John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198240563
- eISBN:
- 9780191680205
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240563.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book offers a new approach to sentencing and punishment. It inaugurates a radical shift in the research agenda of criminology. The authors attack currently fashionable retributivist theories of ...
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This book offers a new approach to sentencing and punishment. It inaugurates a radical shift in the research agenda of criminology. The authors attack currently fashionable retributivist theories of punishment, arguing that the criminal justice system is so integrated that sentencing policy has to be considered in the system-wide context. They offer a comprehensive theory of criminal justice that draws on a philosophical view of the good and the right, and that points the way to practical intervention in the real world of incremental reform. The authors put the case for a criminal justice system that maximizes freedom in the old republican sense of the term, and that they call ‘dominion’.Less
This book offers a new approach to sentencing and punishment. It inaugurates a radical shift in the research agenda of criminology. The authors attack currently fashionable retributivist theories of punishment, arguing that the criminal justice system is so integrated that sentencing policy has to be considered in the system-wide context. They offer a comprehensive theory of criminal justice that draws on a philosophical view of the good and the right, and that points the way to practical intervention in the real world of incremental reform. The authors put the case for a criminal justice system that maximizes freedom in the old republican sense of the term, and that they call ‘dominion’.
Lisa L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331684
- eISBN:
- 9780199867967
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331684.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This book compares interest group participation in the development of crime and justice policy across the local, state and national levels of government and has three main contributions to law, ...
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This book compares interest group participation in the development of crime and justice policy across the local, state and national levels of government and has three main contributions to law, policy and criminology scholarship. First, it provides a detailed analysis of the narrow and often parochial nature of national and state crime politics, in contrast to the active and intense local political mobilization on crime by racial minorities and the urban poor. The book illustrates the ways the structure of U.S. federalism has contributed to the current situation in which national policy responses to crime overlook black and poor victims of violence and how highly organized, narrowly focused interest groups, such as the National Rifle Association, have a disproportionate influence in crime politics. This study also demonstrates that urban minorities and the poor mobilize locally to address crime as one of many social ills, though their tactics are often unconventional and their resources limited. Second, it illustrates how the absence of these groups from the policy process at the state and national levels has encouraged the development of policy frames that are highly skewed in favor of police, prosecutors, and narrow citizen interests, whose policy preferences often converge on increasing punishments for offenders. That this is true even at the national level, where policy scholars often assume the policy process is more open and porous than at subregional levels, is a major contribution of the book. Finally, the comparison of group participation across legislative venues on a single policy issue contributes to our understanding of group theory.Less
This book compares interest group participation in the development of crime and justice policy across the local, state and national levels of government and has three main contributions to law, policy and criminology scholarship. First, it provides a detailed analysis of the narrow and often parochial nature of national and state crime politics, in contrast to the active and intense local political mobilization on crime by racial minorities and the urban poor. The book illustrates the ways the structure of U.S. federalism has contributed to the current situation in which national policy responses to crime overlook black and poor victims of violence and how highly organized, narrowly focused interest groups, such as the National Rifle Association, have a disproportionate influence in crime politics. This study also demonstrates that urban minorities and the poor mobilize locally to address crime as one of many social ills, though their tactics are often unconventional and their resources limited. Second, it illustrates how the absence of these groups from the policy process at the state and national levels has encouraged the development of policy frames that are highly skewed in favor of police, prosecutors, and narrow citizen interests, whose policy preferences often converge on increasing punishments for offenders. That this is true even at the national level, where policy scholars often assume the policy process is more open and porous than at subregional levels, is a major contribution of the book. Finally, the comparison of group participation across legislative venues on a single policy issue contributes to our understanding of group theory.
Joanne Savage (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of ...
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This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of serious crimes committed and understanding which individuals will become chronic offenders is an important step in developing interventions that will work. Unfortunately, much of the research on causes of offending does not distinguish between minor, short-term delinquency and long-term patterns of serious criminality. The volume was inspired by a desire to bridge the gap between two sets of literature that can help us shed light on this problem: criminological research on offending trajectories and research on risk factors for offending in the field of developmental psychology. Chapters cover topics such as families and parenting, poverty, stressful life events, social support, biology and genetics, early onset, foster care, educational programs for juvenile offenders, deterrence, and chronic offending among females. Several authors also share new theoretical approaches to understanding persistence and chronicity in offending, including an expansion of the conceptualization of the etiology of self-control, a discussion of offender resistance to social control, a dynamic developmental systems approach to understanding offending in young adulthood, and the application of Wikström's situational action theory to persistent offending.Less
This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of serious crimes committed and understanding which individuals will become chronic offenders is an important step in developing interventions that will work. Unfortunately, much of the research on causes of offending does not distinguish between minor, short-term delinquency and long-term patterns of serious criminality. The volume was inspired by a desire to bridge the gap between two sets of literature that can help us shed light on this problem: criminological research on offending trajectories and research on risk factors for offending in the field of developmental psychology. Chapters cover topics such as families and parenting, poverty, stressful life events, social support, biology and genetics, early onset, foster care, educational programs for juvenile offenders, deterrence, and chronic offending among females. Several authors also share new theoretical approaches to understanding persistence and chronicity in offending, including an expansion of the conceptualization of the etiology of self-control, a discussion of offender resistance to social control, a dynamic developmental systems approach to understanding offending in young adulthood, and the application of Wikström's situational action theory to persistent offending.
Joanne Savage
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In recent years we have come to know that a small percentage of individuals commit about half of all the crime that occurs. This finding has inspired a significant amount of work in the area of ...
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In recent years we have come to know that a small percentage of individuals commit about half of all the crime that occurs. This finding has inspired a significant amount of work in the area of criminal careers. Oddly, while a recent wave of studies have been published on trajectories of offending, and while decades of developmental studies have uncovered the risk factors of offending more broadly, the two areas rarely come together and little is yet known about the developmental factors that lead specifically to the persistent patterns of criminality, which cause so much harm to society. This chapter reviews some of the related literature in the area of criminal careers and developmental criminology in an effort to set the tone for the rest of the book, which addresses what is known and believed about the development of persistent offending. The review is divided into three sections: risk factors for antisocial conduct, research and theory on the life course and criminal careers, and risk factors for persistent offending, per se. It includes a detailed discussion of stability in offending, the life course perspective, attachment, child abuse, cumulative risk, neighborhoods, and Moffitt's taxonomy.Less
In recent years we have come to know that a small percentage of individuals commit about half of all the crime that occurs. This finding has inspired a significant amount of work in the area of criminal careers. Oddly, while a recent wave of studies have been published on trajectories of offending, and while decades of developmental studies have uncovered the risk factors of offending more broadly, the two areas rarely come together and little is yet known about the developmental factors that lead specifically to the persistent patterns of criminality, which cause so much harm to society. This chapter reviews some of the related literature in the area of criminal careers and developmental criminology in an effort to set the tone for the rest of the book, which addresses what is known and believed about the development of persistent offending. The review is divided into three sections: risk factors for antisocial conduct, research and theory on the life course and criminal careers, and risk factors for persistent offending, per se. It includes a detailed discussion of stability in offending, the life course perspective, attachment, child abuse, cumulative risk, neighborhoods, and Moffitt's taxonomy.
Kevin Hearty
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781786940476
- eISBN:
- 9781786944993
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781786940476.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book is an in-depth case study of the role memory politics played in shaping the wider Irish republican debate on policing in Northern Ireland. Looking beyond sensationalist headlines and ...
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This book is an in-depth case study of the role memory politics played in shaping the wider Irish republican debate on policing in Northern Ireland. Looking beyond sensationalist headlines and political sound bites that trumpeted of the historicity of Sinn Fein’s decision to formally endorse policing and the rule of law, it interrogates the fundamental questions that lie at the heart of Irish republican memory politics on policing. Locating itself within the interdisciplinary theoretical spheres of critical criminology, memory studies and transitional justice, this book evidences how the past frames internal tensions within the Irish republican constituency as those traditionally opposed to state policing structures opt to buy into these same structures as part of a wider transitional process. Based on interview data drawn from community activists, political activists and former combatants from across a broad spectrum within modern Irish republicanism, this book examines how individual and collective memories of policing shape ideological positions, interpretations of transitional processes, ‘moving on’ processes with former enemies and views of post-conflict police reform. Providing a timely insight into intra-communal memory contestation in Northern Ireland, the book establishes the intrinsic importance that collective memory and master narratives of struggle, injustice and sacrifice hold for competing hegemons who are struggling for supremacy within an increasingly fragmented Irish republican constituency today.
Less
This book is an in-depth case study of the role memory politics played in shaping the wider Irish republican debate on policing in Northern Ireland. Looking beyond sensationalist headlines and political sound bites that trumpeted of the historicity of Sinn Fein’s decision to formally endorse policing and the rule of law, it interrogates the fundamental questions that lie at the heart of Irish republican memory politics on policing. Locating itself within the interdisciplinary theoretical spheres of critical criminology, memory studies and transitional justice, this book evidences how the past frames internal tensions within the Irish republican constituency as those traditionally opposed to state policing structures opt to buy into these same structures as part of a wider transitional process. Based on interview data drawn from community activists, political activists and former combatants from across a broad spectrum within modern Irish republicanism, this book examines how individual and collective memories of policing shape ideological positions, interpretations of transitional processes, ‘moving on’ processes with former enemies and views of post-conflict police reform. Providing a timely insight into intra-communal memory contestation in Northern Ireland, the book establishes the intrinsic importance that collective memory and master narratives of struggle, injustice and sacrifice hold for competing hegemons who are struggling for supremacy within an increasingly fragmented Irish republican constituency today.
Rod Earle
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447323648
- eISBN:
- 9781447323662
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447323648.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Convict criminology is the study of criminology by those who have first-hand experience of imprisonment. This is the first single-authored account of this unusual perspective. It begins with an ...
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Convict criminology is the study of criminology by those who have first-hand experience of imprisonment. This is the first single-authored account of this unusual perspective. It begins with an overview of the idea that direct experience of incarceration furnishes a criminologist with distinctive resources to analyse and critique ideas about crime, punishment, law and order. The book goes on to critically evaluate the emergence of the perspective within the USA. Key figures, such as Frank Tannenbaum and John Irwin, are identified, and their particular contributions to criminology are discussed before the accounts move across the Atlantic to Europe. The Russian anarchist theorist, Peter Kropotkin, is identified as the first ‘convict criminologist’ on the basis of his 19th century study of French and Russian prisons that combined his own experiences of incarceration with extensive empirical studies. The author, by drawing on his own experience of imprisonment in the early 1980s, demonstrates how such experience can be developed academically to widen the horizons of criminology. Taking inspiration from feminist intersectional scholarship his account foregrounds gender, race, colonialism and class as central features of men’s penal experience. The reflexive autobiographical style of the book offers methodological insights, creative theoretical synthesis and a compelling narrative.Less
Convict criminology is the study of criminology by those who have first-hand experience of imprisonment. This is the first single-authored account of this unusual perspective. It begins with an overview of the idea that direct experience of incarceration furnishes a criminologist with distinctive resources to analyse and critique ideas about crime, punishment, law and order. The book goes on to critically evaluate the emergence of the perspective within the USA. Key figures, such as Frank Tannenbaum and John Irwin, are identified, and their particular contributions to criminology are discussed before the accounts move across the Atlantic to Europe. The Russian anarchist theorist, Peter Kropotkin, is identified as the first ‘convict criminologist’ on the basis of his 19th century study of French and Russian prisons that combined his own experiences of incarceration with extensive empirical studies. The author, by drawing on his own experience of imprisonment in the early 1980s, demonstrates how such experience can be developed academically to widen the horizons of criminology. Taking inspiration from feminist intersectional scholarship his account foregrounds gender, race, colonialism and class as central features of men’s penal experience. The reflexive autobiographical style of the book offers methodological insights, creative theoretical synthesis and a compelling narrative.
Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195181166
- eISBN:
- 9780199943302
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181166.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This volume discusses criminology and policy analysis of adolescence. The focus is on the principles and policy of a separate and distinct system of juvenile justice. The book opens with an ...
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This volume discusses criminology and policy analysis of adolescence. The focus is on the principles and policy of a separate and distinct system of juvenile justice. The book opens with an introduction of the creation of adolescence, presenting a justification for the category of the juvenile or a period of partial responsibility before full adulthood. Subsequent sections include empirical investigations of the nature of youth criminality and legal policy towards youth crime. At the heart of the book is an argument for a penal policy that recognizes diminished responsibility and a youth policy that emphasizes the benefits of letting the maturing process continue with minimal interruption. The book concludes with applications of the core concerns to five specific problem areas in current juvenile justice: teen pregnancy, transfer to criminal court, minority overrepresentation, juvenile gun use, and youth homicide.Less
This volume discusses criminology and policy analysis of adolescence. The focus is on the principles and policy of a separate and distinct system of juvenile justice. The book opens with an introduction of the creation of adolescence, presenting a justification for the category of the juvenile or a period of partial responsibility before full adulthood. Subsequent sections include empirical investigations of the nature of youth criminality and legal policy towards youth crime. At the heart of the book is an argument for a penal policy that recognizes diminished responsibility and a youth policy that emphasizes the benefits of letting the maturing process continue with minimal interruption. The book concludes with applications of the core concerns to five specific problem areas in current juvenile justice: teen pregnancy, transfer to criminal court, minority overrepresentation, juvenile gun use, and youth homicide.
Richard Sparks, Anthony Bottoms, and Will Hay
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198258186
- eISBN:
- 9780191681813
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198258186.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This book presents a substantial revolution on the character of confined social life. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork in two contrasting English maximum security prisons, the authors systematically ...
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This book presents a substantial revolution on the character of confined social life. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork in two contrasting English maximum security prisons, the authors systematically compare their institutional order, including the differing control strategies deployed in each, as seen by both custodians and captives, controllers and controlled. The authors discuss the insinuations of their research for the tradition of sociological concern within the ‘prison community.’ They re-examine the resources of that rich but latterly somewhat dormant field in the light of some of the main currents in contemporary social theory, and thereby provide a new perspective on the ‘problem of order’ in maximum custody. This book will have significant policy implications, and it will be required reading for scholars and students in criminology and criminal justice, as well as for administrators and reformers in penal systems.Less
This book presents a substantial revolution on the character of confined social life. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork in two contrasting English maximum security prisons, the authors systematically compare their institutional order, including the differing control strategies deployed in each, as seen by both custodians and captives, controllers and controlled. The authors discuss the insinuations of their research for the tradition of sociological concern within the ‘prison community.’ They re-examine the resources of that rich but latterly somewhat dormant field in the light of some of the main currents in contemporary social theory, and thereby provide a new perspective on the ‘problem of order’ in maximum custody. This book will have significant policy implications, and it will be required reading for scholars and students in criminology and criminal justice, as well as for administrators and reformers in penal systems.
Chris Cunneen and Juan Tauri
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447321750
- eISBN:
- 9781447321774
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447321750.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Indigenous Criminology is the first book to explore a distinctly Indigenous approach to criminology. It is based on comparative research across the settler colonial states of Aotearoa New Zealand, ...
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Indigenous Criminology is the first book to explore a distinctly Indigenous approach to criminology. It is based on comparative research across the settler colonial states of Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United States. The book draws on critical Indigenous and decolonial literature to argue for the importance of prioritising Indigenous knowledge in understanding contemporary Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system. Indigenous Criminology sets out the significance of colonialism as a key foundational concept to developing a critical Indigenous criminology. It analyses how colonialism impacts on the current operations of criminal justice. The book explores a number of explicit issues including the policing, sentencing and punishment of Indigenous people. It considers the impact of crime control specifically on Indigenous women and discusses the effects on Indigenous people of globalisation and crime control. The book concludes with a reflection on critical issues in the development of an Indigenous criminology, including the need to take seriously the voices of Indigenous peoples and the rights embedded in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.Less
Indigenous Criminology is the first book to explore a distinctly Indigenous approach to criminology. It is based on comparative research across the settler colonial states of Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United States. The book draws on critical Indigenous and decolonial literature to argue for the importance of prioritising Indigenous knowledge in understanding contemporary Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system. Indigenous Criminology sets out the significance of colonialism as a key foundational concept to developing a critical Indigenous criminology. It analyses how colonialism impacts on the current operations of criminal justice. The book explores a number of explicit issues including the policing, sentencing and punishment of Indigenous people. It considers the impact of crime control specifically on Indigenous women and discusses the effects on Indigenous people of globalisation and crime control. The book concludes with a reflection on critical issues in the development of an Indigenous criminology, including the need to take seriously the voices of Indigenous peoples and the rights embedded in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Rowland Atkinson and Sarah Blandy
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784995300
- eISBN:
- 9781526121035
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784995300.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Domestic Fortress offers a critical analysis of the contemporary home and its close relationship to fear and security. It considers the important connection between the private home, political life ...
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Domestic Fortress offers a critical analysis of the contemporary home and its close relationship to fear and security. It considers the important connection between the private home, political life and the economy that we term tessellated neoliberalism. The book considers the nucleus of the domestic home as part of a much larger archipelago frontline of homes and gated communities that appear as a new home front set against diverse sources of social anxiety. These range from questions of invasion (such as burglary or identity theft) to those of security (the home as a financial resource in retirement and as a place of refuge in an unpredictable world). A culture of fear has been responded to through increasingly emphatic retreats by homeowners into fortified dwellings, palatial houses, concealed bunker pads and gated developments. Many feature elaborate security measures; alarms, CCTV systems, motion-sensing lights and impregnable panic rooms. Domestic Fortresslocates the anxieties driving these responses to the corporate and political manufacturing of fear, the triumph of neoliberal models of homeownership and related modes of social individualisation and risk that permeate society today. Domestic Fortress draws on perspectives and research from criminology, urban studies and sociology to offer a sense of the private home as a site of wavering anxiety and security, exclusion and warmth, alongside dreams of retreat and autonomy that mesh closely with the defining principles of neoliberal governance.
Even as the home is acknowledged to play a vital role in sheltering us from the elements so it has now come to be a locus around which many anxieties are shut-out. The home allows us to lock out the daily hardships of life, but is also a site from which we witness a wide range of troubling phenomena: the insecurities of the workplace, plans for our future welfare, internationalized terror, geo-political warfare, ecological catastrophes, feelings of loss and uncertainty around identity, to say nothing of the daily risks of flood, fire and other disasters.
The home now plays a complex dual role that slips between offering us protection from these worries while also offering the nightmare of its own possible invasion, erosion or destruction. On top of these concerns entire industries have been built that sell a war against strangers, dirt and disaster. This of course includes the insurance industry itself, but also the use of technologies that both protect the home and make it effectively more impregnable to casual social contact as well as the proliferation of products devoted to domestic cleanliness. Domestic Fortress considers the fantasies and realities of dangers to the contemporary home and its inhabitants and details the wide range of actions taken in the pursuit of total safety.Less
Domestic Fortress offers a critical analysis of the contemporary home and its close relationship to fear and security. It considers the important connection between the private home, political life and the economy that we term tessellated neoliberalism. The book considers the nucleus of the domestic home as part of a much larger archipelago frontline of homes and gated communities that appear as a new home front set against diverse sources of social anxiety. These range from questions of invasion (such as burglary or identity theft) to those of security (the home as a financial resource in retirement and as a place of refuge in an unpredictable world). A culture of fear has been responded to through increasingly emphatic retreats by homeowners into fortified dwellings, palatial houses, concealed bunker pads and gated developments. Many feature elaborate security measures; alarms, CCTV systems, motion-sensing lights and impregnable panic rooms. Domestic Fortresslocates the anxieties driving these responses to the corporate and political manufacturing of fear, the triumph of neoliberal models of homeownership and related modes of social individualisation and risk that permeate society today. Domestic Fortress draws on perspectives and research from criminology, urban studies and sociology to offer a sense of the private home as a site of wavering anxiety and security, exclusion and warmth, alongside dreams of retreat and autonomy that mesh closely with the defining principles of neoliberal governance.
Even as the home is acknowledged to play a vital role in sheltering us from the elements so it has now come to be a locus around which many anxieties are shut-out. The home allows us to lock out the daily hardships of life, but is also a site from which we witness a wide range of troubling phenomena: the insecurities of the workplace, plans for our future welfare, internationalized terror, geo-political warfare, ecological catastrophes, feelings of loss and uncertainty around identity, to say nothing of the daily risks of flood, fire and other disasters.
The home now plays a complex dual role that slips between offering us protection from these worries while also offering the nightmare of its own possible invasion, erosion or destruction. On top of these concerns entire industries have been built that sell a war against strangers, dirt and disaster. This of course includes the insurance industry itself, but also the use of technologies that both protect the home and make it effectively more impregnable to casual social contact as well as the proliferation of products devoted to domestic cleanliness. Domestic Fortress considers the fantasies and realities of dangers to the contemporary home and its inhabitants and details the wide range of actions taken in the pursuit of total safety.
Simon Holdaway
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199573448
- eISBN:
- 9780191702105
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573448.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This book analyses the new phenomenon of Black Police Associations (BPAs) established in the majority of constabularies in England and Wales. The author takes a sociological and theoretical approach ...
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This book analyses the new phenomenon of Black Police Associations (BPAs) established in the majority of constabularies in England and Wales. The author takes a sociological and theoretical approach to the subject, in contrast to current criminology, which is more evaluative and policy oriented. The analysis is underpinned with the notion that race and ethnicity are socially constructed: the book describes and analyses how race and ethnicity are constructed and sustained within constabularies, and how they have changed during the last two decades, providing a sociological perspective on understanding race within criminal-justice institutions. The book covers the history of BPAs; the construction and consequences of the notion of ‘black’ as a political emblem within constabularies; the work and influence of BPAs (nationally and within constabularies); post-McPherson policing; new forms of racism within constabularies; ethnic identities amongst ethnic-minority police officers and BPAs; and the occupational culture. By analysing the work of BPAs within constabularies, the author posits a number of implications for change within the management of constabularies.Less
This book analyses the new phenomenon of Black Police Associations (BPAs) established in the majority of constabularies in England and Wales. The author takes a sociological and theoretical approach to the subject, in contrast to current criminology, which is more evaluative and policy oriented. The analysis is underpinned with the notion that race and ethnicity are socially constructed: the book describes and analyses how race and ethnicity are constructed and sustained within constabularies, and how they have changed during the last two decades, providing a sociological perspective on understanding race within criminal-justice institutions. The book covers the history of BPAs; the construction and consequences of the notion of ‘black’ as a political emblem within constabularies; the work and influence of BPAs (nationally and within constabularies); post-McPherson policing; new forms of racism within constabularies; ethnic identities amongst ethnic-minority police officers and BPAs; and the occupational culture. By analysing the work of BPAs within constabularies, the author posits a number of implications for change within the management of constabularies.
Rolf Loeber and David P. Farrington (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than ...
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Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than older adults? And what is special about the 18th birthday when the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system in most states and most European countries, offering protection and rehabilitation, ends and the more punitive and less rehabilitative criminal justice system for adults starts? Since most juveniles take longer than age 18 to mature and become less impulsive, what is a more realistic distinction between adolescence and adulthood and justice response to adolescents and young adults? These and many other questions pertaining to the transition between adolescence and adulthood are addressed in this volume. The volume is based on hundreds of scientific studies, which are summarized in 11 chapters. The chapters deal with criminal careers, particularly desistance from and persistence in offending, explanatory factors of persistence and desistance, such as, for example, early individual differences in self-control, brain maturation, social risk and protective factors, mental illnesses, changes in life circumstances, neighborhood factors, and juvenile justice response. The volume also highlights the best evaluated and cost-effective programs that prevent juveniles from becoming persistent offenders in adulthood, and reduce recidivism among known delinquents. Finally, the volume addresses the advantages and disadvantages of legislators increasing or decreasing the age of adulthood with an eye on improving public safety.Less
Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than older adults? And what is special about the 18th birthday when the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system in most states and most European countries, offering protection and rehabilitation, ends and the more punitive and less rehabilitative criminal justice system for adults starts? Since most juveniles take longer than age 18 to mature and become less impulsive, what is a more realistic distinction between adolescence and adulthood and justice response to adolescents and young adults? These and many other questions pertaining to the transition between adolescence and adulthood are addressed in this volume. The volume is based on hundreds of scientific studies, which are summarized in 11 chapters. The chapters deal with criminal careers, particularly desistance from and persistence in offending, explanatory factors of persistence and desistance, such as, for example, early individual differences in self-control, brain maturation, social risk and protective factors, mental illnesses, changes in life circumstances, neighborhood factors, and juvenile justice response. The volume also highlights the best evaluated and cost-effective programs that prevent juveniles from becoming persistent offenders in adulthood, and reduce recidivism among known delinquents. Finally, the volume addresses the advantages and disadvantages of legislators increasing or decreasing the age of adulthood with an eye on improving public safety.
Carter Hay and Walter Forrest
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The effect of family poverty on individual involvement in crime has long been an important issue in criminological research. A limitation in much of this research involves the tendency of examining ...
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The effect of family poverty on individual involvement in crime has long been an important issue in criminological research. A limitation in much of this research involves the tendency of examining the poverty-crime relationship in a static, cross-sectional way. This chapter addresses this limitation by considering how poverty early in life affects the likelihood that a child will fit a life-course-persistent pattern of criminality in which levels of antisocial or criminal behavior emerge early in childhood and continue beyond adolescence. This issue is considered with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a three-wave panel study of U.S. adolescents and their families.Less
The effect of family poverty on individual involvement in crime has long been an important issue in criminological research. A limitation in much of this research involves the tendency of examining the poverty-crime relationship in a static, cross-sectional way. This chapter addresses this limitation by considering how poverty early in life affects the likelihood that a child will fit a life-course-persistent pattern of criminality in which levels of antisocial or criminal behavior emerge early in childhood and continue beyond adolescence. This issue is considered with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a three-wave panel study of U.S. adolescents and their families.
Stephanie Ellis and Joanne Savage
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines the role of adolescent strain and social support in the etiology of persistent offending. After reviewing the literature on persistent criminality, strain theory, and social ...
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This chapter examines the role of adolescent strain and social support in the etiology of persistent offending. After reviewing the literature on persistent criminality, strain theory, and social support, it presents some of the analysis, using National Youth Survey data. The data suggest that early adolescent strain is associated with young adult nonviolent criminality. The findings also suggest that social support experienced in early adolescence has a marginal, negative effect on both violent and nonviolent offending in young adulthood. In addition, social support appears to mitigate the effects of strain. For example, while there is a three-fold difference in young adult nonviolent offending between high and low strain individuals with low social support, those with high social support had low nonviolent offending regardless of the level of strain. The chapter is more tentative about the findings for violence. While the direct relationship between early adolescent strain and later violent behavior was not statistically significant, the interaction between strain and later social support was. The data suggest that individuals who reported low levels of social support and high levels of strain committed more violent acts in young adulthood than other subjects. The chapter recommend a program of longitudinal research on high-risk children to further examine the types of traumatic strain, intensity, and timing that may lead to very serious and chronic antisocial behavior.Less
This chapter examines the role of adolescent strain and social support in the etiology of persistent offending. After reviewing the literature on persistent criminality, strain theory, and social support, it presents some of the analysis, using National Youth Survey data. The data suggest that early adolescent strain is associated with young adult nonviolent criminality. The findings also suggest that social support experienced in early adolescence has a marginal, negative effect on both violent and nonviolent offending in young adulthood. In addition, social support appears to mitigate the effects of strain. For example, while there is a three-fold difference in young adult nonviolent offending between high and low strain individuals with low social support, those with high social support had low nonviolent offending regardless of the level of strain. The chapter is more tentative about the findings for violence. While the direct relationship between early adolescent strain and later violent behavior was not statistically significant, the interaction between strain and later social support was. The data suggest that individuals who reported low levels of social support and high levels of strain committed more violent acts in young adulthood than other subjects. The chapter recommend a program of longitudinal research on high-risk children to further examine the types of traumatic strain, intensity, and timing that may lead to very serious and chronic antisocial behavior.
Timothy O. Ireland, Craig J. Rivera, and John P. Hoffmann
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Chronic offenders have been a focal concern in criminology since Wolfgang et al. (1972) found that a small proportion of offenders account for a disproportionate amount of crime. Life-course ...
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Chronic offenders have been a focal concern in criminology since Wolfgang et al. (1972) found that a small proportion of offenders account for a disproportionate amount of crime. Life-course criminology considers how criminal careers, or trajectories of crime, unfold over the life course with a focus on understanding “the initiation, continuation, and termination of offending behavior across the lifespan” (Piquero & Mazerolle, 2001, p. viii). General strain theory (GST) argues that the duration, recency, and chronicity of experienced strains might be important dimensions to consider when exploring the strain-delinquency relationship. Taken together these ideas—chronic offending, trajectories of crime, and time-varying constructs of strains or stressors—suggest the need for dynamic measures of crime and strain rather than more traditional static measures. Although much research has focused on the dynamic nature of delinquency, Sampson (2001) argues “that static background variables are surprisingly weak when it comes to the prospective explanation of trajectories of crime over the course of individual lives” (p. vi). In addition, little attention has been directed toward the dynamic nature of theoretically relevant covariates of delinquency and crime. Using longitudinal prospective data from the Family Health Study, we explore, with a particular focus on chronic offending, whether dynamic, time-varying measures of strain are more consistently related to dynamic measures of crime compared to static measures of strain.Less
Chronic offenders have been a focal concern in criminology since Wolfgang et al. (1972) found that a small proportion of offenders account for a disproportionate amount of crime. Life-course criminology considers how criminal careers, or trajectories of crime, unfold over the life course with a focus on understanding “the initiation, continuation, and termination of offending behavior across the lifespan” (Piquero & Mazerolle, 2001, p. viii). General strain theory (GST) argues that the duration, recency, and chronicity of experienced strains might be important dimensions to consider when exploring the strain-delinquency relationship. Taken together these ideas—chronic offending, trajectories of crime, and time-varying constructs of strains or stressors—suggest the need for dynamic measures of crime and strain rather than more traditional static measures. Although much research has focused on the dynamic nature of delinquency, Sampson (2001) argues “that static background variables are surprisingly weak when it comes to the prospective explanation of trajectories of crime over the course of individual lives” (p. vi). In addition, little attention has been directed toward the dynamic nature of theoretically relevant covariates of delinquency and crime. Using longitudinal prospective data from the Family Health Study, we explore, with a particular focus on chronic offending, whether dynamic, time-varying measures of strain are more consistently related to dynamic measures of crime compared to static measures of strain.
Tom Daems
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199559787
- eISBN:
- 9780191701771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559787.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This book reviews the burgeoning literature on contemporary punishment and penal change, concentrating on the work of David Garland, John Pratt, Hans Boutellier and Loïc Wacquant. The author argues ...
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This book reviews the burgeoning literature on contemporary punishment and penal change, concentrating on the work of David Garland, John Pratt, Hans Boutellier and Loïc Wacquant. The author argues that academics do not think and write in a vacuum, they carry a past with them and are influenced by new insights and theories, and constantly need to reposition themselves within their own field and their political environment. This book, then, is as much about the selected authors as the stories they bring. It includes four large chapters devoted to the work of each author, offering an exposé of their work framed within the context of their lives. It offers a discussion of their central ideas and their distinctive approach towards questions of penal change and an analysis of the relationship between their roles as scholars in an academic environment and citizens in a political community. The scholar-oriented approach allows the author to deal with questions related to criminology's public persuasiveness—a timely analysis in view of recent calls for criminologists and other social scientists to enter public debate more directly.Less
This book reviews the burgeoning literature on contemporary punishment and penal change, concentrating on the work of David Garland, John Pratt, Hans Boutellier and Loïc Wacquant. The author argues that academics do not think and write in a vacuum, they carry a past with them and are influenced by new insights and theories, and constantly need to reposition themselves within their own field and their political environment. This book, then, is as much about the selected authors as the stories they bring. It includes four large chapters devoted to the work of each author, offering an exposé of their work framed within the context of their lives. It offers a discussion of their central ideas and their distinctive approach towards questions of penal change and an analysis of the relationship between their roles as scholars in an academic environment and citizens in a political community. The scholar-oriented approach allows the author to deal with questions related to criminology's public persuasiveness—a timely analysis in view of recent calls for criminologists and other social scientists to enter public debate more directly.
Asha Goldweber, Lisa M. Broidy, and Elizabeth Cauffman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter reviews evidence documenting a persistent female offender group and their characteristics. Though small, this group has some defining characteristics. Overall, the evidence shows that ...
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This chapter reviews evidence documenting a persistent female offender group and their characteristics. Though small, this group has some defining characteristics. Overall, the evidence shows that fewer girls compared to boys follow the early onset, chronic offending pathway. For persistent female offenders, delinquency begins early and is more serious, frequent, and consistent than average female offending. However, the offending trajectories of this group end more abruptly in adulthood compared to those of persistent male offenders. Compared to their male counterparts, chronic female offenders also tend to engage in more nonviolent (particularly drug) offenses. Despite some gendered variation in offending patterns, research indicates that the majority of risk/protective factors are gender invariant. The chapter does, however, highlight those risk factors that are particularly salient for girls (e.g., brain asymmetry, comorbid mental health problems, early interpersonal victimization, and adversarial interpersonal relationships). We then examine how female persisters fare in adulthood, both in general and compared to their male counterparts. Among the most troubling outcomes for this group are violent relationships, early/poor parenting, and higher mortality rates. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the interpersonal and societal costs of chronic female offending and a call for more research and policy attention directed toward this particularly troubled group.Less
This chapter reviews evidence documenting a persistent female offender group and their characteristics. Though small, this group has some defining characteristics. Overall, the evidence shows that fewer girls compared to boys follow the early onset, chronic offending pathway. For persistent female offenders, delinquency begins early and is more serious, frequent, and consistent than average female offending. However, the offending trajectories of this group end more abruptly in adulthood compared to those of persistent male offenders. Compared to their male counterparts, chronic female offenders also tend to engage in more nonviolent (particularly drug) offenses. Despite some gendered variation in offending patterns, research indicates that the majority of risk/protective factors are gender invariant. The chapter does, however, highlight those risk factors that are particularly salient for girls (e.g., brain asymmetry, comorbid mental health problems, early interpersonal victimization, and adversarial interpersonal relationships). We then examine how female persisters fare in adulthood, both in general and compared to their male counterparts. Among the most troubling outcomes for this group are violent relationships, early/poor parenting, and higher mortality rates. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the interpersonal and societal costs of chronic female offending and a call for more research and policy attention directed toward this particularly troubled group.
Mary Ann Davis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
A small portion of youth, approximately 20,000 per year, reach the age of majority while in foster care. This chapter explores the issues affecting criminal persistence in this vulnerable population. ...
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A small portion of youth, approximately 20,000 per year, reach the age of majority while in foster care. This chapter explores the issues affecting criminal persistence in this vulnerable population. Although these individuals are expected to function independently, they are at an elevated risk for persistent offending due to factors such as education, employment, income, attachment, and environment. In this chapter, foster care and the process of transition to independent living are first described. Then an examination of the life course, capital and ecological models of persistent offending among foster care youth is presented. Finally, research on the association between foster care and persistent criminality is described and avenues for future research are suggested.Less
A small portion of youth, approximately 20,000 per year, reach the age of majority while in foster care. This chapter explores the issues affecting criminal persistence in this vulnerable population. Although these individuals are expected to function independently, they are at an elevated risk for persistent offending due to factors such as education, employment, income, attachment, and environment. In this chapter, foster care and the process of transition to independent living are first described. Then an examination of the life course, capital and ecological models of persistent offending among foster care youth is presented. Finally, research on the association between foster care and persistent criminality is described and avenues for future research are suggested.
Thomas G. Blomberg, William D. Bales, and Courtney A. Waid
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Prior research has shown a positive relationship between education, employment, and crime desistance for the general adolescent population. Notably absent from the prior literature have been studies ...
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Prior research has shown a positive relationship between education, employment, and crime desistance for the general adolescent population. Notably absent from the prior literature have been studies on the relationship between youth's educational achievement while incarcerated and post-release schooling, employment, and crime desistance experiences. This chapter addresses this potential relationship in its longitudinal assessment of a cohort of just under 5,000 incarcerated youths followed up for two years following their release. It is found that higher levels of educational achievement while incarcerated are positively related to a greater likelihood of post-release return to school, employment, and crime desistance. The chapter concludes with discussion of the life-course theory and related policy implications of the findings.Less
Prior research has shown a positive relationship between education, employment, and crime desistance for the general adolescent population. Notably absent from the prior literature have been studies on the relationship between youth's educational achievement while incarcerated and post-release schooling, employment, and crime desistance experiences. This chapter addresses this potential relationship in its longitudinal assessment of a cohort of just under 5,000 incarcerated youths followed up for two years following their release. It is found that higher levels of educational achievement while incarcerated are positively related to a greater likelihood of post-release return to school, employment, and crime desistance. The chapter concludes with discussion of the life-course theory and related policy implications of the findings.
Alex R. Piquero
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the knowledge base regarding persistence in criminal careers. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the definitional issues associated with ...
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This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the knowledge base regarding persistence in criminal careers. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the definitional issues associated with studying persistence, the various theoretical accounts of persistence, estimates of persistence, and methodological approaches to studying persistence. The chapter concludes by outlining a modest agenda for future research on persistence in criminal careers.Less
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the knowledge base regarding persistence in criminal careers. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the definitional issues associated with studying persistence, the various theoretical accounts of persistence, estimates of persistence, and methodological approaches to studying persistence. The chapter concludes by outlining a modest agenda for future research on persistence in criminal careers.
