more appropriate indicator of benefit homogenization or risk re-categorization than changes in social spending. However, the chapter shows that existing international data sources are faced with a number of methodological challenges. Making use of administrative data collected by authors of the country chapters for this book, the chapter subsequently explores the possibilities offered by caseload data and describes cross-national trends in the scope and composition of benefit receipt over time.Less
Reliable cross-national information about the number of working-age persons in receipt of income transfers (caseloads) would be highly valuable for comparative welfare state research, as well as for policymakers’ intent on addressing the problem of ‘benefit dependency’. In principle, caseloads could complement or replace conventional indicators of welfare state change, such as social expenditure or social rights. For example, shifts in caseloads across different transfer programmes seem a more appropriate indicator of benefit homogenization or risk re-categorization than changes in social spending. However, the chapter shows that existing international data sources are faced with a number of methodological challenges. Making use of administrative data collected by authors of the country chapters for this book, the chapter subsequently explores the possibilities offered by caseload data and describes cross-national trends in the scope and composition of benefit receipt over time.
Steven Hitlin and Katherine W. O. Kramer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter augments the discussion of the values measures in the 2006 ANES Pilot Study in three ways. First, it compares the items drawn from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) with the ...
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This chapter augments the discussion of the values measures in the 2006 ANES Pilot Study in three ways. First, it compares the items drawn from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) with the options that were presented in an alternate format, coming down strongly in support of using the PVQ items. Second, this chapter analyzes the PVQ items along two factor-derived dimensions to suggest alternative uses of these measures—uses that allow comparisons of potential ANES data with other cross-national surveys like the World Values Surveys. Third, the chapter provides empirical illustrations of the utility of this approach for understanding important political phenomena, focusing on voting behavior and presidential approval.Less
This chapter augments the discussion of the values measures in the 2006 ANES Pilot Study in three ways. First, it compares the items drawn from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) with the options that were presented in an alternate format, coming down strongly in support of using the PVQ items. Second, this chapter analyzes the PVQ items along two factor-derived dimensions to suggest alternative uses of these measures—uses that allow comparisons of potential ANES data with other cross-national surveys like the World Values Surveys. Third, the chapter provides empirical illustrations of the utility of this approach for understanding important political phenomena, focusing on voting behavior and presidential approval.
John L. Campbell and Ove K. Pedersen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150314
- eISBN:
- 9781400850365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150314.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This postscript offers some suggestions for a research agenda for the future, including questions and propositions for scholars to consider regarding globalization and neoliberal diffusion, ...
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This postscript offers some suggestions for a research agenda for the future, including questions and propositions for scholars to consider regarding globalization and neoliberal diffusion, comparative political economy, and convergence theory. It asks whether the same conclusions can be obtained if different countries and different policy areas were examined. This curiosity about other countries might translate into efforts to change knowledge regimes, such as by doing more cross-national policy analysis. The chapter also asks whether knowledge regimes are a source of legitimation or a source of inspiration. Ultimately, more effort is required to determine whether the overall structure and practices of a knowledge regime influences the type of ideas it tends to produce.Less
This postscript offers some suggestions for a research agenda for the future, including questions and propositions for scholars to consider regarding globalization and neoliberal diffusion, comparative political economy, and convergence theory. It asks whether the same conclusions can be obtained if different countries and different policy areas were examined. This curiosity about other countries might translate into efforts to change knowledge regimes, such as by doing more cross-national policy analysis. The chapter also asks whether knowledge regimes are a source of legitimation or a source of inspiration. Ultimately, more effort is required to determine whether the overall structure and practices of a knowledge regime influences the type of ideas it tends to produce.
Franz Traxler, Sabine Blaschke, and Bernhard Kittel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295549
- eISBN:
- 9780191685132
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295549.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Political Economy
The regulation of the labour market by industrial-relations institutions has been an important theme in sociology, political science, economics, and jurisprudence. What has particularly attracted ...
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The regulation of the labour market by industrial-relations institutions has been an important theme in sociology, political science, economics, and jurisprudence. What has particularly attracted attention from a comparative perspective is the astonishing variety of national labour-relations institutions. This variety, when confronted with persistent economic internationalisation raises two main questions. First, does internationalisation impose pressures for change and, more specifically, for convergence on institutions? If such pressures are at work, is there a superior model the national systems are converging on? Second, under economic internationalisation, cross-national differences in national arrangements may have an increasing impact on national economic performance. Hence the question is whether national labour-relations systems perform differently, and to what extent their performance has changed over time due to shifting circumstances. This book investigates these questions on the basis of a cross-national comparison, including comparable data from twenty OECD countries.Less
The regulation of the labour market by industrial-relations institutions has been an important theme in sociology, political science, economics, and jurisprudence. What has particularly attracted attention from a comparative perspective is the astonishing variety of national labour-relations institutions. This variety, when confronted with persistent economic internationalisation raises two main questions. First, does internationalisation impose pressures for change and, more specifically, for convergence on institutions? If such pressures are at work, is there a superior model the national systems are converging on? Second, under economic internationalisation, cross-national differences in national arrangements may have an increasing impact on national economic performance. Hence the question is whether national labour-relations systems perform differently, and to what extent their performance has changed over time due to shifting circumstances. This book investigates these questions on the basis of a cross-national comparison, including comparable data from twenty OECD countries.
Christopher Bjork
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226309385
- eISBN:
- 9780226309552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226309552.003.0010
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
Chapter ten reports on the findings of the fieldwork conducted for this book, including a cross-national study of teaching practices in Japan, China, Singapore, and the U.S. The chapter pays ...
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Chapter ten reports on the findings of the fieldwork conducted for this book, including a cross-national study of teaching practices in Japan, China, Singapore, and the U.S. The chapter pays particular attention to American teachers’ opinions about a sample of lessons that were videotaped in Japan. Their responses to those videos suggest that the goals of educators in the U.S. and Japan overlap in many areas. Heightened pressures associated with high stakes tests, however, are making it difficult for American teachers to use methods designed to enhance children’s creativity, critical thinking skills, and problem solving abilities.Less
Chapter ten reports on the findings of the fieldwork conducted for this book, including a cross-national study of teaching practices in Japan, China, Singapore, and the U.S. The chapter pays particular attention to American teachers’ opinions about a sample of lessons that were videotaped in Japan. Their responses to those videos suggest that the goals of educators in the U.S. and Japan overlap in many areas. Heightened pressures associated with high stakes tests, however, are making it difficult for American teachers to use methods designed to enhance children’s creativity, critical thinking skills, and problem solving abilities.
Ofer Sharone
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226073361
- eISBN:
- 9780226073675
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226073675.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
American white-collar job seekers engage in the “chemistry game,” a set of job search practices premised on the idea that getting hired requires more than presenting one’s skills; it requires ...
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American white-collar job seekers engage in the “chemistry game,” a set of job search practices premised on the idea that getting hired requires more than presenting one’s skills; it requires presenting oneself––the person behind the skills––and establishing interpersonal fit. The focus on chemistry is not inherent to white-collar job searching in advanced economies. Israeli workers looking for similar jobs under similar economic conditions engage in a very different “specs game,” which focuses on presenting one’s skills and credentials and requires masking the person behind the skills. These job-search games are the products of different labor market institutions, and they generate different unemployment experiences. Unemployed American white-collar workers are vulnerable to highly personalized forms of self-blame and often end up feeling deeply flawed, while unemployed Israeli workers often report feeling dehumanized and invisible. Losing at the chemistry game produces self-blame; losing at the specs game produces system-blame. American blue-collar job seekers engage in yet another distinct job search game, focused on displaying their diligence, which generates a distinct unemployment experience. Stepping back, the book shows that understanding the experience of unemployment requires looking beyond global economic forces or national cultures and closely examining the specific institutions that structure the day-to-day activities and strategies of job searching. At a broader level, this book develops a theory of the mechanisms that link the objective structures and subjective experiences.Less
American white-collar job seekers engage in the “chemistry game,” a set of job search practices premised on the idea that getting hired requires more than presenting one’s skills; it requires presenting oneself––the person behind the skills––and establishing interpersonal fit. The focus on chemistry is not inherent to white-collar job searching in advanced economies. Israeli workers looking for similar jobs under similar economic conditions engage in a very different “specs game,” which focuses on presenting one’s skills and credentials and requires masking the person behind the skills. These job-search games are the products of different labor market institutions, and they generate different unemployment experiences. Unemployed American white-collar workers are vulnerable to highly personalized forms of self-blame and often end up feeling deeply flawed, while unemployed Israeli workers often report feeling dehumanized and invisible. Losing at the chemistry game produces self-blame; losing at the specs game produces system-blame. American blue-collar job seekers engage in yet another distinct job search game, focused on displaying their diligence, which generates a distinct unemployment experience. Stepping back, the book shows that understanding the experience of unemployment requires looking beyond global economic forces or national cultures and closely examining the specific institutions that structure the day-to-day activities and strategies of job searching. At a broader level, this book develops a theory of the mechanisms that link the objective structures and subjective experiences.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the large-scale cross-national transfer of the American business model to ...
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This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the large-scale cross-national transfer of the American business model to Western Europe. It suggests that the post-war transformation of the national systems of industrial production in Western Europe was the consequence of an organized attempt to Americanize the Western European industrial landscape. Twenty years after the war, most of the common features of Western European systems of industrial production could be traced back to the American model, and this trend of American export of business models has still not subsided.Less
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the large-scale cross-national transfer of the American business model to Western Europe. It suggests that the post-war transformation of the national systems of industrial production in Western Europe was the consequence of an organized attempt to Americanize the Western European industrial landscape. Twenty years after the war, most of the common features of Western European systems of industrial production could be traced back to the American model, and this trend of American export of business models has still not subsided.
John Gal and Idit Weiss-Gal (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781847429735
- eISBN:
- 9781447307877
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847429735.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Furthering social justice and human rights is a fundamental principle underlying the social work profession. Engaging in social policy formulation processes is a major route through which social ...
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Furthering social justice and human rights is a fundamental principle underlying the social work profession. Engaging in social policy formulation processes is a major route through which social workers can realise this goal. This type of social work activity has been termed “policy practice”. The aim of this book is to shed light on policy practice in social work discourse, education and practice in eight liberal democracies. This is the first effort to undertake a cross-national study of social worker engagement in social policy formulation processes. The book offers insights into questions such as: What is the importance attributed to social worker involvement in policy change in the social work discourse and education in different countries? Does social work education train social workers to influence social policy? And, how do social workers influence social policy in various national settings?Less
Furthering social justice and human rights is a fundamental principle underlying the social work profession. Engaging in social policy formulation processes is a major route through which social workers can realise this goal. This type of social work activity has been termed “policy practice”. The aim of this book is to shed light on policy practice in social work discourse, education and practice in eight liberal democracies. This is the first effort to undertake a cross-national study of social worker engagement in social policy formulation processes. The book offers insights into questions such as: What is the importance attributed to social worker involvement in policy change in the social work discourse and education in different countries? Does social work education train social workers to influence social policy? And, how do social workers influence social policy in various national settings?
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the influence of internal crisis and outside dependence of some Western European countries on the success of the ...
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This chapter discusses the influence of internal crisis and outside dependence of some Western European countries on the success of the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production. The end of World War II led to the collapse of the national order in France, Germany, and Italy, and confirmed the position of the U.S. as a world superpower. The three countries then became solidly anchored to the American sphere of influence, particularly in their national reconstruction efforts. This led to the large-scale, cross-national transfer of American industrial structural arrangements.Less
This chapter discusses the influence of internal crisis and outside dependence of some Western European countries on the success of the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production. The end of World War II led to the collapse of the national order in France, Germany, and Italy, and confirmed the position of the U.S. as a world superpower. The three countries then became solidly anchored to the American sphere of influence, particularly in their national reconstruction efforts. This led to the large-scale, cross-national transfer of American industrial structural arrangements.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of ...
More
This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of business to France. Members of this group occupy key positions of institutional power on the French national scene. They not only developed a set of mechanism that was to bring about radical transformation within the French industry, but also redefined the American business model before diffusing it onto the national scene. This same group was also instrumental in the emergence of a Western European economic space.Less
This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of business to France. Members of this group occupy key positions of institutional power on the French national scene. They not only developed a set of mechanism that was to bring about radical transformation within the French industry, but also redefined the American business model before diffusing it onto the national scene. This same group was also instrumental in the emergence of a Western European economic space.
