Thanh V. Tran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325089
- eISBN:
- 9780199864515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325089.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Chapter 1 provides the readers an overview of the definitions of culture, a brief discussion of cross-cultural research backgrounds in anthropology, psychology, sociology, and political science, and ...
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Chapter 1 provides the readers an overview of the definitions of culture, a brief discussion of cross-cultural research backgrounds in anthropology, psychology, sociology, and political science, and the influences of these fields on social work. These cross-cultural research fields offer social work both theoretical and methodological resources. The chapter shows that all cross-cultural research fields share the same concern—that is, the equivalence of research instruments. One cannot draw meaningful comparisons of behavioral problems, social values, or psychological status between or across different cultural groups in the absence of cross-culturally equivalent research instruments.Less
Chapter 1 provides the readers an overview of the definitions of culture, a brief discussion of cross-cultural research backgrounds in anthropology, psychology, sociology, and political science, and the influences of these fields on social work. These cross-cultural research fields offer social work both theoretical and methodological resources. The chapter shows that all cross-cultural research fields share the same concern—that is, the equivalence of research instruments. One cannot draw meaningful comparisons of behavioral problems, social values, or psychological status between or across different cultural groups in the absence of cross-culturally equivalent research instruments.
Michael Tenzer and John Roeder (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195384581
- eISBN:
- 9780199918331
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384581.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This collection of essays analyzes diverse musical creations with reference to the contexts in which the music is created and performed. The authors explain the music as sound in process, through ...
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This collection of essays analyzes diverse musical creations with reference to the contexts in which the music is created and performed. The authors explain the music as sound in process, through prose, diagrams, transcriptions, recordings, and (online) multimedia presentations, all intended to convey the richness, beauty, and ingenuity of their subjects. The music ranges across geography and cultures—court music of Japan and medieval Europe, pagode song from Brazil, solos by the jazz pianist Thelonius Monk and by the sitar master Budhaditya Mukherjee, form-and-timbre improvisations of a Boston sound collective, South Korean folk drumming, and the ceremonial music of indigenous cultures in North American and Australia. Thus the essays diversify and expand the scope of this book’s companion volume, Analytical Studies in World Music, to all inhabited continents and many of its greatest musical traditions. An introduction and an afterword point out common analytical approaches, and present a new way to classify music according to its temporal organization. Two special chapters consider the juxtaposition of music from different cultures: of world-music traditions and popular music genres, and of Balinese music and European Art music, raising questions about the musical encounters and fusions of today’s interconnected world.Less
This collection of essays analyzes diverse musical creations with reference to the contexts in which the music is created and performed. The authors explain the music as sound in process, through prose, diagrams, transcriptions, recordings, and (online) multimedia presentations, all intended to convey the richness, beauty, and ingenuity of their subjects. The music ranges across geography and cultures—court music of Japan and medieval Europe, pagode song from Brazil, solos by the jazz pianist Thelonius Monk and by the sitar master Budhaditya Mukherjee, form-and-timbre improvisations of a Boston sound collective, South Korean folk drumming, and the ceremonial music of indigenous cultures in North American and Australia. Thus the essays diversify and expand the scope of this book’s companion volume, Analytical Studies in World Music, to all inhabited continents and many of its greatest musical traditions. An introduction and an afterword point out common analytical approaches, and present a new way to classify music according to its temporal organization. Two special chapters consider the juxtaposition of music from different cultures: of world-music traditions and popular music genres, and of Balinese music and European Art music, raising questions about the musical encounters and fusions of today’s interconnected world.
Michael Tenzer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195384581
- eISBN:
- 9780199918331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384581.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
The act of cross-cultural musical comparison itself is fraught and in many ways forbidding due to the bewildering complexity of linking aspects of our inner selves with seemingly untranslatable and ...
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The act of cross-cultural musical comparison itself is fraught and in many ways forbidding due to the bewildering complexity of linking aspects of our inner selves with seemingly untranslatable and disparate musical experiences. After honing in on some of the challenges raised by these issues the chapter engages in analytical juxtaposition of outwardly dissimilar works that have been extensively primed for comparison in the author’s own inner life: two compositions in the Balinese gamelan’s lelambatan repertoire, and Robert Schumann’s Piano Quartet in Eb Major. Methodology and a suitable structural context for analysis are first established, and then the works are examined side-by-side for synonymous as well as mutually incompatible features. In the conclusion, the results of the comparison are set in relief against the analyst’s own cultural and historical milieu, viewed at several orders of magnitude.Less
The act of cross-cultural musical comparison itself is fraught and in many ways forbidding due to the bewildering complexity of linking aspects of our inner selves with seemingly untranslatable and disparate musical experiences. After honing in on some of the challenges raised by these issues the chapter engages in analytical juxtaposition of outwardly dissimilar works that have been extensively primed for comparison in the author’s own inner life: two compositions in the Balinese gamelan’s lelambatan repertoire, and Robert Schumann’s Piano Quartet in Eb Major. Methodology and a suitable structural context for analysis are first established, and then the works are examined side-by-side for synonymous as well as mutually incompatible features. In the conclusion, the results of the comparison are set in relief against the analyst’s own cultural and historical milieu, viewed at several orders of magnitude.
John Roeder
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195384581
- eISBN:
- 9780199918331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384581.003.0000
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
The growing interest in music of diverse cultures, and the growing awareness of the methods and approaches that are needed to compare it, motivate this collection of more analytical studies in world ...
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The growing interest in music of diverse cultures, and the growing awareness of the methods and approaches that are needed to compare it, motivate this collection of more analytical studies in world music. This introduction explains how the book is organized to juxtapose studies of music from divergent cultures that nevertheless share important features, bringing out some recurring themes. Methodological questions about music representation and the purview of music analysis are considered. It is argued that comparison of different musics is most appropriate when made with reference to basic perceptions of musical temporality—grouping, meter, and periodicity—that seem to be universal. Such rhythmically oriented analysis brings out both similarities and differences, and helps explain the role of music in defining the identity of the culture and of the groups and individuals that it comprises.Less
The growing interest in music of diverse cultures, and the growing awareness of the methods and approaches that are needed to compare it, motivate this collection of more analytical studies in world music. This introduction explains how the book is organized to juxtapose studies of music from divergent cultures that nevertheless share important features, bringing out some recurring themes. Methodological questions about music representation and the purview of music analysis are considered. It is argued that comparison of different musics is most appropriate when made with reference to basic perceptions of musical temporality—grouping, meter, and periodicity—that seem to be universal. Such rhythmically oriented analysis brings out both similarities and differences, and helps explain the role of music in defining the identity of the culture and of the groups and individuals that it comprises.
Michael Tenzer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195384581
- eISBN:
- 9780199918331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384581.003.0012
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This essay marshals the twenty disparate musical selections comprising the core repertoire analyzed in the current volume plus its predecessor Analytical Studies in World Music (M. Tenzer, ed., ...
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This essay marshals the twenty disparate musical selections comprising the core repertoire analyzed in the current volume plus its predecessor Analytical Studies in World Music (M. Tenzer, ed., Oxford Press 2006). It orders them along a hermetic continuum of musical structure (a “topology”) formulated by integrated consideration of each item’s structures of time organization, sound configuration (or grouping), and formal continuity (aspects of stasis, transformation, or rupture). Subsequent description of each selection’s place on the continuum reveals unsuspected similarities and discontinuities between the musics’ features, and places each among the family of human musical structures in a fully global perspective.Less
This essay marshals the twenty disparate musical selections comprising the core repertoire analyzed in the current volume plus its predecessor Analytical Studies in World Music (M. Tenzer, ed., Oxford Press 2006). It orders them along a hermetic continuum of musical structure (a “topology”) formulated by integrated consideration of each item’s structures of time organization, sound configuration (or grouping), and formal continuity (aspects of stasis, transformation, or rupture). Subsequent description of each selection’s place on the continuum reveals unsuspected similarities and discontinuities between the musics’ features, and places each among the family of human musical structures in a fully global perspective.
Aaron L. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590957
- eISBN:
- 9780191594595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590957.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Music Psychology
This concluding section explores the interactions of constraints, freedom, and style in improvisation, drawing on all of the materials discussed in previous chapters. These ideas are presented in ...
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This concluding section explores the interactions of constraints, freedom, and style in improvisation, drawing on all of the materials discussed in previous chapters. These ideas are presented in cross-cultural context, as well as with respect to the music-language comparisons developed in previous chapters. In conclusion, improvisation is explored as an evolutionarily adaptive feature of everyday cognition and neurobiological development.Less
This concluding section explores the interactions of constraints, freedom, and style in improvisation, drawing on all of the materials discussed in previous chapters. These ideas are presented in cross-cultural context, as well as with respect to the music-language comparisons developed in previous chapters. In conclusion, improvisation is explored as an evolutionarily adaptive feature of everyday cognition and neurobiological development.
Aaron L. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590957
- eISBN:
- 9780191594595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590957.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter explores learning to improvise from the perspective of the improviser, presenting accounts drawn from interviews with pianists Robert Levin and Malcolm Bilson about how they learned to ...
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This chapter explores learning to improvise from the perspective of the improviser, presenting accounts drawn from interviews with pianists Robert Levin and Malcolm Bilson about how they learned to improvise in the classical style. Their experiences are compared with accounts of improvisers from a wide variety of musical cultures. Three aspects of the learning process are explored: incubation/internalization/assimilation, rehearsal, and further development of improvisational skill through the act of performance.Less
This chapter explores learning to improvise from the perspective of the improviser, presenting accounts drawn from interviews with pianists Robert Levin and Malcolm Bilson about how they learned to improvise in the classical style. Their experiences are compared with accounts of improvisers from a wide variety of musical cultures. Three aspects of the learning process are explored: incubation/internalization/assimilation, rehearsal, and further development of improvisational skill through the act of performance.
Marilyn Strathern
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520064232
- eISBN:
- 9780520910713
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520064232.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
In this original synthesis on Melanesian scholarship, this book argues that gender relations have been a particular casualty of unexamined assumptions held by Western anthropologists and feminist ...
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In this original synthesis on Melanesian scholarship, this book argues that gender relations have been a particular casualty of unexamined assumptions held by Western anthropologists and feminist scholars alike. The book treats with equal seriousness—and with equal good humor—the insights of Western social science, feminist politics, and ethnographic reporting, in order to rethink the representation of Melanesian social and cultural life. This makes this book one of the most sustained critiques of cross-cultural comparison that anthropology has seen, and one of its most spirited vindications.Less
In this original synthesis on Melanesian scholarship, this book argues that gender relations have been a particular casualty of unexamined assumptions held by Western anthropologists and feminist scholars alike. The book treats with equal seriousness—and with equal good humor—the insights of Western social science, feminist politics, and ethnographic reporting, in order to rethink the representation of Melanesian social and cultural life. This makes this book one of the most sustained critiques of cross-cultural comparison that anthropology has seen, and one of its most spirited vindications.
Aaron L. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590957
- eISBN:
- 9780191594595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590957.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter explores the experience and psychology of improvised performance from performers' perspectives. It presents interviews about improvisation with classical pianists Robert Levin and ...
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This chapter explores the experience and psychology of improvised performance from performers' perspectives. It presents interviews about improvisation with classical pianists Robert Levin and Malcolm Bilson alongside accounts from a wide variety of musical cultures. The phenomenon of the ‘creator-witness’, an improvising performer who simultaneously generates music and responds to the music that is created, is described in a cross-cultural context. A neuropsychological basis for this phenomenon is sought through discussion of a case of a musician who developed severe amnesia, but has retained the ability to improvise.Less
This chapter explores the experience and psychology of improvised performance from performers' perspectives. It presents interviews about improvisation with classical pianists Robert Levin and Malcolm Bilson alongside accounts from a wide variety of musical cultures. The phenomenon of the ‘creator-witness’, an improvising performer who simultaneously generates music and responds to the music that is created, is described in a cross-cultural context. A neuropsychological basis for this phenomenon is sought through discussion of a case of a musician who developed severe amnesia, but has retained the ability to improvise.
Marion Kloep and Leo B. Hendry
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199757176
- eISBN:
- 9780199863389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757176.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter critically examines elements of Arnett’s “theory”. As has been demonstrated the concept of emerging adulthood is not relevant for many young people globally. Even in Western societies, ...
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This chapter critically examines elements of Arnett’s “theory”. As has been demonstrated the concept of emerging adulthood is not relevant for many young people globally. Even in Western societies, simply presenting a concept, which selectively focuses on young people who have a lengthy early adulthood without having to assume adult roles and responsibilities, reduces the numbers for whom this new framework is valid. Many of those with a prolonged moratorium are forced to remain within their parents’ household, having neither access to university education nor to well-paid jobs. They are neither happy nor optimistic of their future and are not archetypes of Arnett’s “emerging adults”. This is equally true for those who have married young and have their own families or for young professionals. The aim of a good theory should be to explain developmental variability instead of trying to explain it away!Less
This chapter critically examines elements of Arnett’s “theory”. As has been demonstrated the concept of emerging adulthood is not relevant for many young people globally. Even in Western societies, simply presenting a concept, which selectively focuses on young people who have a lengthy early adulthood without having to assume adult roles and responsibilities, reduces the numbers for whom this new framework is valid. Many of those with a prolonged moratorium are forced to remain within their parents’ household, having neither access to university education nor to well-paid jobs. They are neither happy nor optimistic of their future and are not archetypes of Arnett’s “emerging adults”. This is equally true for those who have married young and have their own families or for young professionals. The aim of a good theory should be to explain developmental variability instead of trying to explain it away!
Jerome Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262018104
- eISBN:
- 9780262314121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018104.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
The concepts associated with what English speakers recognize as music and dance are not shared cross-culturally. In some societies there are no general terms for music and dance; instead, specific ...
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The concepts associated with what English speakers recognize as music and dance are not shared cross-culturally. In some societies there are no general terms for music and dance; instead, specific names describe different performances that involve music and dance. In other societies the same word is used to refer to music-making, singing, dancing, and often to ceremony or ritual as well. Despite such differences, every social group has its music, and this music is somehow emblematic of a group’s identity. This chapter explores how this observation can be explained from a cross-cultural perspective: What do music and dance do for human social groups? Why are music and dance so universally central to a group’s self-definition? It is suggested that participation in music and dance activities provides experiences of aesthetic principles which in turn may influence “foundational cultural schemas” affecting multiple cultural domains: from cosmology to architectural style, from hunting and gathering techniques to political organization. Such dance and musical participation inculcates culture not as a text or set of rules, but as a profound aesthetic orientation. Foundational cultural schemas may thus be better understood as aesthetic orientations that influence our everyday decisions and behavior by seducing us to conform to them using our aesthetic sense, enjoyment of harmony, desire to cooperate, curiosity, and pleasure-seeking propensities. Musical foundational schemas may have extraordinary resilience, and this resilience is likely due to their special aesthetic, incorporative, adaptive, and stylistic qualities that ensure continuity with change. Published in the Strungmann Forum Reports Series.Less
The concepts associated with what English speakers recognize as music and dance are not shared cross-culturally. In some societies there are no general terms for music and dance; instead, specific names describe different performances that involve music and dance. In other societies the same word is used to refer to music-making, singing, dancing, and often to ceremony or ritual as well. Despite such differences, every social group has its music, and this music is somehow emblematic of a group’s identity. This chapter explores how this observation can be explained from a cross-cultural perspective: What do music and dance do for human social groups? Why are music and dance so universally central to a group’s self-definition? It is suggested that participation in music and dance activities provides experiences of aesthetic principles which in turn may influence “foundational cultural schemas” affecting multiple cultural domains: from cosmology to architectural style, from hunting and gathering techniques to political organization. Such dance and musical participation inculcates culture not as a text or set of rules, but as a profound aesthetic orientation. Foundational cultural schemas may thus be better understood as aesthetic orientations that influence our everyday decisions and behavior by seducing us to conform to them using our aesthetic sense, enjoyment of harmony, desire to cooperate, curiosity, and pleasure-seeking propensities. Musical foundational schemas may have extraordinary resilience, and this resilience is likely due to their special aesthetic, incorporative, adaptive, and stylistic qualities that ensure continuity with change. Published in the Strungmann Forum Reports Series.
Axel Schneider and Daniel Woolf (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199225996
- eISBN:
- 9780191863431
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199225996.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
The fifth volume of this series offers chapters on the writing of history globally since 1945. Divided into two parts, part one selects and surveys theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches to ...
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The fifth volume of this series offers chapters on the writing of history globally since 1945. Divided into two parts, part one selects and surveys theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches to history, and part two examines select national and regional historiographies throughout the world. It aims at once to provide an authoritative survey of the field and to provoke cross-cultural comparisons. This is chronologically the last of five volumes in a series that explores representations of the past across the globe from the beginning of writing to the present day.Less
The fifth volume of this series offers chapters on the writing of history globally since 1945. Divided into two parts, part one selects and surveys theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches to history, and part two examines select national and regional historiographies throughout the world. It aims at once to provide an authoritative survey of the field and to provoke cross-cultural comparisons. This is chronologically the last of five volumes in a series that explores representations of the past across the globe from the beginning of writing to the present day.
J. L. Cassaniti
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501707995
- eISBN:
- 9781501714177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501707995.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
The final chapter returns the analysis back to mindfulness in the United States, and the lessons learned about how mindfulness is understood differently in Thailand, Burma and Sri Lanka compared with ...
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The final chapter returns the analysis back to mindfulness in the United States, and the lessons learned about how mindfulness is understood differently in Thailand, Burma and Sri Lanka compared with its popular meanings in the United States. Drawing from the experiences of over 100 informants in the Pacific Northwest, the concluding chapter shows how the TAPES of temporality, affect, power, ethics, and selfhood are articulated in different ways by people in the different regions. The chapter includes a concluding discussion of how authoritative discourses about mindfulness move through space and time, and how these lessons may inform larger questions about the role of culture in mental processes around the world.Less
The final chapter returns the analysis back to mindfulness in the United States, and the lessons learned about how mindfulness is understood differently in Thailand, Burma and Sri Lanka compared with its popular meanings in the United States. Drawing from the experiences of over 100 informants in the Pacific Northwest, the concluding chapter shows how the TAPES of temporality, affect, power, ethics, and selfhood are articulated in different ways by people in the different regions. The chapter includes a concluding discussion of how authoritative discourses about mindfulness move through space and time, and how these lessons may inform larger questions about the role of culture in mental processes around the world.
Fernanda Pirie and Judith Scheele (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198716570
- eISBN:
- 9780191785108
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716570.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Comparative Law
That law is, or should be, related to justice generally goes without saying; that communities are the basis for (or objects of) laws is also easily assumed; and notable theories of justice explicitly ...
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That law is, or should be, related to justice generally goes without saying; that communities are the basis for (or objects of) laws is also easily assumed; and notable theories of justice explicitly or implicitly elide the two. In this volume historians and anthropologists use empirical examples to unpick conceptual knots formed by law, justice, and community, asking how these relations appear in practice, and how fundamental they are. A focus on legalism—a type of thought and means of understanding the world that makes categories and meanings explicit—brings local concepts, ideals, and dynamics into focus. ‘Justice’ is routinely associated with the legal process, where it implies notions of regularity and fairness, but the concept can also be used to invoke an ideal against which laws can be assessed, or drawn on as a discursive resources. Community, as a seemingly universal category, often underpins theoretical accounts of justice: it provides the bounded set within which retribution or distribution is achieved, and has long been invoked to justify moral governance. Yet ‘community’ as a concept is neither less elusive nor more universal than justice. Notions of ‘naturally given’ communities disappear once analysed closely, even in areas where they are locally invoked as central: community becomes aspirational, and in itself a legal category.Less
That law is, or should be, related to justice generally goes without saying; that communities are the basis for (or objects of) laws is also easily assumed; and notable theories of justice explicitly or implicitly elide the two. In this volume historians and anthropologists use empirical examples to unpick conceptual knots formed by law, justice, and community, asking how these relations appear in practice, and how fundamental they are. A focus on legalism—a type of thought and means of understanding the world that makes categories and meanings explicit—brings local concepts, ideals, and dynamics into focus. ‘Justice’ is routinely associated with the legal process, where it implies notions of regularity and fairness, but the concept can also be used to invoke an ideal against which laws can be assessed, or drawn on as a discursive resources. Community, as a seemingly universal category, often underpins theoretical accounts of justice: it provides the bounded set within which retribution or distribution is achieved, and has long been invoked to justify moral governance. Yet ‘community’ as a concept is neither less elusive nor more universal than justice. Notions of ‘naturally given’ communities disappear once analysed closely, even in areas where they are locally invoked as central: community becomes aspirational, and in itself a legal category.
Cristine H Legare and Andrew Shtulman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198789710
- eISBN:
- 9780191841675
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
Humans use natural and supernatural explanations for phenomena such as illness, death, and human origins. These explanations are available not just to different individuals within a society, but to ...
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Humans use natural and supernatural explanations for phenomena such as illness, death, and human origins. These explanations are available not just to different individuals within a society, but to the same individual, coexisting within a single mind. This chapter proposes that understanding the coexistence of qualitatively different explanations is fundamentally a cognitive–developmental endeavor, speaking to general questions of knowledge acquisition, socialization, and the interaction of cognition and culture. The chapter first reviews research demonstrating that coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations is not a short-lived, transitional phenomenon that wanes in the course of development, but is instead evident (and widespread) among adults. It then speculates on the psychological origins of coexistence and discusses implications for metacognition. Finally, directions are proposed for future research to inform understanding of how individuals incorporate natural and supernatural explanations across content domains, development, and cultures.Less
Humans use natural and supernatural explanations for phenomena such as illness, death, and human origins. These explanations are available not just to different individuals within a society, but to the same individual, coexisting within a single mind. This chapter proposes that understanding the coexistence of qualitatively different explanations is fundamentally a cognitive–developmental endeavor, speaking to general questions of knowledge acquisition, socialization, and the interaction of cognition and culture. The chapter first reviews research demonstrating that coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations is not a short-lived, transitional phenomenon that wanes in the course of development, but is instead evident (and widespread) among adults. It then speculates on the psychological origins of coexistence and discusses implications for metacognition. Finally, directions are proposed for future research to inform understanding of how individuals incorporate natural and supernatural explanations across content domains, development, and cultures.
David Daley, Rasmus Højbjerg Jacobsen, Anne‐Mette Lange, Anders Sørensen, and Jeanette Walldorf
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198745556
- eISBN:
- 9780191807619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198745556.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This final chapter summarizes the key results outlined in this book. Key recommendations that may help to address the inequalities experienced by individuals with ADHD are put forward. The main ...
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This final chapter summarizes the key results outlined in this book. Key recommendations that may help to address the inequalities experienced by individuals with ADHD are put forward. The main results concerning the private and social costs of ADHD are discussed and put into a national and international context. Results from existing cost analyses of ADHD in the literature are juxtaposed to the present findings. The extent to which the present findings can be generalized beyond a Danish context is discussed. Particular reference, in that context, is given to the mental-health sector and to other sectors of the economy, including the labour market and the education sector. Finally, the limitations and strengths of the study are discussed.Less
This final chapter summarizes the key results outlined in this book. Key recommendations that may help to address the inequalities experienced by individuals with ADHD are put forward. The main results concerning the private and social costs of ADHD are discussed and put into a national and international context. Results from existing cost analyses of ADHD in the literature are juxtaposed to the present findings. The extent to which the present findings can be generalized beyond a Danish context is discussed. Particular reference, in that context, is given to the mental-health sector and to other sectors of the economy, including the labour market and the education sector. Finally, the limitations and strengths of the study are discussed.
José Rabasa, Masayuki Sato, Edoardo Tortarolo, and Daniel Woolf (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199219179
- eISBN:
- 9780191804267
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199219179.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
Volume III of this series contains chapters on the writing of history globally during the early modern era, from 1400 to 1800. The volumes proceed in geographic order from east to west, beginning in ...
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Volume III of this series contains chapters on the writing of history globally during the early modern era, from 1400 to 1800. The volumes proceed in geographic order from east to west, beginning in Asia and ending in the Americas. It aims at once to provide a selective but authoritative survey of the field and, where opportunity allows, to provoke cross-cultural comparisons. This is the third of five volumes in a series that explores representations of the past from the beginning of writing to the present day, and from all over the world.Less
Volume III of this series contains chapters on the writing of history globally during the early modern era, from 1400 to 1800. The volumes proceed in geographic order from east to west, beginning in Asia and ending in the Americas. It aims at once to provide a selective but authoritative survey of the field and, where opportunity allows, to provoke cross-cultural comparisons. This is the third of five volumes in a series that explores representations of the past from the beginning of writing to the present day, and from all over the world.
