Matthew Flinders
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199271603
- eISBN:
- 9780191709241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271603.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics, Political Economy
This chapter sets out the theoretical framework used in this book. This consists of three complementary theoretical approaches — the Westminster Model, Historical Institutionalism, and ...
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This chapter sets out the theoretical framework used in this book. This consists of three complementary theoretical approaches — the Westminster Model, Historical Institutionalism, and Principal-Agent Theory — which each in their own distinct way allows each chapter to dissect and tease apart the politics of delegation in Britain. Moreover, these approaches also operate at distinct levels, which again deepen our understanding of both the theory and practice of delegation.Less
This chapter sets out the theoretical framework used in this book. This consists of three complementary theoretical approaches — the Westminster Model, Historical Institutionalism, and Principal-Agent Theory — which each in their own distinct way allows each chapter to dissect and tease apart the politics of delegation in Britain. Moreover, these approaches also operate at distinct levels, which again deepen our understanding of both the theory and practice of delegation.
Georg Menz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533886
- eISBN:
- 9780191714771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533886.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter submits the historical institutionalist argument that though past legacies of migration regulation leave an important imprint on national approaches, a critical juncture has now been ...
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This chapter submits the historical institutionalist argument that though past legacies of migration regulation leave an important imprint on national approaches, a critical juncture has now been reached, thus, migration policies are in flux and are being recast. The changing nature of the state and the embrace of competition state priorities lead to an economistic approach that divides migrants into desirable and undesirable categories. Therefore, securitization is increasingly defined not only in narrow societal terms but also in terms of economic vitality and competitiveness. Finally, the regulatory legacies in six European countries, namely, Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom, and at the European Union level are then being analyzed.Less
This chapter submits the historical institutionalist argument that though past legacies of migration regulation leave an important imprint on national approaches, a critical juncture has now been reached, thus, migration policies are in flux and are being recast. The changing nature of the state and the embrace of competition state priorities lead to an economistic approach that divides migrants into desirable and undesirable categories. Therefore, securitization is increasingly defined not only in narrow societal terms but also in terms of economic vitality and competitiveness. Finally, the regulatory legacies in six European countries, namely, Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom, and at the European Union level are then being analyzed.
Kieran McEvoy and Rachel Rebouche
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199204939
- eISBN:
- 9780191695599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204939.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter is concerned with the ways lawyers either do or do not make their voices heard in processes of political, social, and legal transformation. It examines several key moments in legal and ...
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This chapter is concerned with the ways lawyers either do or do not make their voices heard in processes of political, social, and legal transformation. It examines several key moments in legal and political history to determine how the potential of particular groups of lawyers to serve as the collective conscience of legal professional may be developed and enhanced. The chapter explains the notion of critical juncture and evaluates that sociology of the legal profession.Less
This chapter is concerned with the ways lawyers either do or do not make their voices heard in processes of political, social, and legal transformation. It examines several key moments in legal and political history to determine how the potential of particular groups of lawyers to serve as the collective conscience of legal professional may be developed and enhanced. The chapter explains the notion of critical juncture and evaluates that sociology of the legal profession.
Jörg Broschek
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199652990
- eISBN:
- 9780191747915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652990.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter develops a conceptual framework for analyzing federal dynamics inspired by different strands of historical institutionalism. Putting particular emphasis on timing and sequencing, a ...
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This chapter develops a conceptual framework for analyzing federal dynamics inspired by different strands of historical institutionalism. Putting particular emphasis on timing and sequencing, a historical-institutionalist approach suggests a strong causal link between the origins of federal systems and the way they evolve dynamically over time through path dependence and gradual adaption. Dynamics result from the ongoing push and pull between status quo defending and status quo challenging actors who always operate within a historically constructed institutional setting. However, depending on how federal systems reproduce power-concentrating and power-sharing institutional mechanisms, their transformative capacity varies significantly. The path-dependent institutional “grammar”, therefore, has important consequences for the prospects of different types of gradual change within federal systems.Less
This chapter develops a conceptual framework for analyzing federal dynamics inspired by different strands of historical institutionalism. Putting particular emphasis on timing and sequencing, a historical-institutionalist approach suggests a strong causal link between the origins of federal systems and the way they evolve dynamically over time through path dependence and gradual adaption. Dynamics result from the ongoing push and pull between status quo defending and status quo challenging actors who always operate within a historically constructed institutional setting. However, depending on how federal systems reproduce power-concentrating and power-sharing institutional mechanisms, their transformative capacity varies significantly. The path-dependent institutional “grammar”, therefore, has important consequences for the prospects of different types of gradual change within federal systems.
Taylor St John
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198789918
- eISBN:
- 9780191831553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter builds a new explanation for the rise of ISDS, drawing on the theoretical tradition of historical institutionalism. It begins with a general discussion of the promise of historical ...
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This chapter builds a new explanation for the rise of ISDS, drawing on the theoretical tradition of historical institutionalism. It begins with a general discussion of the promise of historical institutionalism, focusing on preferences and unintended consequences. The second section introduces the concept of critical juncture and argues that international officials can determine the outcome of a critical juncture, if certain conditions are met. The chapter specifies these conditions as well as motivations, resources, and strategies of international officials. The third section turns to gradual institutional development, and introduces feedback effects, layering, and conversion as mechanisms that help us understand how institutional structure can be reproduced while simultaneously entailing novel institutional purposes and unintended consequences.Less
This chapter builds a new explanation for the rise of ISDS, drawing on the theoretical tradition of historical institutionalism. It begins with a general discussion of the promise of historical institutionalism, focusing on preferences and unintended consequences. The second section introduces the concept of critical juncture and argues that international officials can determine the outcome of a critical juncture, if certain conditions are met. The chapter specifies these conditions as well as motivations, resources, and strategies of international officials. The third section turns to gradual institutional development, and introduces feedback effects, layering, and conversion as mechanisms that help us understand how institutional structure can be reproduced while simultaneously entailing novel institutional purposes and unintended consequences.
James W. Peterson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526105783
- eISBN:
- 9781526128553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526105783.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
There are five models that analysts have utilized in efforts to depict accurately the evolution of the Russian-American relationship from the late Cold War through the first part of the twenty-first ...
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There are five models that analysts have utilized in efforts to depict accurately the evolution of the Russian-American relationship from the late Cold War through the first part of the twenty-first century. While bipolarity characterized the early days of the Cold War, it yielded to a multipolar model in the last decades of that period. Post-Cold war patterns have centered on early American-centered unipolarity, re-emergence of multipolarity, and at times complex or chaotic patterms. In addition, five theories cast light on many of the details of the relationship. While legacy theory displays how some features of the communist past carry over into the post-communist period, the concept of critical junctures pulls our attention to key transitions in the political life and relationship of both powers. Debates about individual foreign policy decisions by both often center on the dialogue between realists and post- or revised-realist theoreticians.Less
There are five models that analysts have utilized in efforts to depict accurately the evolution of the Russian-American relationship from the late Cold War through the first part of the twenty-first century. While bipolarity characterized the early days of the Cold War, it yielded to a multipolar model in the last decades of that period. Post-Cold war patterns have centered on early American-centered unipolarity, re-emergence of multipolarity, and at times complex or chaotic patterms. In addition, five theories cast light on many of the details of the relationship. While legacy theory displays how some features of the communist past carry over into the post-communist period, the concept of critical junctures pulls our attention to key transitions in the political life and relationship of both powers. Debates about individual foreign policy decisions by both often center on the dialogue between realists and post- or revised-realist theoreticians.
Michael Burgess
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198716273
- eISBN:
- 9780191784910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716273.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The principal focus of this chapter is continuity and change in the overall institutional architecture of the European Union. This approach explains the perpetuation of the original EU institutional ...
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The principal focus of this chapter is continuity and change in the overall institutional architecture of the European Union. This approach explains the perpetuation of the original EU institutional design from the early 1950s up until the first decade of the 2000s, and it also furnishes the crucial background context within which the current euro crisis must be situated. Using the closely related concepts of critical junctures and path dependency to frame the analysis, the chapter takes the long view and provides a historical perspective that combines description, interpretation, and explanation in a rigorous argumentation that serves to highlight the evolution of the EU as a new federal model. It concludes with some reflections about institutional continuity and change in the EU, the notion of crisis as a federal political strategy, and the prospects of more rather than less Europe in the current debate about the direction of European integration.Less
The principal focus of this chapter is continuity and change in the overall institutional architecture of the European Union. This approach explains the perpetuation of the original EU institutional design from the early 1950s up until the first decade of the 2000s, and it also furnishes the crucial background context within which the current euro crisis must be situated. Using the closely related concepts of critical junctures and path dependency to frame the analysis, the chapter takes the long view and provides a historical perspective that combines description, interpretation, and explanation in a rigorous argumentation that serves to highlight the evolution of the EU as a new federal model. It concludes with some reflections about institutional continuity and change in the EU, the notion of crisis as a federal political strategy, and the prospects of more rather than less Europe in the current debate about the direction of European integration.
Etel Solingen and Wilfred Wan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198744023
- eISBN:
- 9780191804014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744023.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Historical institutionalism as an explicit tradition has largely remained on the sidelines in international security scholarship, with some exceptions. The chapter begins by reviewing the sources of ...
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Historical institutionalism as an explicit tradition has largely remained on the sidelines in international security scholarship, with some exceptions. The chapter begins by reviewing the sources of resistance to the tradition in security studies. The authors then apply its analytical toolbox to two empirical realms at different levels of analysis: divergent regional security paths in East Asia and the Middle East; and the evolution of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. These cases show the utility of historical institutionalism in spanning subnational, regional, and international levels of analysis; its value for examining the role of critical junctures for evolving security arrangements; and its timely applicability beyond topical, geographical, and ontological foci that have been standard fare in security studies.Less
Historical institutionalism as an explicit tradition has largely remained on the sidelines in international security scholarship, with some exceptions. The chapter begins by reviewing the sources of resistance to the tradition in security studies. The authors then apply its analytical toolbox to two empirical realms at different levels of analysis: divergent regional security paths in East Asia and the Middle East; and the evolution of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. These cases show the utility of historical institutionalism in spanning subnational, regional, and international levels of analysis; its value for examining the role of critical junctures for evolving security arrangements; and its timely applicability beyond topical, geographical, and ontological foci that have been standard fare in security studies.
Theresa Squatrito, Thomas Sommerer, and Jonas Tweallberg
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198779629
- eISBN:
- 9780191824678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198779629.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The institutional designs of international organizations (IOs) are notoriously resistant to reform. Nevertheless, we have witnessed a dramatic transformation of international organizations, from ...
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The institutional designs of international organizations (IOs) are notoriously resistant to reform. Nevertheless, we have witnessed a dramatic transformation of international organizations, from interstate cooperation toward more complex forms of governance, involving participation by transnational actors (TNAs). This chapter maps the speed, scope, and depth of institutional change in TNA access. Combining descriptive statistics with case studies, the chapter explains the dynamics of institutional change that we observe. The chapter argues that the process of change has been driven by two structural factors—deepening cooperation and domestic democratization—in combination with the end of the Cold War as a critical juncture. The end of the Cold War triggered the temporal intersection of these two structural factors, separating an early period of slow and incremental growth in openness from a later period of rapid and profound expansion of TNA access.Less
The institutional designs of international organizations (IOs) are notoriously resistant to reform. Nevertheless, we have witnessed a dramatic transformation of international organizations, from interstate cooperation toward more complex forms of governance, involving participation by transnational actors (TNAs). This chapter maps the speed, scope, and depth of institutional change in TNA access. Combining descriptive statistics with case studies, the chapter explains the dynamics of institutional change that we observe. The chapter argues that the process of change has been driven by two structural factors—deepening cooperation and domestic democratization—in combination with the end of the Cold War as a critical juncture. The end of the Cold War triggered the temporal intersection of these two structural factors, separating an early period of slow and incremental growth in openness from a later period of rapid and profound expansion of TNA access.
Nik. Brandal and Øivind Bratberg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748696208
- eISBN:
- 9781474412506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
In this chapter, light is shed on the historical relationship between the two countries and their respective outside ruling centres, politically, culturally and economically; how European geopolitics ...
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In this chapter, light is shed on the historical relationship between the two countries and their respective outside ruling centres, politically, culturally and economically; how European geopolitics and national mobilisation, existing legal traditions and infrastructure can affect the process and outcome of devolution. Critical junctures are identified in the development of Scottish and Norwegian political institutions, and the circumstances - including class structure, electoral reform, the use of proportionality, - leading to the current differing balances of power between central and local government, and contrasting social models and economies in the two countries, based on negotiation versus top-down direction. Finally the chapter looks at what the implications of the Scottish political historical backdrop may have for Scottish independence.Less
In this chapter, light is shed on the historical relationship between the two countries and their respective outside ruling centres, politically, culturally and economically; how European geopolitics and national mobilisation, existing legal traditions and infrastructure can affect the process and outcome of devolution. Critical junctures are identified in the development of Scottish and Norwegian political institutions, and the circumstances - including class structure, electoral reform, the use of proportionality, - leading to the current differing balances of power between central and local government, and contrasting social models and economies in the two countries, based on negotiation versus top-down direction. Finally the chapter looks at what the implications of the Scottish political historical backdrop may have for Scottish independence.
G. John Ikenberry
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198744023
- eISBN:
- 9780191804014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744023.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Historical institutionalism offers original ways of thinking about the origins, evolution, and consequences of political institutions—including international order. This chapter argues that a “rise ...
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Historical institutionalism offers original ways of thinking about the origins, evolution, and consequences of political institutions—including international order. This chapter argues that a “rise and decline” theory of international order based solely on the distribution of power is inadequate. The idea that leading states periodically have found themselves in a position to build or at least shape international order is not in dispute. But the explanation for the variations in the character of orders depends on more than simply the presence of a powerful lead state. Moments of opportunity for order-building open up and close. The character of the state that finds itself with the opportunity to build order also matters. Employing insights from historical institutionalism, this chapter directs attention to the temporal dynamics that shape international orders, including the timing and sequence of past events that set the stage for subsequent struggles over political institutions.Less
Historical institutionalism offers original ways of thinking about the origins, evolution, and consequences of political institutions—including international order. This chapter argues that a “rise and decline” theory of international order based solely on the distribution of power is inadequate. The idea that leading states periodically have found themselves in a position to build or at least shape international order is not in dispute. But the explanation for the variations in the character of orders depends on more than simply the presence of a powerful lead state. Moments of opportunity for order-building open up and close. The character of the state that finds itself with the opportunity to build order also matters. Employing insights from historical institutionalism, this chapter directs attention to the temporal dynamics that shape international orders, including the timing and sequence of past events that set the stage for subsequent struggles over political institutions.
Karen J. Alter
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198744023
- eISBN:
- 9780191804014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744023.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The creation and increased usage of permanent international courts to deal with a broad range of issues is a relatively new phenomenon. The founding dates of international courts suggest that three ...
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The creation and increased usage of permanent international courts to deal with a broad range of issues is a relatively new phenomenon. The founding dates of international courts suggest that three critical junctures were important in the creation of the contemporary international courts: the Hague Peace Conferences and with them the larger movement to regulate inter-state relations through international legal conventions (1899–1927); the post-World War II explosion of international institutions (1945–52); and the end of the Cold War (1990–2005). Examining the effects of these junctures and gradual changes in the practice of international jurisprudence, this chapter argues that the best way to understand the creation, spread, and increased use of “new-style” international courts is by paying close attention to the major changes brought about through long-lasting, slow processes of international institutional evolution.Less
The creation and increased usage of permanent international courts to deal with a broad range of issues is a relatively new phenomenon. The founding dates of international courts suggest that three critical junctures were important in the creation of the contemporary international courts: the Hague Peace Conferences and with them the larger movement to regulate inter-state relations through international legal conventions (1899–1927); the post-World War II explosion of international institutions (1945–52); and the end of the Cold War (1990–2005). Examining the effects of these junctures and gradual changes in the practice of international jurisprudence, this chapter argues that the best way to understand the creation, spread, and increased use of “new-style” international courts is by paying close attention to the major changes brought about through long-lasting, slow processes of international institutional evolution.
Donatella della Porta, Massimiliano Andretta, Tiago Fernandes, Eduardo Romanos, and Markos Vogiatzoglou
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190860936
- eISBN:
- 9780190860967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190860936.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
The introductory chapter discusses the concepts of legacy and memory and suggests ways to use them in an analysis of long-term effects of movement participation in the transition to democracy on ...
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The introductory chapter discusses the concepts of legacy and memory and suggests ways to use them in an analysis of long-term effects of movement participation in the transition to democracy on future generations of movements. First, it looks at the ways in which paths of transitions, with particular attention to movement participation in them, have long-term effects on movements to come by creating institutional change. Second, it considers some ways of looking at past eventful protests as mnemonic resources and constraints for social movements. After doing that, the chapter also introduces the research design and presents the remainder of the volume.Less
The introductory chapter discusses the concepts of legacy and memory and suggests ways to use them in an analysis of long-term effects of movement participation in the transition to democracy on future generations of movements. First, it looks at the ways in which paths of transitions, with particular attention to movement participation in them, have long-term effects on movements to come by creating institutional change. Second, it considers some ways of looking at past eventful protests as mnemonic resources and constraints for social movements. After doing that, the chapter also introduces the research design and presents the remainder of the volume.
Brian Woodall
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813145013
- eISBN:
- 9780813145327
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813145013.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The March 2011 disasters exposed the ineffectiveness of Japan’s political leaders, evoking three broad questions. First, why did the Kan cabinet fail to provide effective leadership in response to ...
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The March 2011 disasters exposed the ineffectiveness of Japan’s political leaders, evoking three broad questions. First, why did the Kan cabinet fail to provide effective leadership in response to the disasters and why was a succession of governments unable to guide Japan out of the seemingly interminable economic malaise of the “lost decades”? The fact that Japan’s leaders possess similar powers to those of counterparts in other democratic polities suggests that a dysfunctional cabinet system is the culprit. So why is it that Japan has parliamentary democracy in form but not in practice? This is puzzling given that postwar Japan has been governed under institutional arrangements modeled after Britain’s “Westminster system,” and yet cabinet government has not set root. And, third, what gives Japan’s parliamentary cabinet system its characteristic form and function? This draws attention to the shaping effect and distributional consequences of institutions, as well as the role of critical junctures in creating strategic openings for change. And so, to understand Japan’s cabinet system, it is essential to trace its evolution. This leads backward in time from the recent challenges of “Twisted Diets” and coalition governments to institutional solutions rendered by reformers in the 1990s, the legacies of protracted single-party rule, actions taken by American occupation planners, prewar technocrats, and party leaders, and, ultimately, to a cabal that emerged in the aftermath of the Meiji Restoration. The development of the cabinet system can be seen as a proxy for Japan’s experiment with democratic governance in the longue durée.Less
The March 2011 disasters exposed the ineffectiveness of Japan’s political leaders, evoking three broad questions. First, why did the Kan cabinet fail to provide effective leadership in response to the disasters and why was a succession of governments unable to guide Japan out of the seemingly interminable economic malaise of the “lost decades”? The fact that Japan’s leaders possess similar powers to those of counterparts in other democratic polities suggests that a dysfunctional cabinet system is the culprit. So why is it that Japan has parliamentary democracy in form but not in practice? This is puzzling given that postwar Japan has been governed under institutional arrangements modeled after Britain’s “Westminster system,” and yet cabinet government has not set root. And, third, what gives Japan’s parliamentary cabinet system its characteristic form and function? This draws attention to the shaping effect and distributional consequences of institutions, as well as the role of critical junctures in creating strategic openings for change. And so, to understand Japan’s cabinet system, it is essential to trace its evolution. This leads backward in time from the recent challenges of “Twisted Diets” and coalition governments to institutional solutions rendered by reformers in the 1990s, the legacies of protracted single-party rule, actions taken by American occupation planners, prewar technocrats, and party leaders, and, ultimately, to a cabal that emerged in the aftermath of the Meiji Restoration. The development of the cabinet system can be seen as a proxy for Japan’s experiment with democratic governance in the longue durée.
Donatella della Porta, Massimiliano Andretta, Tiago Fernandes, Eduardo Romanos, and Markos Vogiatzoglou
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190860936
- eISBN:
- 9780190860967
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190860936.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This volume addresses long-term effects of democratic transitions on social movements in Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Spain. From the theoretical point of view, the main focus of reflection is on the ...
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This volume addresses long-term effects of democratic transitions on social movements in Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Spain. From the theoretical point of view, the main focus of reflection is on the long-term impact of eventful moments on social movements, especially the causal mechanisms through which legacies and memories of transformative protest events are produced and reproduced over time, enhancing and constraining contemporary movements’ repertoires and frames. The paths of democratic transitions set norms and institutions that affect protests in the long term. Without taking a deterministic view, we examine the ways in which the past is revisited and read anew how stories are selected, what is resilient, and what is transformed. While research on social movements started in Europe with historical work on labor movements, the impact of historical legacies and memories on social movements has not been much theorized. More in general, while there is a growing interest in memory, there is little systematic theory or comparative research on ways in which important events have long-lasting institutional consequences and are remembered by future generations. With this volume, we address this gap by reflecting on the ways in which critical junctures, especially the ones produced through mobilization from below, affect the social movements that follow. In particular, we analyze transitions to democracy as points of departure and look at the ways in which their paths—and especially social movements’ participation in them—play a role in enhancing and constraining the movements that follow.Less
This volume addresses long-term effects of democratic transitions on social movements in Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Spain. From the theoretical point of view, the main focus of reflection is on the long-term impact of eventful moments on social movements, especially the causal mechanisms through which legacies and memories of transformative protest events are produced and reproduced over time, enhancing and constraining contemporary movements’ repertoires and frames. The paths of democratic transitions set norms and institutions that affect protests in the long term. Without taking a deterministic view, we examine the ways in which the past is revisited and read anew how stories are selected, what is resilient, and what is transformed. While research on social movements started in Europe with historical work on labor movements, the impact of historical legacies and memories on social movements has not been much theorized. More in general, while there is a growing interest in memory, there is little systematic theory or comparative research on ways in which important events have long-lasting institutional consequences and are remembered by future generations. With this volume, we address this gap by reflecting on the ways in which critical junctures, especially the ones produced through mobilization from below, affect the social movements that follow. In particular, we analyze transitions to democracy as points of departure and look at the ways in which their paths—and especially social movements’ participation in them—play a role in enhancing and constraining the movements that follow.
Juan Wang
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190605735
- eISBN:
- 9780190609511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190605735.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
China’s political stability and sustainable growth are two issue areas that concern the world. As shown in this book, both are in question. The disruption of local elite cohesion resulted in an ...
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China’s political stability and sustainable growth are two issue areas that concern the world. As shown in this book, both are in question. The disruption of local elite cohesion resulted in an emerging critical juncture for regime stability in China. A new configuration of elites in rural China during the Maoist era learned to pursue group interests in an expanding bureaucracy with growing revenue in the early reform period ,which put China onto the dual track of economic growth and social instability. A new generation of rural leaders paired with a set of central policies in the early 2000s resulted in a fragmented local state that can barely maintain social stability or attract long-term investors. Theoretically, this research suggests the potential for shifting identities of allies and opponents in the scholarship of contentious politics., and emphasizes a temporal and contextualized examination of incentives in institutional studies.Less
China’s political stability and sustainable growth are two issue areas that concern the world. As shown in this book, both are in question. The disruption of local elite cohesion resulted in an emerging critical juncture for regime stability in China. A new configuration of elites in rural China during the Maoist era learned to pursue group interests in an expanding bureaucracy with growing revenue in the early reform period ,which put China onto the dual track of economic growth and social instability. A new generation of rural leaders paired with a set of central policies in the early 2000s resulted in a fragmented local state that can barely maintain social stability or attract long-term investors. Theoretically, this research suggests the potential for shifting identities of allies and opponents in the scholarship of contentious politics., and emphasizes a temporal and contextualized examination of incentives in institutional studies.
Michael Zürn
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198819974
- eISBN:
- 9780191860133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198819974.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The global governance system developed in the 1990s as a result of a path-dependent sequence that started with the choice of embedded liberalism in the 1940s. The post-Second World War constellation ...
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The global governance system developed in the 1990s as a result of a path-dependent sequence that started with the choice of embedded liberalism in the 1940s. The post-Second World War constellation provided a critical juncture that led to institutionalized embedded liberalism and collective security under American leadership. Afterwards, self-reinforcing mechanisms strengthened this institutional design. This whole dynamic was accelerated by an external push when the Soviet empire faltered and functional differentiation could develop its full potential. Together, these developments created a new critical juncture. As a result of the decisions taken in this situation, a global governance system emerged. It consists of loosely coupled spheres of both political and epistemic authority. Overall, the authority of IOs has increased remarkably. As a consequence, this global governance system co-produces reactive sequences. It contains serious deficits undermining its acceptance and sustainability leading to resistance and demands for change.Less
The global governance system developed in the 1990s as a result of a path-dependent sequence that started with the choice of embedded liberalism in the 1940s. The post-Second World War constellation provided a critical juncture that led to institutionalized embedded liberalism and collective security under American leadership. Afterwards, self-reinforcing mechanisms strengthened this institutional design. This whole dynamic was accelerated by an external push when the Soviet empire faltered and functional differentiation could develop its full potential. Together, these developments created a new critical juncture. As a result of the decisions taken in this situation, a global governance system emerged. It consists of loosely coupled spheres of both political and epistemic authority. Overall, the authority of IOs has increased remarkably. As a consequence, this global governance system co-produces reactive sequences. It contains serious deficits undermining its acceptance and sustainability leading to resistance and demands for change.
Joshua T. McCabe
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190841300
- eISBN:
- 9780190841331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change, Population and Demography
Chapter 2 looks at the “great divergence,” when logics of appropriateness were institutionalized in public policies. It shows just how similar all three countries were in the interwar period. Prior ...
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Chapter 2 looks at the “great divergence,” when logics of appropriateness were institutionalized in public policies. It shows just how similar all three countries were in the interwar period. Prior to World War II, American, British, and Canadian policymakers held similar views on when it was appropriate to provide direct cash benefits to families with children. Nascent projects for postwar reconstruction changed this in Canada and the UK as each country introduced family allowances in the mid-1940s. Children were recognized for the first time ever as deserving of direct cash benefits according to a new logic of income supplementation. The US on the other hand never introduced family allowances. The unintended result was the noninstitutionalization of the logic of income supplementation for families. The policy legacies established during this period were crucial for shaping later responses to inflation and child poverty.Less
Chapter 2 looks at the “great divergence,” when logics of appropriateness were institutionalized in public policies. It shows just how similar all three countries were in the interwar period. Prior to World War II, American, British, and Canadian policymakers held similar views on when it was appropriate to provide direct cash benefits to families with children. Nascent projects for postwar reconstruction changed this in Canada and the UK as each country introduced family allowances in the mid-1940s. Children were recognized for the first time ever as deserving of direct cash benefits according to a new logic of income supplementation. The US on the other hand never introduced family allowances. The unintended result was the noninstitutionalization of the logic of income supplementation for families. The policy legacies established during this period were crucial for shaping later responses to inflation and child poverty.
Christoph H. Stefes
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198829911
- eISBN:
- 9780191868368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines historical institutionalism (HI) and the role that time and institutions play in societal transformations. HI thereby provides analytical depth to the study of time, realizing ...
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This chapter examines historical institutionalism (HI) and the role that time and institutions play in societal transformations. HI thereby provides analytical depth to the study of time, realizing that the duration, tempo, timing, and sequencing of historical processes and events affect the onset of societal transformations. Institutions subsequently narrow the range of paths that societal transformations could potentially take, by enabling distinct forms of cooperation between various actors, (re)distributing power and resources, and proscribing and prescribing appropriate behaviour. In the wake of radical and incremental institutional changes, caused by exogenous shocks and endogenous dynamics, societies might embark on new paths. With its analytical focus on the meso level and the nature of time, HI has contributed to the development of middle-range theories that often bridge the traditional actor-structure divide.Less
This chapter examines historical institutionalism (HI) and the role that time and institutions play in societal transformations. HI thereby provides analytical depth to the study of time, realizing that the duration, tempo, timing, and sequencing of historical processes and events affect the onset of societal transformations. Institutions subsequently narrow the range of paths that societal transformations could potentially take, by enabling distinct forms of cooperation between various actors, (re)distributing power and resources, and proscribing and prescribing appropriate behaviour. In the wake of radical and incremental institutional changes, caused by exogenous shocks and endogenous dynamics, societies might embark on new paths. With its analytical focus on the meso level and the nature of time, HI has contributed to the development of middle-range theories that often bridge the traditional actor-structure divide.
Nicolas Blarel
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199450626
- eISBN:
- 9780199084968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450626.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The introductory chapter presents the empirical and theoretical puzzles that the book is looking to answer. Why did India recognize Israel in 1950 but deliberately delay the establishment of official ...
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The introductory chapter presents the empirical and theoretical puzzles that the book is looking to answer. Why did India recognize Israel in 1950 but deliberately delay the establishment of official diplomatic relations for more than 40 years? What are the conditions under which we are most likely to observe foreign policy change? The chapter reviews the literature and argues that these questions have been left unanswered. Building on theories of public policy and foreign policy change, a new theoretical argument is introduced to present a new narrative of India’s Israel policy over the last 60 years. The chapter also identifies the five critical policy junctures which are analyzed in the book.Less
The introductory chapter presents the empirical and theoretical puzzles that the book is looking to answer. Why did India recognize Israel in 1950 but deliberately delay the establishment of official diplomatic relations for more than 40 years? What are the conditions under which we are most likely to observe foreign policy change? The chapter reviews the literature and argues that these questions have been left unanswered. Building on theories of public policy and foreign policy change, a new theoretical argument is introduced to present a new narrative of India’s Israel policy over the last 60 years. The chapter also identifies the five critical policy junctures which are analyzed in the book.
