Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
If mafia groups are present in a market, they must be organized in some form. Two questions have generated a heated and long-running debate among scholars of the mafias: first, are criminal groups ...
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If mafia groups are present in a market, they must be organized in some form. Two questions have generated a heated and long-running debate among scholars of the mafias: first, are criminal groups organized in a hierarchical and military fashion or, on the contrary, are they loose networks of individuals, getting together to perform a specific task; second, are these groups territorially or functionally organized? Chapter 6 addresses these two questions with reference to the city of Perm, which is in the Gulag Archipelago in the Ural region of Russia. It pieces together some elements in the history of Perm’s criminality at the time of the transition from the Soviet economic and political system to the market economy, discussing the legacy of the Gulag (in the shape of the criminal fraternity of the vory-v-zakone – thieves-with-a-code-of-honour – that flourished in the Soviet labour camps between the 1920s and the 1950s, and re-emerged in the 1970s) in relation to the contemporary criminal situation, the post-Soviet criminal groups that emerged in the city, and inter-group relations and conflicts. Lastly, it analyses the organizational arrangements (structure, size, and internal division of labour) of the mafia groups in Perm, and compares them with other gangs and mafias (principally the Sicilian Mafia or Cosa Nostra).Less
If mafia groups are present in a market, they must be organized in some form. Two questions have generated a heated and long-running debate among scholars of the mafias: first, are criminal groups organized in a hierarchical and military fashion or, on the contrary, are they loose networks of individuals, getting together to perform a specific task; second, are these groups territorially or functionally organized? Chapter 6 addresses these two questions with reference to the city of Perm, which is in the Gulag Archipelago in the Ural region of Russia. It pieces together some elements in the history of Perm’s criminality at the time of the transition from the Soviet economic and political system to the market economy, discussing the legacy of the Gulag (in the shape of the criminal fraternity of the vory-v-zakone – thieves-with-a-code-of-honour – that flourished in the Soviet labour camps between the 1920s and the 1950s, and re-emerged in the 1970s) in relation to the contemporary criminal situation, the post-Soviet criminal groups that emerged in the city, and inter-group relations and conflicts. Lastly, it analyses the organizational arrangements (structure, size, and internal division of labour) of the mafia groups in Perm, and compares them with other gangs and mafias (principally the Sicilian Mafia or Cosa Nostra).
Laurence Whitehead
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253289
- eISBN:
- 9780191600326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253285.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Reviews the theoretical issues associated with citizen security and its role in democracy and democratization. Liberal and constitutional systems tend to take the basic security of the median citizen ...
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Reviews the theoretical issues associated with citizen security and its role in democracy and democratization. Liberal and constitutional systems tend to take the basic security of the median citizen as a datum rather than as a problematic social construction. This chapter considers both the traditional rule of law standpoint and the more ‘sociological’ approaches to citizenship. It then presents case studies from Latin America to demonstrate the gap between theory and experience, and concludes by drawing out the implications for our understanding of democratization.Less
Reviews the theoretical issues associated with citizen security and its role in democracy and democratization. Liberal and constitutional systems tend to take the basic security of the median citizen as a datum rather than as a problematic social construction. This chapter considers both the traditional rule of law standpoint and the more ‘sociological’ approaches to citizenship. It then presents case studies from Latin America to demonstrate the gap between theory and experience, and concludes by drawing out the implications for our understanding of democratization.
Luc Reydams
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274260
- eISBN:
- 9780191719158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274260.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Private International Law
This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Senegal. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the ...
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This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Senegal. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.Less
This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Senegal. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Anindita Mukhopadhyay
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195680836
- eISBN:
- 9780199080700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195680836.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This book investigates the deeper area of class antagonism between the privileged and underprivileged classes as they faced the colonial state and its different ideas of legality and sovereignty in ...
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This book investigates the deeper area of class antagonism between the privileged and underprivileged classes as they faced the colonial state and its different ideas of legality and sovereignty in colonial Bengal. It examines the ambiguity in the bhadralok — the educated middle class — response to courts and jails. The author argues that the discourse of superior ‘bhadralok’ ethics and morals was juxtaposed against the ‘chhotolok’ — who were devoid of such ethical values. This enabled the bhadralok to claim for themselves the position of the ‘aware’ legal subject as a class — a ‘good’ subject obedient to the dictates of the new rule of law, unlike the recalcitrant and ethically ill-equipped chhotolok. The author underlines the development of a new cultural language of morality that delineated the parameters of bhadralok public behaviour. As the ‘rule of law’ of the British government slid unobtrusively into the public domain, the criminal courts and the jails turned into public theatres of infamy — spaces that the ethically bound bhadralok dreaded occupying. The volume, thus, documents how the colonial legal and penal institutions streamlined the identities of some sections of the lower castes into ‘criminal caste’. It also examines the nature of colonial bureaucracy and highlights the social silence on gender and women's criminality.Less
This book investigates the deeper area of class antagonism between the privileged and underprivileged classes as they faced the colonial state and its different ideas of legality and sovereignty in colonial Bengal. It examines the ambiguity in the bhadralok — the educated middle class — response to courts and jails. The author argues that the discourse of superior ‘bhadralok’ ethics and morals was juxtaposed against the ‘chhotolok’ — who were devoid of such ethical values. This enabled the bhadralok to claim for themselves the position of the ‘aware’ legal subject as a class — a ‘good’ subject obedient to the dictates of the new rule of law, unlike the recalcitrant and ethically ill-equipped chhotolok. The author underlines the development of a new cultural language of morality that delineated the parameters of bhadralok public behaviour. As the ‘rule of law’ of the British government slid unobtrusively into the public domain, the criminal courts and the jails turned into public theatres of infamy — spaces that the ethically bound bhadralok dreaded occupying. The volume, thus, documents how the colonial legal and penal institutions streamlined the identities of some sections of the lower castes into ‘criminal caste’. It also examines the nature of colonial bureaucracy and highlights the social silence on gender and women's criminality.
Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The conclusion sums up the arguments of the book. It suggests the book's position within wider discussions of sexuality, repression, and deviance. It discusses the complicated relationship between ...
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The conclusion sums up the arguments of the book. It suggests the book's position within wider discussions of sexuality, repression, and deviance. It discusses the complicated relationship between governmental regime and attitudes towards social deviance, arguing that there is no obvious connection between totalitarianism (National Socialism) and repression, on the one hand, and liberal democracy (The Weimar Republic) and permissiveness, on the other. By starting from the prostitute and complementing her experience with political, social and economic contexts, a new and more accurate picture of the prostitute and her milieu emerges. It also reveals the significance of the disparities between national, regional and local politicians and bureaucrats, as well as the deep gulf that can arise between ideological motivation and practical implementation. Prostitution existed largely unchanged across the period, indicating that other factors continued to make trading in vice a necessity for thousands of German women.Less
The conclusion sums up the arguments of the book. It suggests the book's position within wider discussions of sexuality, repression, and deviance. It discusses the complicated relationship between governmental regime and attitudes towards social deviance, arguing that there is no obvious connection between totalitarianism (National Socialism) and repression, on the one hand, and liberal democracy (The Weimar Republic) and permissiveness, on the other. By starting from the prostitute and complementing her experience with political, social and economic contexts, a new and more accurate picture of the prostitute and her milieu emerges. It also reveals the significance of the disparities between national, regional and local politicians and bureaucrats, as well as the deep gulf that can arise between ideological motivation and practical implementation. Prostitution existed largely unchanged across the period, indicating that other factors continued to make trading in vice a necessity for thousands of German women.
Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi, and Alison Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719099434
- eISBN:
- 9781526124098
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099434.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This volume tells the story of the case study genre at a time when it became the genre par excellence for discussing human sexuality across the humanities and the life sciences. A History of the Case ...
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This volume tells the story of the case study genre at a time when it became the genre par excellence for discussing human sexuality across the humanities and the life sciences. A History of the Case Study takes the reader on a transcontinental journey from the imperial world of fin-de-siècle Central Europe and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the interwar metropolises of Weimar Germany, and to the United States of America in the post-war years.
Foregrounding the figures of case study pioneers, and always alert to the radical implications of their engagement with the genre, the six chapters scrutinise the case writing practices of Sigmund Freud and his predecessor sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing; writers such as Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Oskar Panizza and Alfred Döblin; Weimar intellectuals such as Erich Wulffen, and New York psychoanalyst Viola Bernard. There result important new insights into the continuing legacy of such writers, and into the agency increasingly claimed by the readerships that emerged with the development of modernity—from readers who self-identified as masochists, to conmen and female criminals.
Where previous accounts of the case study have tended to consider the history of the genre from a single disciplinary perspective, this book is structured by the interdisciplinary approach most applicable to the ambivalent context of modernity. It focuses on key moments in the genre’s past, occasions when and where the conventions of the case study were contested as part of a more profound enquiry into the nature of the human subject.Less
This volume tells the story of the case study genre at a time when it became the genre par excellence for discussing human sexuality across the humanities and the life sciences. A History of the Case Study takes the reader on a transcontinental journey from the imperial world of fin-de-siècle Central Europe and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the interwar metropolises of Weimar Germany, and to the United States of America in the post-war years.
Foregrounding the figures of case study pioneers, and always alert to the radical implications of their engagement with the genre, the six chapters scrutinise the case writing practices of Sigmund Freud and his predecessor sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing; writers such as Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Oskar Panizza and Alfred Döblin; Weimar intellectuals such as Erich Wulffen, and New York psychoanalyst Viola Bernard. There result important new insights into the continuing legacy of such writers, and into the agency increasingly claimed by the readerships that emerged with the development of modernity—from readers who self-identified as masochists, to conmen and female criminals.
Where previous accounts of the case study have tended to consider the history of the genre from a single disciplinary perspective, this book is structured by the interdisciplinary approach most applicable to the ambivalent context of modernity. It focuses on key moments in the genre’s past, occasions when and where the conventions of the case study were contested as part of a more profound enquiry into the nature of the human subject.
Donald Bloxham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208723
- eISBN:
- 9780191717017
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208723.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
When the Allies decided to try German war criminals at the end of World War II they were attempting not only to punish the guilty but also to create a record of what had happened in Europe. This book ...
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When the Allies decided to try German war criminals at the end of World War II they were attempting not only to punish the guilty but also to create a record of what had happened in Europe. This book shows how Britain and the United States went about inscribing the history of Nazi Germany and the effect their trial and occupation policies had on both long and short term ‘memory’ in Germany and Britain. The book examines the actions and trials of German soldiers and policemen, the use of legal evidence, the refractory functions of the courtroom, and Allied political and cultural preconceptions of both ‘Germanism’ and of German criminality. The evidence in this book shows conclusively that the trials were a failure: the greatest of all ‘crimes against humanity’ — the ‘final solution of the Jewish question’ — was largely written out of history in the post-war era and the trials failed to transmit the breadth of German criminality. Finally, with reference to the historiography of the Holocaust, this book illuminates the function of the trials in perpetuating misleading generalizations about the course of the Holocaust and the nature of Nazism.Less
When the Allies decided to try German war criminals at the end of World War II they were attempting not only to punish the guilty but also to create a record of what had happened in Europe. This book shows how Britain and the United States went about inscribing the history of Nazi Germany and the effect their trial and occupation policies had on both long and short term ‘memory’ in Germany and Britain. The book examines the actions and trials of German soldiers and policemen, the use of legal evidence, the refractory functions of the courtroom, and Allied political and cultural preconceptions of both ‘Germanism’ and of German criminality. The evidence in this book shows conclusively that the trials were a failure: the greatest of all ‘crimes against humanity’ — the ‘final solution of the Jewish question’ — was largely written out of history in the post-war era and the trials failed to transmit the breadth of German criminality. Finally, with reference to the historiography of the Holocaust, this book illuminates the function of the trials in perpetuating misleading generalizations about the course of the Holocaust and the nature of Nazism.
Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195181166
- eISBN:
- 9780199943302
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181166.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This volume discusses criminology and policy analysis of adolescence. The focus is on the principles and policy of a separate and distinct system of juvenile justice. The book opens with an ...
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This volume discusses criminology and policy analysis of adolescence. The focus is on the principles and policy of a separate and distinct system of juvenile justice. The book opens with an introduction of the creation of adolescence, presenting a justification for the category of the juvenile or a period of partial responsibility before full adulthood. Subsequent sections include empirical investigations of the nature of youth criminality and legal policy towards youth crime. At the heart of the book is an argument for a penal policy that recognizes diminished responsibility and a youth policy that emphasizes the benefits of letting the maturing process continue with minimal interruption. The book concludes with applications of the core concerns to five specific problem areas in current juvenile justice: teen pregnancy, transfer to criminal court, minority overrepresentation, juvenile gun use, and youth homicide.Less
This volume discusses criminology and policy analysis of adolescence. The focus is on the principles and policy of a separate and distinct system of juvenile justice. The book opens with an introduction of the creation of adolescence, presenting a justification for the category of the juvenile or a period of partial responsibility before full adulthood. Subsequent sections include empirical investigations of the nature of youth criminality and legal policy towards youth crime. At the heart of the book is an argument for a penal policy that recognizes diminished responsibility and a youth policy that emphasizes the benefits of letting the maturing process continue with minimal interruption. The book concludes with applications of the core concerns to five specific problem areas in current juvenile justice: teen pregnancy, transfer to criminal court, minority overrepresentation, juvenile gun use, and youth homicide.
Paul Rock
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260950
- eISBN:
- 9780191682179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260950.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The rebuilding of Holloway prison announced in 1968 was intended to be of enormous significance for the treatment and therapeutic rehabilitation of female inmates. Reconstruction began in 1970 but ...
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The rebuilding of Holloway prison announced in 1968 was intended to be of enormous significance for the treatment and therapeutic rehabilitation of female inmates. Reconstruction began in 1970 but the new prison was not completed until 1985. By this time penal ideologies had changed, and the Prison Department had revised its conception of female criminality. Thus, what was intended to be a new therapeutic prison became a place of conventional discipline and containment. These developments created serious problems within the prison and led to Holloway being identified as a public and political scandal. Using original documents and extensive interviews, this book traces the genesis and consequences of the decision to rebuild England's major prison for women, and shows how the experience at Holloway reflects shifting attitudes towards female criminals, and the relationships among penal ideology, architecture, control, and behaviour in a penal institution.Less
The rebuilding of Holloway prison announced in 1968 was intended to be of enormous significance for the treatment and therapeutic rehabilitation of female inmates. Reconstruction began in 1970 but the new prison was not completed until 1985. By this time penal ideologies had changed, and the Prison Department had revised its conception of female criminality. Thus, what was intended to be a new therapeutic prison became a place of conventional discipline and containment. These developments created serious problems within the prison and led to Holloway being identified as a public and political scandal. Using original documents and extensive interviews, this book traces the genesis and consequences of the decision to rebuild England's major prison for women, and shows how the experience at Holloway reflects shifting attitudes towards female criminals, and the relationships among penal ideology, architecture, control, and behaviour in a penal institution.
Barry S. Godfrey, David J. Cox, and Stephen Farrall
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199217205
- eISBN:
- 9780191696046
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217205.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This book uses historical data to directly address modern criminological debates. There is currently a huge growth of interest in histories of crime, and intellectual conversations and connections ...
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This book uses historical data to directly address modern criminological debates. There is currently a huge growth of interest in histories of crime, and intellectual conversations and connections between historians and criminologists are becoming much more frequent. However, published work which uses historical data to this extent is rare. This book’s aim is to draw a wide audience from the worlds of criminology, history, and social policy and engage in a genuinely interdisciplinary debate. This book addresses a number of important questions about offenders’ persistence in, or desistance from, crime and questions the current theoretical frameworks that are given to explain why some people stop, or slow down, their offending, and why offenders’ children become involved in crime. By using criminal registers, census material, and newspaper reports from 1880 — 1940 for one industrial town in North-West England, this book asks how and why did some people stop offending, and what part did employment, relationship formation, and family responsibility play in that process; was criminality passed on from parent to child, and if so, how; and to what extent were persistent offenders also persistent victims?Less
This book uses historical data to directly address modern criminological debates. There is currently a huge growth of interest in histories of crime, and intellectual conversations and connections between historians and criminologists are becoming much more frequent. However, published work which uses historical data to this extent is rare. This book’s aim is to draw a wide audience from the worlds of criminology, history, and social policy and engage in a genuinely interdisciplinary debate. This book addresses a number of important questions about offenders’ persistence in, or desistance from, crime and questions the current theoretical frameworks that are given to explain why some people stop, or slow down, their offending, and why offenders’ children become involved in crime. By using criminal registers, census material, and newspaper reports from 1880 — 1940 for one industrial town in North-West England, this book asks how and why did some people stop offending, and what part did employment, relationship formation, and family responsibility play in that process; was criminality passed on from parent to child, and if so, how; and to what extent were persistent offenders also persistent victims?
Paul Friedland
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592692
- eISBN:
- 9780191741852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592692.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, European Early Modern History
Through the beginning of the sixteenth century, executions often attracted large crowds of people who saw themselves as full participants in a ritual with profound spiritual meaning. With the first ...
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Through the beginning of the sixteenth century, executions often attracted large crowds of people who saw themselves as full participants in a ritual with profound spiritual meaning. With the first executions of Lutheran heretics, however, who refused to play the traditional role of the remorseful penitent but instead went to the scaffold joyously, crowds of spectators began to attend executions as a spectacular novelty. From the middle of the sixteenth century onward, wealthier segments of the population began viewing executions as a form of novel entertainment, renting windows overlooking the scaffold. By the seventeenth century, the upper classes had developed a fascination with criminality, which they satisfied through the reading of scandalously realistic true-crime novels as well as through a growing taste for witnessing real criminals be put to death in spectacles of public execution.Less
Through the beginning of the sixteenth century, executions often attracted large crowds of people who saw themselves as full participants in a ritual with profound spiritual meaning. With the first executions of Lutheran heretics, however, who refused to play the traditional role of the remorseful penitent but instead went to the scaffold joyously, crowds of spectators began to attend executions as a spectacular novelty. From the middle of the sixteenth century onward, wealthier segments of the population began viewing executions as a form of novel entertainment, renting windows overlooking the scaffold. By the seventeenth century, the upper classes had developed a fascination with criminality, which they satisfied through the reading of scandalously realistic true-crime novels as well as through a growing taste for witnessing real criminals be put to death in spectacles of public execution.
Donald Bloxham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208723
- eISBN:
- 9780191717017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208723.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter begins with a brief explanation of the purpose of the book, which is to show that the war crimes trials did little to clarify conceptualizations of Nazi criminality in the ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief explanation of the purpose of the book, which is to show that the war crimes trials did little to clarify conceptualizations of Nazi criminality in the public sphere anywhere. Sometimes they actually muddied the waters by drawing attention away from the victims of Nazi genocide and onto much more ambiguous symbols of suffering. It then discusses the trials enacted after the Second World War and the early formation of punishment policy. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief explanation of the purpose of the book, which is to show that the war crimes trials did little to clarify conceptualizations of Nazi criminality in the public sphere anywhere. Sometimes they actually muddied the waters by drawing attention away from the victims of Nazi genocide and onto much more ambiguous symbols of suffering. It then discusses the trials enacted after the Second World War and the early formation of punishment policy. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Donald Bloxham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208723
- eISBN:
- 9780191717017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208723.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter shows why the trials did not alter pre-existing conceptions of German criminality. It argues that trials were conceptually flawed as didactic tools, and that their shortcomings were ...
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This chapter shows why the trials did not alter pre-existing conceptions of German criminality. It argues that trials were conceptually flawed as didactic tools, and that their shortcomings were magnified by the political discourses of the post-war years. The analysis focuses particularly on the trials, and debates around those trials, of regular German soldiers. With the passage of time after the end of the war, such debates accommodated and were accommodated by broader international discourses about Germany's position vis-à-vis the USSR, the ‘west’ versus the ‘east’, civilization versus barbarism and the Christian order versus totalitarianism. They contributed eventually to significant distortions in each country of the nature of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, and more generally to sweeping diminishments of the breadth of German guilt, as the supposed innocence of the German soldier was transposed to the whole of the German population.Less
This chapter shows why the trials did not alter pre-existing conceptions of German criminality. It argues that trials were conceptually flawed as didactic tools, and that their shortcomings were magnified by the political discourses of the post-war years. The analysis focuses particularly on the trials, and debates around those trials, of regular German soldiers. With the passage of time after the end of the war, such debates accommodated and were accommodated by broader international discourses about Germany's position vis-à-vis the USSR, the ‘west’ versus the ‘east’, civilization versus barbarism and the Christian order versus totalitarianism. They contributed eventually to significant distortions in each country of the nature of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, and more generally to sweeping diminishments of the breadth of German guilt, as the supposed innocence of the German soldier was transposed to the whole of the German population.
Ellen D. Wu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157825
- eISBN:
- 9781400848874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157825.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines how a a national panic over a perceived escalation in youth criminality surfaced in the early 1940s, which was triggered by the social transformations of wartime. For Chinese in ...
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This chapter examines how a a national panic over a perceived escalation in youth criminality surfaced in the early 1940s, which was triggered by the social transformations of wartime. For Chinese in the United States, the issue of juvenile delinquency became an important means through which to stipulate their race and citizenship imperatives after World War II. Chinatown leaders adopted a bifurcated strategy that reflected the ongoing tension between sameness and difference under racial liberalism. In one direction, community managers argued that juvenile delinquency was as much a problem for the Chinese as for other Americans. They stressed their right to state resources to stamp out youth crime as equal and deserving members of the polity.Less
This chapter examines how a a national panic over a perceived escalation in youth criminality surfaced in the early 1940s, which was triggered by the social transformations of wartime. For Chinese in the United States, the issue of juvenile delinquency became an important means through which to stipulate their race and citizenship imperatives after World War II. Chinatown leaders adopted a bifurcated strategy that reflected the ongoing tension between sameness and difference under racial liberalism. In one direction, community managers argued that juvenile delinquency was as much a problem for the Chinese as for other Americans. They stressed their right to state resources to stamp out youth crime as equal and deserving members of the polity.
Dúnlaith Bird
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644162
- eISBN:
- 9780199949984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644162.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of ...
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This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of mobility and gender construction. The chapter begins by mapping the development of vagabondage from its historical origins to its reformulation as women’s movement from 1850. From forced economic migration in fourteenth-century Europe, vagabondage gradually metamorphoses into a criminal activity, a seditious plague on the nation state, as close textual analysis of Royal Statutes from Britain and France shows. It also constitutes a marginal literary movement, from Elizabethan rogue’s literature to Victor Hugo’s vagabond heroes. The chapter uses Isabelle Eberhardt’s early travel writing and Colette’s La Vagabonde (1911) to elucidate the central characteristics and themes of women’s vagabondage. The final section examines official repression of female vagabondage and the appearance of modern ‘rogue literature’ as a response to this repression in the travelogues of Freya Stark.Less
This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of mobility and gender construction. The chapter begins by mapping the development of vagabondage from its historical origins to its reformulation as women’s movement from 1850. From forced economic migration in fourteenth-century Europe, vagabondage gradually metamorphoses into a criminal activity, a seditious plague on the nation state, as close textual analysis of Royal Statutes from Britain and France shows. It also constitutes a marginal literary movement, from Elizabethan rogue’s literature to Victor Hugo’s vagabond heroes. The chapter uses Isabelle Eberhardt’s early travel writing and Colette’s La Vagabonde (1911) to elucidate the central characteristics and themes of women’s vagabondage. The final section examines official repression of female vagabondage and the appearance of modern ‘rogue literature’ as a response to this repression in the travelogues of Freya Stark.
Elies van Sliedregt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199560363
- eISBN:
- 9780191738623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560363.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of individual criminal responsibility covering developments in municipal criminal law and international criminal responsibility. It then discusses ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of individual criminal responsibility covering developments in municipal criminal law and international criminal responsibility. It then discusses system criminality, Colonel Murray C. Bernays' collective criminality theory, and subsequent proceedings. The concept of individual criminal responsibility in international law is modelled on criminal responsibility in national law. While it is premised on the principle of individual fault it has gained collective traits enabling liability for the acts and omissions of others. In that, it follows trends and developments in national criminal law. Liability for international crimes does, however, have specific features.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of individual criminal responsibility covering developments in municipal criminal law and international criminal responsibility. It then discusses system criminality, Colonel Murray C. Bernays' collective criminality theory, and subsequent proceedings. The concept of individual criminal responsibility in international law is modelled on criminal responsibility in national law. While it is premised on the principle of individual fault it has gained collective traits enabling liability for the acts and omissions of others. In that, it follows trends and developments in national criminal law. Liability for international crimes does, however, have specific features.
Christopher R. Clason (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786941213
- eISBN:
- 9781789629057
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786941213.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This collection of essays addresses a very broad range of Hoffmann’s most significant works, examining them through the lens of “transgression.” Transgression bears relevance to E. T. A. Hoffmann’s ...
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This collection of essays addresses a very broad range of Hoffmann’s most significant works, examining them through the lens of “transgression.” Transgression bears relevance to E. T. A. Hoffmann’s life and professions in 3 ways. First, his official career path was that of jurisprudence; he was active as a lawyer, a judge and eventually as one of the most important magistrates in Berlin. Second, his personal life was marked by numerous conflicts with political and social authorities. Seemingly no matter where he went, he experienced much chaos, grief and impoverishment in leading his always precarious existence. Third, his works explore characters and concepts beyond the boundaries of what was considered aesthetically acceptable. “Normal” bourgeois existence was often juxtaposed to the lives of criminals, sinners, and other deviants, both within the spaces of the known world as well as in supernatural realms. He, perhaps more than any other author of the German Romantic movement, regularly portrayed the dark side of existence in his works, including unconscious psychological phenomena, nightmares, somnambulism, vampirism, mesmerism, Doppelgänger, and other forms of transgressive behavior. It is the intention of this volume to provide a new look at Hoffmann’s very diverse body of work from numerous perspectives, stimulating interest in Hoffmann in English language audiences.Less
This collection of essays addresses a very broad range of Hoffmann’s most significant works, examining them through the lens of “transgression.” Transgression bears relevance to E. T. A. Hoffmann’s life and professions in 3 ways. First, his official career path was that of jurisprudence; he was active as a lawyer, a judge and eventually as one of the most important magistrates in Berlin. Second, his personal life was marked by numerous conflicts with political and social authorities. Seemingly no matter where he went, he experienced much chaos, grief and impoverishment in leading his always precarious existence. Third, his works explore characters and concepts beyond the boundaries of what was considered aesthetically acceptable. “Normal” bourgeois existence was often juxtaposed to the lives of criminals, sinners, and other deviants, both within the spaces of the known world as well as in supernatural realms. He, perhaps more than any other author of the German Romantic movement, regularly portrayed the dark side of existence in his works, including unconscious psychological phenomena, nightmares, somnambulism, vampirism, mesmerism, Doppelgänger, and other forms of transgressive behavior. It is the intention of this volume to provide a new look at Hoffmann’s very diverse body of work from numerous perspectives, stimulating interest in Hoffmann in English language audiences.
Robert Gellately
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198228691
- eISBN:
- 9780191678806
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198228691.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book is an examination of the everyday operations of the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police. It looks at how the Gestapo were able to detect the smallest signs of non-compliance with Nazi ...
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This book is an examination of the everyday operations of the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police. It looks at how the Gestapo were able to detect the smallest signs of non-compliance with Nazi doctrines, especially ‘crimes’ pertaining to the private spheres of social, family, and sexual life. How could the police enforce policies such as those designed to isolate the Jews, or the foreign workers brought to Germany after 1939, with such scrupulousness and apparent ease? This book argues that the key factor in the ‘successful’ enforcement of Nazi racial policy was the willingness of German citizens to provide the authorities with information about suspected ‘criminality’. The book does not charge the nation with ‘collective guilt’, but demonstrates that, without some degree of popular participation in the operations of institutions such as the Gestapo, the regime would have been seriously hampered not only inside Germany, but also in many of the occupied countries.Less
This book is an examination of the everyday operations of the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police. It looks at how the Gestapo were able to detect the smallest signs of non-compliance with Nazi doctrines, especially ‘crimes’ pertaining to the private spheres of social, family, and sexual life. How could the police enforce policies such as those designed to isolate the Jews, or the foreign workers brought to Germany after 1939, with such scrupulousness and apparent ease? This book argues that the key factor in the ‘successful’ enforcement of Nazi racial policy was the willingness of German citizens to provide the authorities with information about suspected ‘criminality’. The book does not charge the nation with ‘collective guilt’, but demonstrates that, without some degree of popular participation in the operations of institutions such as the Gestapo, the regime would have been seriously hampered not only inside Germany, but also in many of the occupied countries.
Carl N. Degler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195077070
- eISBN:
- 9780199853991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195077070.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This chapter examines the shift in the study of nature towards the issue of social and environmental factors. This shift led to the abandonment of the sexual explanations for differences in human ...
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This chapter examines the shift in the study of nature towards the issue of social and environmental factors. This shift led to the abandonment of the sexual explanations for differences in human behavior. This chapter cites studies concerning the relation between feeblemindedness and criminality. It suggests even though the concept of human instincts had come under serious criticism in the early 1920s, almost the precise opposite was true of the idea that human races and ethnic groups differed in mental abilities.Less
This chapter examines the shift in the study of nature towards the issue of social and environmental factors. This shift led to the abandonment of the sexual explanations for differences in human behavior. This chapter cites studies concerning the relation between feeblemindedness and criminality. It suggests even though the concept of human instincts had come under serious criticism in the early 1920s, almost the precise opposite was true of the idea that human races and ethnic groups differed in mental abilities.
W. David Allen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762526
- eISBN:
- 9780804777599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762526.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book presents an economic analysis of decisions made by criminals and victims of crime before, during, and after a crime or victimization occurs. Its main purpose is to illustrate how the ...
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This book presents an economic analysis of decisions made by criminals and victims of crime before, during, and after a crime or victimization occurs. Its main purpose is to illustrate how the application of analytical tools from economics can help us to understand the causes and consequences of criminal and victim choices, aiding efforts to deter or reduce the consequences of crime. By examining these decisions along a logical timeline over which crimes take place, we can begin to think more clearly about how policy effects change when it is targeted at specific decisions within the body of a crime. This book differs from others by recognizing the timeline of a crime, paying particular attention to victim decisions, and examining each step in the crime cycle at the micro-level. It demonstrates that criminals plan their crimes in systematic, economically logical ways; that deterring the destruction of criminal evidence may deter crime in general; and that white-collar criminals exhibit recidivism patterns not unlike those of street criminals. It further shows that the degree of criminality in a society motivates a variety of self-protection behaviors by potential victims; that not all victim resistance makes matters worse (and some may help); and that victims who report their crimes do not receive high returns for going to the police, helping to explain why some crimes ultimately go unreported.Less
This book presents an economic analysis of decisions made by criminals and victims of crime before, during, and after a crime or victimization occurs. Its main purpose is to illustrate how the application of analytical tools from economics can help us to understand the causes and consequences of criminal and victim choices, aiding efforts to deter or reduce the consequences of crime. By examining these decisions along a logical timeline over which crimes take place, we can begin to think more clearly about how policy effects change when it is targeted at specific decisions within the body of a crime. This book differs from others by recognizing the timeline of a crime, paying particular attention to victim decisions, and examining each step in the crime cycle at the micro-level. It demonstrates that criminals plan their crimes in systematic, economically logical ways; that deterring the destruction of criminal evidence may deter crime in general; and that white-collar criminals exhibit recidivism patterns not unlike those of street criminals. It further shows that the degree of criminality in a society motivates a variety of self-protection behaviors by potential victims; that not all victim resistance makes matters worse (and some may help); and that victims who report their crimes do not receive high returns for going to the police, helping to explain why some crimes ultimately go unreported.
