Dilwyn Porter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199226009
- eISBN:
- 9780191710315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226009.003.0018
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Sport in Britain, especially elite sport, has been transformed over the period since 1960, increasingly taking on the appearance and attributes of big business. This chapter discusses three important ...
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Sport in Britain, especially elite sport, has been transformed over the period since 1960, increasingly taking on the appearance and attributes of big business. This chapter discusses three important aspects of this transformation. Firstly, the institutions governing British sport, most of them dating from the era of amateur hegemony, which began in the mid 19th century, were subject to a long drawn-out process of modernization, starting in the early 1960s when the distinction between ‘gentlemen’ and ‘players’ was abandoned in English cricket and ending with the arrival of ‘open’ rugby union in 1995. Secondly, as the constraints on commercialism dating from the amateur era were progressively abandoned, sport and business became more closely related as companies began to view sports sponsorship as a cost-effective way of raising consumer awareness of the goods and services that they offered. It is argued that the demands of building relationships with sponsors helped to change the way that sports businesses were run, as the stadium gradually made way for the ‘tradium’. Thirdly, it is clear that business sponsorship, the effectiveness of which was determined by the level of television exposure, helped to push sport into an ever-closer relationship with the media, especially television. The part played by the media, especially BSkyB, in bringing about structural changes in English football and rugby league since the 1990s are explored against this backdrop.Less
Sport in Britain, especially elite sport, has been transformed over the period since 1960, increasingly taking on the appearance and attributes of big business. This chapter discusses three important aspects of this transformation. Firstly, the institutions governing British sport, most of them dating from the era of amateur hegemony, which began in the mid 19th century, were subject to a long drawn-out process of modernization, starting in the early 1960s when the distinction between ‘gentlemen’ and ‘players’ was abandoned in English cricket and ending with the arrival of ‘open’ rugby union in 1995. Secondly, as the constraints on commercialism dating from the amateur era were progressively abandoned, sport and business became more closely related as companies began to view sports sponsorship as a cost-effective way of raising consumer awareness of the goods and services that they offered. It is argued that the demands of building relationships with sponsors helped to change the way that sports businesses were run, as the stadium gradually made way for the ‘tradium’. Thirdly, it is clear that business sponsorship, the effectiveness of which was determined by the level of television exposure, helped to push sport into an ever-closer relationship with the media, especially television. The part played by the media, especially BSkyB, in bringing about structural changes in English football and rugby league since the 1990s are explored against this backdrop.
Marlene Zuk and Robin M. Tinghitella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Surprisingly few examples of rapid evolutionary change in behavioral traits have been documented in nature, yet circumstances favoring rapid evolution in other traits apply equally well to behaviour, ...
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Surprisingly few examples of rapid evolutionary change in behavioral traits have been documented in nature, yet circumstances favoring rapid evolution in other traits apply equally well to behaviour, including animal signals. This chapter considers the role of signals in rapid evolution and the way behavior influences evolutionary change. Because communication involves interactions between individuals, changes in signal structure or production must be accompanied by change in the receiver, which means that behaviour itself can constrain evolution. Alternatively, behaviour may facilitate contemporary evolution. The chapter reviews the literature as well as work presented in this chapter with a field cricket in which pre-existing behavioural plasticity apparently facilitated spread of a mutation that silences males, simultaneously eliminating their sexual signal and protecting them from a parasitoid.Less
Surprisingly few examples of rapid evolutionary change in behavioral traits have been documented in nature, yet circumstances favoring rapid evolution in other traits apply equally well to behaviour, including animal signals. This chapter considers the role of signals in rapid evolution and the way behavior influences evolutionary change. Because communication involves interactions between individuals, changes in signal structure or production must be accompanied by change in the receiver, which means that behaviour itself can constrain evolution. Alternatively, behaviour may facilitate contemporary evolution. The chapter reviews the literature as well as work presented in this chapter with a field cricket in which pre-existing behavioural plasticity apparently facilitated spread of a mutation that silences males, simultaneously eliminating their sexual signal and protecting them from a parasitoid.
Ronojoy Sen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231164900
- eISBN:
- 9780231539937
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164900.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
Reaching as far back as ancient times, Ronojoy Sen pairs a novel history of India’s engagement with sport and a probing analysis of its cultural and political development under monarchy and ...
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Reaching as far back as ancient times, Ronojoy Sen pairs a novel history of India’s engagement with sport and a probing analysis of its cultural and political development under monarchy and colonialism, and as an independent nation. Some sports that originated in India have fallen out of favor, while others, such as cricket, have been adopted and made wholly India’s own. Sen’s innovative project casts sport less as a natural expression of human competition than as an instructive practice reflecting a unique play with power, morality, aesthetics, identity, and money. Sen follows the transformation of sport from an elite, kingly pastime to a national obsession tied to colonialism, nationalism, and free market liberalization. He pays special attention to two modern phenomena: the dominance of cricket in the Indian consciousness and the chronic failure of a billion-strong nation to compete successfully in international sporting competitions, such as the Olympics. Innovatively incorporating examples from popular media and other unconventional sources, Sen not only captures the political nature of sport in India but also reveals the patterns of patronage, clientage, and institutionalization that have bound this diverse nation together for centuries.Less
Reaching as far back as ancient times, Ronojoy Sen pairs a novel history of India’s engagement with sport and a probing analysis of its cultural and political development under monarchy and colonialism, and as an independent nation. Some sports that originated in India have fallen out of favor, while others, such as cricket, have been adopted and made wholly India’s own. Sen’s innovative project casts sport less as a natural expression of human competition than as an instructive practice reflecting a unique play with power, morality, aesthetics, identity, and money. Sen follows the transformation of sport from an elite, kingly pastime to a national obsession tied to colonialism, nationalism, and free market liberalization. He pays special attention to two modern phenomena: the dominance of cricket in the Indian consciousness and the chronic failure of a billion-strong nation to compete successfully in international sporting competitions, such as the Olympics. Innovatively incorporating examples from popular media and other unconventional sources, Sen not only captures the political nature of sport in India but also reveals the patterns of patronage, clientage, and institutionalization that have bound this diverse nation together for centuries.
Ronojoy Sen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231164900
- eISBN:
- 9780231539937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164900.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
The arrival of the British and the introduction of English sport in India.
The arrival of the British and the introduction of English sport in India.
Ronojoy Sen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231164900
- eISBN:
- 9780231539937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164900.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
The regional variations in the development of sport in India and the role played by clubs, corporate business and the armed forces.
The regional variations in the development of sport in India and the role played by clubs, corporate business and the armed forces.
Ronojoy Sen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231164900
- eISBN:
- 9780231539937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164900.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
How cricket swamped all other sports in India.
How cricket swamped all other sports in India.
Alan Bairner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199583119
- eISBN:
- 9780191744822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583119.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The interplay of politics and sport is a major theme in the social and cultural history of Ulster. The origins of many of the games popular in Ulster today go deep in time. With the rise of Irish ...
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The interplay of politics and sport is a major theme in the social and cultural history of Ulster. The origins of many of the games popular in Ulster today go deep in time. With the rise of Irish nationalism certain games came to be categorised as Gaelic (Gaelic football, hurling, handball and camóige), while other games such as cricket, rugby, soccer and hockey were stigmatised as ‘foreign’. Sport became both a way to escape political and social hardship and a key factor ‘in the construction and reproduction of competing identities’. Some games had clear provincial elements in their organisation: for example the Ulster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union established in 1879 and the Ulster Council of the GAA in 1903. But representation at international, including Olympic, level has posed problems for individual sports people. The debate about sport and politics continues to this day.Less
The interplay of politics and sport is a major theme in the social and cultural history of Ulster. The origins of many of the games popular in Ulster today go deep in time. With the rise of Irish nationalism certain games came to be categorised as Gaelic (Gaelic football, hurling, handball and camóige), while other games such as cricket, rugby, soccer and hockey were stigmatised as ‘foreign’. Sport became both a way to escape political and social hardship and a key factor ‘in the construction and reproduction of competing identities’. Some games had clear provincial elements in their organisation: for example the Ulster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union established in 1879 and the Ulster Council of the GAA in 1903. But representation at international, including Olympic, level has posed problems for individual sports people. The debate about sport and politics continues to this day.
Peter Davies and Robert Light
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719082795
- eISBN:
- 9781781705964
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719082795.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The structure of book is chronological but also thematic. Our analysis begins in Chapter 1, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with an inquiry into the nature of early sport and early ...
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The structure of book is chronological but also thematic. Our analysis begins in Chapter 1, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with an inquiry into the nature of early sport and early cricket. The following chapter, Chapter 2, investigates the way in which the early cricket clubs were formed. It will relate the development of cricket clubs to the social, economic and cultural changes that took place during the last four decades of the nineteenth century. We then move on, in Chapter 3, to the issue of competition. What was the nature of early competition? We will assess the concept of the challenge match and also evaluate how such events contributed to the early development of the sport. Moving into the twentieth century, in Chapter 4 we investigate the significance of the two world wars as regards the development of cricket. In what sense were they a rupture? As regards the post-war era, Chapter 5 examines a range of issues, including multiculturalism in the grassroots game, the role of women, equipment and junior cricket. The final chapter, Chapter 6, brings the story of cricket up to date and investigates such issues as competition, globalisation, commercialisation, and the role of the ECB.Less
The structure of book is chronological but also thematic. Our analysis begins in Chapter 1, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with an inquiry into the nature of early sport and early cricket. The following chapter, Chapter 2, investigates the way in which the early cricket clubs were formed. It will relate the development of cricket clubs to the social, economic and cultural changes that took place during the last four decades of the nineteenth century. We then move on, in Chapter 3, to the issue of competition. What was the nature of early competition? We will assess the concept of the challenge match and also evaluate how such events contributed to the early development of the sport. Moving into the twentieth century, in Chapter 4 we investigate the significance of the two world wars as regards the development of cricket. In what sense were they a rupture? As regards the post-war era, Chapter 5 examines a range of issues, including multiculturalism in the grassroots game, the role of women, equipment and junior cricket. The final chapter, Chapter 6, brings the story of cricket up to date and investigates such issues as competition, globalisation, commercialisation, and the role of the ECB.
Ross McKibbin
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206729
- eISBN:
- 9780191677298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206729.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
This chapter looks at the history both of national sports, those broadly representative of society as a whole: cricket, football, rugby, horse-racing, and fishing, and of ‘sectarian’ sports, whose ...
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This chapter looks at the history both of national sports, those broadly representative of society as a whole: cricket, football, rugby, horse-racing, and fishing, and of ‘sectarian’ sports, whose following was much narrower. It considers the forces that encouraged or inhibited their popular following. The chapter also considers the relationship of women to sport, and the role of betting both in sport and society. It discusses English sport in the international sphere and what the apparent loss of international sporting competitiveness might reveal about English social codes more generally. Sport was one of the most powerful of England's civil cultures. However, the period was not equally kind to all sports. As a rule, ‘middle-class’ sports did well, especially in the interwar years, by exploiting the physical and numerical expansion of the middle classes.Less
This chapter looks at the history both of national sports, those broadly representative of society as a whole: cricket, football, rugby, horse-racing, and fishing, and of ‘sectarian’ sports, whose following was much narrower. It considers the forces that encouraged or inhibited their popular following. The chapter also considers the relationship of women to sport, and the role of betting both in sport and society. It discusses English sport in the international sphere and what the apparent loss of international sporting competitiveness might reveal about English social codes more generally. Sport was one of the most powerful of England's civil cultures. However, the period was not equally kind to all sports. As a rule, ‘middle-class’ sports did well, especially in the interwar years, by exploiting the physical and numerical expansion of the middle classes.
H. S. Jones
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199510177
- eISBN:
- 9780191700972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199510177.003.0022
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
By 1850, the Boat Race, though not yet known by that lapidary title, had an established place in the sporting calendar of Oxford University. It was almost (though not quite) an annual fixture, and ...
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By 1850, the Boat Race, though not yet known by that lapidary title, had an established place in the sporting calendar of Oxford University. It was almost (though not quite) an annual fixture, and was regarded as ‘the great event of the aquatic year’ and ‘the greatest of all aquatic reunions’. The Oxford–Cambridge cricket match, a still more venerable fixture, had established itself as an annual contest, but excited less public interest than its counterpart on the river. These were, however, the only two inter-university contests yet established; the concept of the ‘blue’ had not yet emerged; and Lord's was not yet established as the permanent venue for the cricket match. Sport in Oxford had not taken on a recognizably modern form; netther had the word ‘sport’ assumed its modern meaning, for to the Oxford undergraduate of the 1850s it still meant hunting, whereas rowing, cricket, and boxing were ‘athletic pursuits’. The half-century that followed saw the establishment of the distinctive patterns of modern Oxford sport and, indeed, of undergraduate leisure.Less
By 1850, the Boat Race, though not yet known by that lapidary title, had an established place in the sporting calendar of Oxford University. It was almost (though not quite) an annual fixture, and was regarded as ‘the great event of the aquatic year’ and ‘the greatest of all aquatic reunions’. The Oxford–Cambridge cricket match, a still more venerable fixture, had established itself as an annual contest, but excited less public interest than its counterpart on the river. These were, however, the only two inter-university contests yet established; the concept of the ‘blue’ had not yet emerged; and Lord's was not yet established as the permanent venue for the cricket match. Sport in Oxford had not taken on a recognizably modern form; netther had the word ‘sport’ assumed its modern meaning, for to the Oxford undergraduate of the 1850s it still meant hunting, whereas rowing, cricket, and boxing were ‘athletic pursuits’. The half-century that followed saw the establishment of the distinctive patterns of modern Oxford sport and, indeed, of undergraduate leisure.
Nicholas Freeman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748640560
- eISBN:
- 9780748651399
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640560.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Oscar Wilde's disastrous libel suit against the Marquess of Queensberry dominated British newspapers during the spring of 1895. This book shows that the Wilde scandal was just one of many events to ...
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Oscar Wilde's disastrous libel suit against the Marquess of Queensberry dominated British newspapers during the spring of 1895. This book shows that the Wilde scandal was just one of many events to capture the public's imagination that year. Had Jack the Ripper returned? Did the Prime Minister have a dreadful secret? Were Aubrey Beardsley's drawings corrupting the nation? Were overpaid foreign players ruining English football? Could cricket save a nation from moral ruin? Freak weather, flu, a General Election, industrial unrest, New Women, fraud, accidents, anarchists, balloons and bicycles all stirred up interest and alarm. The book shows how this turbulent year is at the same time far removed from our own day and strangely familiar. It interweaves literature, politics and historical biography with topics such as crime, the weather, sport, visual art and journalism to give an overarching view of everyday life in 1895. The book draws on diverse primary sources, from the Aberdeen Weekly Journal to the Women's Signal Budget, and from the Illustrated Police News to The Yellow Book; and is illustrated with stills from plays and reproductions of newspaper front pages, to bring Victorian culture to life.Less
Oscar Wilde's disastrous libel suit against the Marquess of Queensberry dominated British newspapers during the spring of 1895. This book shows that the Wilde scandal was just one of many events to capture the public's imagination that year. Had Jack the Ripper returned? Did the Prime Minister have a dreadful secret? Were Aubrey Beardsley's drawings corrupting the nation? Were overpaid foreign players ruining English football? Could cricket save a nation from moral ruin? Freak weather, flu, a General Election, industrial unrest, New Women, fraud, accidents, anarchists, balloons and bicycles all stirred up interest and alarm. The book shows how this turbulent year is at the same time far removed from our own day and strangely familiar. It interweaves literature, politics and historical biography with topics such as crime, the weather, sport, visual art and journalism to give an overarching view of everyday life in 1895. The book draws on diverse primary sources, from the Aberdeen Weekly Journal to the Women's Signal Budget, and from the Illustrated Police News to The Yellow Book; and is illustrated with stills from plays and reproductions of newspaper front pages, to bring Victorian culture to life.
Swati Chattopadhyay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816679317
- eISBN:
- 9781452947266
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816679317.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural Theory and Criticism
Cities are more than concrete and steel infrastructure. But modern urban theory does not have the language to describe and debate the vital component of urban life that is lived on the streets of ...
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Cities are more than concrete and steel infrastructure. But modern urban theory does not have the language to describe and debate the vital component of urban life that is lived on the streets of cities and towns. This book presents a nuanced argument for a new vocabulary of the city, proposing a way of analyzing the materiality of the urban that captures the ever-changing element of human experience. Urban life is intrinsically messy and usually refuses to conform to the rigid views laid down in much of urban studies theory. The book looks at urban life in India with a fresh perspective that incorporates the everyday and the unstructured. As the first to apply the theories of subalternity for an understanding of urban history, the book provides an in-depth study of vehicular art, street cricket, political wall writing, and religious festivities that links the visual and spatial attributes of these popular cultural forms with the imagination and practices of the city. She contends that these practices have a direct impact on the configuration and knowledge of public space, and the political potential of the people inhabiting cities.Less
Cities are more than concrete and steel infrastructure. But modern urban theory does not have the language to describe and debate the vital component of urban life that is lived on the streets of cities and towns. This book presents a nuanced argument for a new vocabulary of the city, proposing a way of analyzing the materiality of the urban that captures the ever-changing element of human experience. Urban life is intrinsically messy and usually refuses to conform to the rigid views laid down in much of urban studies theory. The book looks at urban life in India with a fresh perspective that incorporates the everyday and the unstructured. As the first to apply the theories of subalternity for an understanding of urban history, the book provides an in-depth study of vehicular art, street cricket, political wall writing, and religious festivities that links the visual and spatial attributes of these popular cultural forms with the imagination and practices of the city. She contends that these practices have a direct impact on the configuration and knowledge of public space, and the political potential of the people inhabiting cities.
Mark Hampton
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099236
- eISBN:
- 9781526104373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099236.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Post-war Hong Kong was not merely an arena for developing capitalism, modernisation, and good governance; it was also a site for leisure. Above all, Hong Kong was described as a venue for male ...
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Post-war Hong Kong was not merely an arena for developing capitalism, modernisation, and good governance; it was also a site for leisure. Above all, Hong Kong was described as a venue for male leisure. This included recreating institutions familiar from home, such as sport and clubs, and allowing a wider range of sexual opportunity than the UK did, even in an era of “permissiveness”. Commentators, including for example Ian Fleming, described Hong Kong as a place in which European and American men could enjoy easy access to Asian women’s bodies, thanks to the conjunction of poverty and a traditional desire of Asian women to please men. The archetype of such a woman was Richard Mason’s character Suzie Wong. Whereas the enjoyment of heterosexual opportunity required a moderate amount of discretion, homosexual liaisons—criminal offenses for most of the Colonial period—required virtual secrecy. The latter point is illustrated by the death of police inspector John MacLennan.Less
Post-war Hong Kong was not merely an arena for developing capitalism, modernisation, and good governance; it was also a site for leisure. Above all, Hong Kong was described as a venue for male leisure. This included recreating institutions familiar from home, such as sport and clubs, and allowing a wider range of sexual opportunity than the UK did, even in an era of “permissiveness”. Commentators, including for example Ian Fleming, described Hong Kong as a place in which European and American men could enjoy easy access to Asian women’s bodies, thanks to the conjunction of poverty and a traditional desire of Asian women to please men. The archetype of such a woman was Richard Mason’s character Suzie Wong. Whereas the enjoyment of heterosexual opportunity required a moderate amount of discretion, homosexual liaisons—criminal offenses for most of the Colonial period—required virtual secrecy. The latter point is illustrated by the death of police inspector John MacLennan.
Ramin Jahanbegloo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195689440
- eISBN:
- 9780199080342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195689440.003.0028
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
In this interview, cricket is discussed as a game with elements that are close to the Indian psyche. Although cricket was initially believed to be an Indian game that was accidentally discovered by ...
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In this interview, cricket is discussed as a game with elements that are close to the Indian psyche. Although cricket was initially believed to be an Indian game that was accidentally discovered by the British, in reality it is the other way around. In his interview, Prabhash Joshi looks at the different facets of cricket, such as the first great Indian cricketer, the first Indians who played cricket, the issues of Indian cricket that Indians are obsessed with, and women cricketers. He also discusses the possibility of cricket becoming an element of cultural globalization in India.Less
In this interview, cricket is discussed as a game with elements that are close to the Indian psyche. Although cricket was initially believed to be an Indian game that was accidentally discovered by the British, in reality it is the other way around. In his interview, Prabhash Joshi looks at the different facets of cricket, such as the first great Indian cricketer, the first Indians who played cricket, the issues of Indian cricket that Indians are obsessed with, and women cricketers. He also discusses the possibility of cricket becoming an element of cultural globalization in India.
Jason T. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520235922
- eISBN:
- 9780520929432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Although winter weather in north-temperate regions may dominate 6–9 months of the year, this season has received relatively little attention in studies of amphibian life history. While some aspects ...
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Although winter weather in north-temperate regions may dominate 6–9 months of the year, this season has received relatively little attention in studies of amphibian life history. While some aspects of behavioral and physiological responses to cold have been elucidated, this understanding has not been generally applied to the management and conservation of amphibian populations. This chapter addresses this issue by providing a basic description of the various overwintering methods used by amphibians and of the physiological responses that accompany these methods. It also describes the unique overwintering method of northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) and considers how their physiology and winter habitat use may be contributing to the recent severe cricket frog population declines, especially in the northern portions of their range. First, it examines the relationship between hibernation behavior/physiology and species decline. It then proposes a scenario that best explains long-term extinction of populations, rather than reduced population size.Less
Although winter weather in north-temperate regions may dominate 6–9 months of the year, this season has received relatively little attention in studies of amphibian life history. While some aspects of behavioral and physiological responses to cold have been elucidated, this understanding has not been generally applied to the management and conservation of amphibian populations. This chapter addresses this issue by providing a basic description of the various overwintering methods used by amphibians and of the physiological responses that accompany these methods. It also describes the unique overwintering method of northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) and considers how their physiology and winter habitat use may be contributing to the recent severe cricket frog population declines, especially in the northern portions of their range. First, it examines the relationship between hibernation behavior/physiology and species decline. It then proposes a scenario that best explains long-term extinction of populations, rather than reduced population size.
Mary Chamberlain
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719078767
- eISBN:
- 9781781701997
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719078767.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter focuses on the various cultural activities in colonial Barbados and the role played by them in forging a West Indian identity. Various societies such as Dan Blackett's Social Physical ...
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This chapter focuses on the various cultural activities in colonial Barbados and the role played by them in forging a West Indian identity. Various societies such as Dan Blackett's Social Physical Cultural Club, the Bank Hall Cultural Club, Arlington Newton's Universal Ulotrichian Society and the Forum Club were established with the direct objectives of debate, education and raising cultural consciousness among the Barbadians. Magazines such as Forum and Weymouth Magazine published a range of chapters on political and cultural developments, short stories and poems and advocated a common, West Indian literature and a Federated West Indies. Societies such as the Barbados Memorial Association or the Clennell Wickham Service Club aimed to offer adult education and publish cheap biographies of prominent Barbadians whereas sports Clubs such as the Empire also provided avenues for robust co-operation and the indigenisation of cricket.Less
This chapter focuses on the various cultural activities in colonial Barbados and the role played by them in forging a West Indian identity. Various societies such as Dan Blackett's Social Physical Cultural Club, the Bank Hall Cultural Club, Arlington Newton's Universal Ulotrichian Society and the Forum Club were established with the direct objectives of debate, education and raising cultural consciousness among the Barbadians. Magazines such as Forum and Weymouth Magazine published a range of chapters on political and cultural developments, short stories and poems and advocated a common, West Indian literature and a Federated West Indies. Societies such as the Barbados Memorial Association or the Clennell Wickham Service Club aimed to offer adult education and publish cheap biographies of prominent Barbadians whereas sports Clubs such as the Empire also provided avenues for robust co-operation and the indigenisation of cricket.
Deirdre Coleman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786940537
- eISBN:
- 9781789629132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786940537.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Since slaves are the chief currency on the coast, and the Banana islands were an important holding place prior to shipping, Smeathman starts trading in them, revealing in his letters the intertwining ...
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Since slaves are the chief currency on the coast, and the Banana islands were an important holding place prior to shipping, Smeathman starts trading in them, revealing in his letters the intertwining of natural history with the slave trade and the rise of racial science, the latter bolstered by Linnean classification. Most of this chapter is set on the slave factories of Bunce Island and the Isles de Los, where the Linnaean botanist Anders Berlin dies and where Smeathman further observes the ships’ captains, sailors and surgeons as they load their human cargoes. He also comments on the vicious guns-for-slaves cycle, composing a gothic set-piece on the horror of slavery, but including in this picture the trade’s orderly economy.Less
Since slaves are the chief currency on the coast, and the Banana islands were an important holding place prior to shipping, Smeathman starts trading in them, revealing in his letters the intertwining of natural history with the slave trade and the rise of racial science, the latter bolstered by Linnean classification. Most of this chapter is set on the slave factories of Bunce Island and the Isles de Los, where the Linnaean botanist Anders Berlin dies and where Smeathman further observes the ships’ captains, sailors and surgeons as they load their human cargoes. He also comments on the vicious guns-for-slaves cycle, composing a gothic set-piece on the horror of slavery, but including in this picture the trade’s orderly economy.
Simon Featherstone
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623655
- eISBN:
- 9780748651764
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623655.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This book examines the conflicts, dilemmas and contradictions that marked Englishness as the nation changed from an imperial power to a postcolonial state. The chapters deal with travel writing, ...
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This book examines the conflicts, dilemmas and contradictions that marked Englishness as the nation changed from an imperial power to a postcolonial state. The chapters deal with travel writing, popular song, music hall and variety theatre, dances, elocution lessons, cricket and football, and national festivals, as well as literature and film. ‘High’ and ‘popular’ cultures are brought together in dialogue, and the diversity as well as the problematic nature of English identity is emphasised. The case studies are linked by their interests in different kinds of performances of being English, and by a particular focus upon the voice and the body as key sites for the struggles of modern England. The book is a lively contribution to current interdisciplinary debates about Englishness, national cultures and postcolonial identities.Less
This book examines the conflicts, dilemmas and contradictions that marked Englishness as the nation changed from an imperial power to a postcolonial state. The chapters deal with travel writing, popular song, music hall and variety theatre, dances, elocution lessons, cricket and football, and national festivals, as well as literature and film. ‘High’ and ‘popular’ cultures are brought together in dialogue, and the diversity as well as the problematic nature of English identity is emphasised. The case studies are linked by their interests in different kinds of performances of being English, and by a particular focus upon the voice and the body as key sites for the struggles of modern England. The book is a lively contribution to current interdisciplinary debates about Englishness, national cultures and postcolonial identities.
Michael F. Land and Benjamin W. Tatler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198570943
- eISBN:
- 9780191693878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570943.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter explores the use of visual information in a variety of ball sports. The timing required in some of these can be extraordinary: in cricket, for example, an effective shot must be timed to ...
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This chapter explores the use of visual information in a variety of ball sports. The timing required in some of these can be extraordinary: in cricket, for example, an effective shot must be timed to within 5 ms, probably even less in baseball. Changing gaze position at the right time can be crucial in these sports, and eye movement studies have thrown some light on how this is attained. It is stated that most ball sports need split-second judgements that place extraordinary demands on the co-ordination of gaze and action. Making effective contact with the ball requires the learning of sophisticated mappings between visually obtained variables and motor responses. In aiming sports, the need to monitor both the target and the projectile requires the allocation of attention to separate locations in space.Less
This chapter explores the use of visual information in a variety of ball sports. The timing required in some of these can be extraordinary: in cricket, for example, an effective shot must be timed to within 5 ms, probably even less in baseball. Changing gaze position at the right time can be crucial in these sports, and eye movement studies have thrown some light on how this is attained. It is stated that most ball sports need split-second judgements that place extraordinary demands on the co-ordination of gaze and action. Making effective contact with the ball requires the learning of sophisticated mappings between visually obtained variables and motor responses. In aiming sports, the need to monitor both the target and the projectile requires the allocation of attention to separate locations in space.
Douglas Kerr
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199674947
- eISBN:
- 9780191756986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674947.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter starts with Conan Doyle's enthusiastic participation in all kinds of sports, most particularly boxing and cricket. Sports – increasingly popular, organized, and codified – played an ...
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This chapter starts with Conan Doyle's enthusiastic participation in all kinds of sports, most particularly boxing and cricket. Sports – increasingly popular, organized, and codified – played an important part in the popular culture of Victorian times, which saw the emergence of the ethos of the amateur, and tended to view sports as both a training and an expression of character, individual and national. But sport was becoming increasingly commercialised and professionalised. This chapter looks at sport in Conan Doyle's autobiographical and fictional writing, and its meanings in terms of class, health, masculinity, nation, fairness and style. From pugilism to the MCC and the Olympic Games, sport prompted Conan Doyle to stories about heroism, grace and beauty, and their opposites.Less
This chapter starts with Conan Doyle's enthusiastic participation in all kinds of sports, most particularly boxing and cricket. Sports – increasingly popular, organized, and codified – played an important part in the popular culture of Victorian times, which saw the emergence of the ethos of the amateur, and tended to view sports as both a training and an expression of character, individual and national. But sport was becoming increasingly commercialised and professionalised. This chapter looks at sport in Conan Doyle's autobiographical and fictional writing, and its meanings in terms of class, health, masculinity, nation, fairness and style. From pugilism to the MCC and the Olympic Games, sport prompted Conan Doyle to stories about heroism, grace and beauty, and their opposites.
