Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.09
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter charts the evolution of groups of craftsmen living in the same areas and occasionally co-operating together to achieve short-term objectives into the chartered city companies to be found ...
More
This chapter charts the evolution of groups of craftsmen living in the same areas and occasionally co-operating together to achieve short-term objectives into the chartered city companies to be found at the end of the period. The roles played by religious fraternities within the crafts and the charitable activities of the companies are also examined. The ways in which the craft organisations, sometimes seen as hostile to organised civic government, were firmly incorporated within the structures of civic government by 1500, is fully discussed.Less
This chapter charts the evolution of groups of craftsmen living in the same areas and occasionally co-operating together to achieve short-term objectives into the chartered city companies to be found at the end of the period. The roles played by religious fraternities within the crafts and the charitable activities of the companies are also examined. The ways in which the craft organisations, sometimes seen as hostile to organised civic government, were firmly incorporated within the structures of civic government by 1500, is fully discussed.
Jane Whittle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208426
- eISBN:
- 9780191677991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208426.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of ...
More
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of how and why capitalism developed in England has been a source of debate. Several historical sources were used to examine a wide range of topics such as rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, the distribution of land and wealth, the landless, wage-earners, rural craftsmen, as well as the labour laws.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of how and why capitalism developed in England has been a source of debate. Several historical sources were used to examine a wide range of topics such as rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, the distribution of land and wealth, the landless, wage-earners, rural craftsmen, as well as the labour laws.
Joseph Shatzmiller
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156996
- eISBN:
- 9781400846092
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156996.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Demonstrating that similarities between Jewish and Christian art in the Middle Ages were more than coincidental, this book combines a wide range of sources to show how Jews and Christians exchanged ...
More
Demonstrating that similarities between Jewish and Christian art in the Middle Ages were more than coincidental, this book combines a wide range of sources to show how Jews and Christians exchanged artistic and material culture. The book focuses on communities in northern Europe, Iberia, and other Mediterranean societies where Jews and Christians coexisted for centuries, and it synthesizes the most current research to describe the daily encounters that enabled both societies to appreciate common artistic values. Detailing the transmission of cultural sensibilities in the medieval money market and the world of Jewish money lenders, the book examines objects pawned by peasants and humble citizens, sacred relics exchanged by the clergy as security for loans, and aesthetic goods given up by the Christian well-to-do who required financial assistance. The work also explores frescoes and decorations likely painted by non-Jews in medieval and early modern Jewish homes located in Germanic lands, and the ways in which Jews hired Christian artists and craftsmen to decorate Hebrew prayer books and create liturgical objects. Conversely, Christians frequently hired Jewish craftsmen to produce liturgical objects used in Christian churches. With rich archival documentation, the book sheds light on the social and economic history of the creation of Jewish and Christian art, and expands the general understanding of cultural exchange in brand-new ways.Less
Demonstrating that similarities between Jewish and Christian art in the Middle Ages were more than coincidental, this book combines a wide range of sources to show how Jews and Christians exchanged artistic and material culture. The book focuses on communities in northern Europe, Iberia, and other Mediterranean societies where Jews and Christians coexisted for centuries, and it synthesizes the most current research to describe the daily encounters that enabled both societies to appreciate common artistic values. Detailing the transmission of cultural sensibilities in the medieval money market and the world of Jewish money lenders, the book examines objects pawned by peasants and humble citizens, sacred relics exchanged by the clergy as security for loans, and aesthetic goods given up by the Christian well-to-do who required financial assistance. The work also explores frescoes and decorations likely painted by non-Jews in medieval and early modern Jewish homes located in Germanic lands, and the ways in which Jews hired Christian artists and craftsmen to decorate Hebrew prayer books and create liturgical objects. Conversely, Christians frequently hired Jewish craftsmen to produce liturgical objects used in Christian churches. With rich archival documentation, the book sheds light on the social and economic history of the creation of Jewish and Christian art, and expands the general understanding of cultural exchange in brand-new ways.
R.S. Sharma
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195687859
- eISBN:
- 9780199080366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195687859.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
The Indian subjects were enrolled in the Iranian army. The Indo-Iranian contact lasted for about 200 years. It gave an impetus to Indo-Iranian trade and commerce. The cultural results were more ...
More
The Indian subjects were enrolled in the Iranian army. The Indo-Iranian contact lasted for about 200 years. It gave an impetus to Indo-Iranian trade and commerce. The cultural results were more substantial. The Greeks eventually ruined the Iranian empire under the leadership of Alexander of Macedonia. Following the conquest of Iran, Alexander moved on to Kabul, from where he marched to India through the Khyber Pass. The Greek soldiers were told of a formidable power on the Ganges. Alexander’s campaign paved the way for Greek merchants and craftsmen, and elevated the existing facilities for trade. It also increased the Greek settlements and expanded the Maurya Empire.Less
The Indian subjects were enrolled in the Iranian army. The Indo-Iranian contact lasted for about 200 years. It gave an impetus to Indo-Iranian trade and commerce. The cultural results were more substantial. The Greeks eventually ruined the Iranian empire under the leadership of Alexander of Macedonia. Following the conquest of Iran, Alexander moved on to Kabul, from where he marched to India through the Khyber Pass. The Greek soldiers were told of a formidable power on the Ganges. Alexander’s campaign paved the way for Greek merchants and craftsmen, and elevated the existing facilities for trade. It also increased the Greek settlements and expanded the Maurya Empire.
ALAIN THOTE
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264355
- eISBN:
- 9780191734052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264355.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture presents the text of the speech about artists and craftsmen in the late Bronze Age of China delivered by the author at the 2007 Elsley Zeitlyn Lecture on Chinese Archaeology and Culture ...
More
This lecture presents the text of the speech about artists and craftsmen in the late Bronze Age of China delivered by the author at the 2007 Elsley Zeitlyn Lecture on Chinese Archaeology and Culture held at the British Academy. It describes dramatic changes in the arts that took place around the turn of the fourth century bc which deeply affected the nature of artistic creation, and provides examples drawn from two major artistic categories of artistic production, lacquer and bronze.Less
This lecture presents the text of the speech about artists and craftsmen in the late Bronze Age of China delivered by the author at the 2007 Elsley Zeitlyn Lecture on Chinese Archaeology and Culture held at the British Academy. It describes dramatic changes in the arts that took place around the turn of the fourth century bc which deeply affected the nature of artistic creation, and provides examples drawn from two major artistic categories of artistic production, lacquer and bronze.
Jane Whittle and Elizabeth Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199233533
- eISBN:
- 9780191739330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233533.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
One of the characteristics of the early seventeenth-century economy is that goods were rarely purchased ready-made. Instead they were acquired by a variety of routes such as home production, gifts, ...
More
One of the characteristics of the early seventeenth-century economy is that goods were rarely purchased ready-made. Instead they were acquired by a variety of routes such as home production, gifts, and purchase to order from producers. The chapter begins by examining a breakdown of the Le Stranges’ domestic expenditure patterns, finding that most money was spent on food and textiles. The role of occasional urban shopping trips is reconstructed through records of travel to London, Norwich and King’s Lynn. The examination of how clothing and furnishings, and food, were acquired allows methods of acquisition to be examined in detail, including reliance on local workers such as knitters and weavers, specialist craftsmen, agricultural production and the gift economy in food.Less
One of the characteristics of the early seventeenth-century economy is that goods were rarely purchased ready-made. Instead they were acquired by a variety of routes such as home production, gifts, and purchase to order from producers. The chapter begins by examining a breakdown of the Le Stranges’ domestic expenditure patterns, finding that most money was spent on food and textiles. The role of occasional urban shopping trips is reconstructed through records of travel to London, Norwich and King’s Lynn. The examination of how clothing and furnishings, and food, were acquired allows methods of acquisition to be examined in detail, including reliance on local workers such as knitters and weavers, specialist craftsmen, agricultural production and the gift economy in food.
Jane Whittle and Elizabeth Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199233533
- eISBN:
- 9780191739330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233533.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Consumption involved not only the acquisition and use of goods but also the use of labour. Live‐in servants were employed to cook and clean the house, care for horses and hawks, and work on the Le ...
More
Consumption involved not only the acquisition and use of goods but also the use of labour. Live‐in servants were employed to cook and clean the house, care for horses and hawks, and work on the Le Stranges’ home farm. Day labourers were less intimately connected to the household, but wages provided the main income for a number of local families. In addition, the Le Stranges employed a myriad of craftsmen and other workers to undertake particular tasks, boosting the local economy but also calling on specialists in Norwich and London. The final section of the chapter assesses the impact of the Le Strange household on the local economy, and explores their links with particular local families.Less
Consumption involved not only the acquisition and use of goods but also the use of labour. Live‐in servants were employed to cook and clean the house, care for horses and hawks, and work on the Le Stranges’ home farm. Day labourers were less intimately connected to the household, but wages provided the main income for a number of local families. In addition, the Le Stranges employed a myriad of craftsmen and other workers to undertake particular tasks, boosting the local economy but also calling on specialists in Norwich and London. The final section of the chapter assesses the impact of the Le Strange household on the local economy, and explores their links with particular local families.
Michael Szenberg, Lall Ramrattan, Aron A. Gottesman, and Kenneth J. Arrow
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199298839
- eISBN:
- 9780191711480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298839.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This introductory chapter looks at the various ways in which Paul Samuelson was appraised by the contributors. The features that stand out bear close correspondence with scientific, mathematical ...
More
This introductory chapter looks at the various ways in which Paul Samuelson was appraised by the contributors. The features that stand out bear close correspondence with scientific, mathematical techniques, and the genius of a craftsman. Paradigm, scientific research program, anthology, and epistemological viewpoints can be read into the program. Samuelson is renowned as one who puts heavy weight on reality in his mathematical models, exhibiting great regards for facts. He has been presented as a leader in the neoclassical framework, building models that share constant assumptions, dependent and independent variables with various laws that put the models into motion. The area of international trade is a solid example of the fruits of his research, where the theory of factor price equalization and the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem are now textbook paradigms. The Cambridge Controversy on the theory of capital came alive through Samuelson's surrogate production function. Samuelson is also responsible for introducing Keynes to the practitioners of economics through his neoclassical synthesis.Less
This introductory chapter looks at the various ways in which Paul Samuelson was appraised by the contributors. The features that stand out bear close correspondence with scientific, mathematical techniques, and the genius of a craftsman. Paradigm, scientific research program, anthology, and epistemological viewpoints can be read into the program. Samuelson is renowned as one who puts heavy weight on reality in his mathematical models, exhibiting great regards for facts. He has been presented as a leader in the neoclassical framework, building models that share constant assumptions, dependent and independent variables with various laws that put the models into motion. The area of international trade is a solid example of the fruits of his research, where the theory of factor price equalization and the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem are now textbook paradigms. The Cambridge Controversy on the theory of capital came alive through Samuelson's surrogate production function. Samuelson is also responsible for introducing Keynes to the practitioners of economics through his neoclassical synthesis.
GILLIAN RUSSELL
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122630
- eISBN:
- 9780191671500
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122630.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
Although Tate Wilkinson was found to be one of the most respected and successful people in provincial theatre, his thoughts regarding the performance of The Fair Penitent demonstrate that he had to ...
More
Although Tate Wilkinson was found to be one of the most respected and successful people in provincial theatre, his thoughts regarding the performance of The Fair Penitent demonstrate that he had to experience struggles so that his personal and professional respectability became recognized. The façade of the dominant theatrical culture in Britain, exhibited through the various patent houses in the provinces and in London, hides a different kind of rural theatre which involves staging performances in fairground booths, in barns, and in the open-air. In 1788, a change in the law classified all actors, regardless of their status, as craftsmen, yet acting was still associated with criminality and immorality. In this chapter, the author considers looking into the American War of Independence, the British administration of the Cape of Good Hope, and the War of 1812 to analyse the significance of amateur theatricals.Less
Although Tate Wilkinson was found to be one of the most respected and successful people in provincial theatre, his thoughts regarding the performance of The Fair Penitent demonstrate that he had to experience struggles so that his personal and professional respectability became recognized. The façade of the dominant theatrical culture in Britain, exhibited through the various patent houses in the provinces and in London, hides a different kind of rural theatre which involves staging performances in fairground booths, in barns, and in the open-air. In 1788, a change in the law classified all actors, regardless of their status, as craftsmen, yet acting was still associated with criminality and immorality. In this chapter, the author considers looking into the American War of Independence, the British administration of the Cape of Good Hope, and the War of 1812 to analyse the significance of amateur theatricals.
Kevin C. O'Connor
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747687
- eISBN:
- 9781501747700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747687.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Founded as an ecclesiastical center, trading hub, and intended capital of a feudal state, Riga was Old Livonia's greatest city and its indispensable port. Because the city was situated in what was ...
More
Founded as an ecclesiastical center, trading hub, and intended capital of a feudal state, Riga was Old Livonia's greatest city and its indispensable port. Because the city was situated in what was initially remote and inhospitable territory, surrounded by pagans and coveted by regional powers like Poland, Sweden, and Muscovy, it was also a fortress encased by a wall. This book begins in the twelfth century with the arrival to the eastern Baltic of German priests, traders, and knights, who conquered and converted the indigenous tribes and assumed mastery over their lands. It ends in 1710 with an account of the greatest war Livonia had ever seen, one that was accompanied by mass starvation, a terrible epidemic, and a flood of nearly Biblical proportions that devastated the city and left its survivors in misery. Readers will learn about Riga's people—merchants and clerics, craftsmen and builders, porters and day laborers—about its structures and spaces, its internal conflicts and its unrelenting struggle to maintain its independence against outside threats. The book is an indispensable guide to a quintessentially European city located in one of the continent's more remote corners.Less
Founded as an ecclesiastical center, trading hub, and intended capital of a feudal state, Riga was Old Livonia's greatest city and its indispensable port. Because the city was situated in what was initially remote and inhospitable territory, surrounded by pagans and coveted by regional powers like Poland, Sweden, and Muscovy, it was also a fortress encased by a wall. This book begins in the twelfth century with the arrival to the eastern Baltic of German priests, traders, and knights, who conquered and converted the indigenous tribes and assumed mastery over their lands. It ends in 1710 with an account of the greatest war Livonia had ever seen, one that was accompanied by mass starvation, a terrible epidemic, and a flood of nearly Biblical proportions that devastated the city and left its survivors in misery. Readers will learn about Riga's people—merchants and clerics, craftsmen and builders, porters and day laborers—about its structures and spaces, its internal conflicts and its unrelenting struggle to maintain its independence against outside threats. The book is an indispensable guide to a quintessentially European city located in one of the continent's more remote corners.
Jacqueline Hill
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206354
- eISBN:
- 9780191677083
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206354.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This is the first full-length study of the Protestant middle-class Patriots of Dublin, who, in the eighteenth century, made up the largest concentration of Protestants in Ireland (c.70,000). Freemen ...
More
This is the first full-length study of the Protestant middle-class Patriots of Dublin, who, in the eighteenth century, made up the largest concentration of Protestants in Ireland (c.70,000). Freemen of the guilds alone — who were entitled to a parliamentary vote — were almost as numerous as the entire landed class. The slow and difficult progress of these merchants, master craftsmen, and shopkeepers, from Patriotism in the eighteenth century to a Unionist position in the nineteenth, throws light on all subsequent Irish history, and fills an important gap in the historiography of Unionism.Less
This is the first full-length study of the Protestant middle-class Patriots of Dublin, who, in the eighteenth century, made up the largest concentration of Protestants in Ireland (c.70,000). Freemen of the guilds alone — who were entitled to a parliamentary vote — were almost as numerous as the entire landed class. The slow and difficult progress of these merchants, master craftsmen, and shopkeepers, from Patriotism in the eighteenth century to a Unionist position in the nineteenth, throws light on all subsequent Irish history, and fills an important gap in the historiography of Unionism.
Jane Whittle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208426
- eISBN:
- 9780191677991
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208426.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book is an important new scholarly study of the roots of capitalism. The author's penetrating examination of rural England in the 15th and 16th centuries asks how ...
More
This book is an important new scholarly study of the roots of capitalism. The author's penetrating examination of rural England in the 15th and 16th centuries asks how capitalist it was, and how and why it changed over the century and a half under scrutiny. Her book relates ideas of peasant society and capitalism to a local study of north-east Norfolk, a county that was to become one of the crucibles of the so-called agrarian revolution. The author uses the rich variety of historical sources produced by this precocious commercialized locality to examine a wide range of topics from the manorial system and serfdom, rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, to the distribution of land and wealth, the numbers of landless, wage-earners, and rural craftsmen, servants, and the labour laws.Less
This book is an important new scholarly study of the roots of capitalism. The author's penetrating examination of rural England in the 15th and 16th centuries asks how capitalist it was, and how and why it changed over the century and a half under scrutiny. Her book relates ideas of peasant society and capitalism to a local study of north-east Norfolk, a county that was to become one of the crucibles of the so-called agrarian revolution. The author uses the rich variety of historical sources produced by this precocious commercialized locality to examine a wide range of topics from the manorial system and serfdom, rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, to the distribution of land and wealth, the numbers of landless, wage-earners, and rural craftsmen, servants, and the labour laws.
Jane Whittle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208426
- eISBN:
- 9780191677991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208426.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines the forms of income generation other than land-holding that were evident in Norfolk during the 15th and 16th century. It questions ...
More
This chapter examines the forms of income generation other than land-holding that were evident in Norfolk during the 15th and 16th century. It questions what types of workers made up the rural labour force. It discusses labouring and craft-work in the context of the smallholding economy, and looks at variations in wage rates. It examines the nature of service in husbandry in Norfolk during the 16th century.Less
This chapter examines the forms of income generation other than land-holding that were evident in Norfolk during the 15th and 16th century. It questions what types of workers made up the rural labour force. It discusses labouring and craft-work in the context of the smallholding economy, and looks at variations in wage rates. It examines the nature of service in husbandry in Norfolk during the 16th century.
David Charles
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256730
- eISBN:
- 9780191597183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925673X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Aristotle's solution to the problem raised in Ch. 4 depends on his account of how we arrive at thoughts on the basis of experience. In his view, we standardly acquire a term for a kind on the basis ...
More
Aristotle's solution to the problem raised in Ch. 4 depends on his account of how we arrive at thoughts on the basis of experience. In his view, we standardly acquire a term for a kind on the basis of contact with members of a kind, without thereby knowing that the kind in question exists. Further, we can grasp such terms without knowing that the kind (if it exists) has a unifying basic feature that explains its necessary properties. Our understanding of the kind is to be compared with that of a craftsman and not that of a proto‐scientist. Aristotle's view is distinguished from several twentieth‐century accounts of these issues (e.g. modern essentialists such as Putnam, neo‐Fregeans, dual‐component theorists).Less
Aristotle's solution to the problem raised in Ch. 4 depends on his account of how we arrive at thoughts on the basis of experience. In his view, we standardly acquire a term for a kind on the basis of contact with members of a kind, without thereby knowing that the kind in question exists. Further, we can grasp such terms without knowing that the kind (if it exists) has a unifying basic feature that explains its necessary properties. Our understanding of the kind is to be compared with that of a craftsman and not that of a proto‐scientist. Aristotle's view is distinguished from several twentieth‐century accounts of these issues (e.g. modern essentialists such as Putnam, neo‐Fregeans, dual‐component theorists).
David Charles
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256730
- eISBN:
- 9780191597183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925673X.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Aristotle's account of essences is distinct from that offered by Platonists (who do not give such a central role to causal explanation) and by scientific realists (for whom definitions are solely ...
More
Aristotle's account of essences is distinct from that offered by Platonists (who do not give such a central role to causal explanation) and by scientific realists (for whom definitions are solely dependent on real‐world patterns of causal explanation). Further, while Aristotle's essences are part of the fabric of reality, they can be grasped only by those with certain definitional and explanatory practices. Thus, his account differs from (amongst others) that of the Platonist (for whom essences can be discovered by any mind, independently of its definitional practices). Standard criticisms of Aristotle's essentialism (such as those that are to be found in the writings of John Locke or W.V.O. Quine) are, I argue, misdirected against a Platonist Aristotle of legend and do not successfully engage with Aristotle's own account.Less
Aristotle's account of essences is distinct from that offered by Platonists (who do not give such a central role to causal explanation) and by scientific realists (for whom definitions are solely dependent on real‐world patterns of causal explanation). Further, while Aristotle's essences are part of the fabric of reality, they can be grasped only by those with certain definitional and explanatory practices. Thus, his account differs from (amongst others) that of the Platonist (for whom essences can be discovered by any mind, independently of its definitional practices). Standard criticisms of Aristotle's essentialism (such as those that are to be found in the writings of John Locke or W.V.O. Quine) are, I argue, misdirected against a Platonist Aristotle of legend and do not successfully engage with Aristotle's own account.
Helen Jacobsen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693757
- eISBN:
- 9780191731976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693757.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter looks at the practical aspects of sending an ambassador abroad. It details their diplomatic pay and expenses, and the material objects with which they were furnished in their role as the ...
More
This chapter looks at the practical aspects of sending an ambassador abroad. It details their diplomatic pay and expenses, and the material objects with which they were furnished in their role as the king’s representative. These comprised large quantities of silver plate from the Jewel House and a chair of state and canopy from the Great Wardrobe; diplomats were also provided with allowances for commissioning the monarch’s portrait and gala coaches for their formal entry. During the fifty years after 1660 a notable evolution occurred in which diplomats played a greater personal role in the fashioning of their royal perquisites, and during which the dictates of elite fashion affected the way they looked and the goldsmiths, joiners, and craftsmen who were employed. By 1714 an ambassador’s official environment had become as much a reflection of his own tastes as those of diplomatic precedence.Less
This chapter looks at the practical aspects of sending an ambassador abroad. It details their diplomatic pay and expenses, and the material objects with which they were furnished in their role as the king’s representative. These comprised large quantities of silver plate from the Jewel House and a chair of state and canopy from the Great Wardrobe; diplomats were also provided with allowances for commissioning the monarch’s portrait and gala coaches for their formal entry. During the fifty years after 1660 a notable evolution occurred in which diplomats played a greater personal role in the fashioning of their royal perquisites, and during which the dictates of elite fashion affected the way they looked and the goldsmiths, joiners, and craftsmen who were employed. By 1714 an ambassador’s official environment had become as much a reflection of his own tastes as those of diplomatic precedence.
Nandita Prasad Sahai
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678963
- eISBN:
- 9780199081660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678963.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This book addresses the process of state formation in early modern Rajasthan from the prism of subordinate groups such as artisans. By highlighting the multidimensional interface of the Marwar ...
More
This book addresses the process of state formation in early modern Rajasthan from the prism of subordinate groups such as artisans. By highlighting the multidimensional interface of the Marwar (Jodhpur) state with its resident artisans, the author discusses the imperatives of caste in the political culture of the period. The book focuses on the unclear boundaries between the binaries of superior and inferior castes, domination and subordination, coercion and concessions, great tradition and little tradition, and passivity and resistance. It also explores artisanal caste dialectics to unravel how caste structures animated artisanal life, both in rural and urban environments. While statecraft required the political mobilization of a popular base, the cultural contours of kingship and rule defined the social responsibilities of the state. These were mediated by the ‘moral calculus’ of wajabi: a continually evolving conception of customs and propriety exercised by both sides. How artisans negotiated these—and resisted when wajabi levels of patronage and exploitation were transgressed—are also discussed. The author’s findings are based on hitherto unexplored petitions (arzees) against the state as well as other documents related to inter-caste and intra-caste legal disputes, folklore, and collective memory.Less
This book addresses the process of state formation in early modern Rajasthan from the prism of subordinate groups such as artisans. By highlighting the multidimensional interface of the Marwar (Jodhpur) state with its resident artisans, the author discusses the imperatives of caste in the political culture of the period. The book focuses on the unclear boundaries between the binaries of superior and inferior castes, domination and subordination, coercion and concessions, great tradition and little tradition, and passivity and resistance. It also explores artisanal caste dialectics to unravel how caste structures animated artisanal life, both in rural and urban environments. While statecraft required the political mobilization of a popular base, the cultural contours of kingship and rule defined the social responsibilities of the state. These were mediated by the ‘moral calculus’ of wajabi: a continually evolving conception of customs and propriety exercised by both sides. How artisans negotiated these—and resisted when wajabi levels of patronage and exploitation were transgressed—are also discussed. The author’s findings are based on hitherto unexplored petitions (arzees) against the state as well as other documents related to inter-caste and intra-caste legal disputes, folklore, and collective memory.
Ronny Regev
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469636504
- eISBN:
- 9781469636771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636504.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The fifth chapter deals with the experience of those who are commonly known as craftsmen or below-the-line workers. It suggests that the division between arts and crafts in the film industry resulted ...
More
The fifth chapter deals with the experience of those who are commonly known as craftsmen or below-the-line workers. It suggests that the division between arts and crafts in the film industry resulted from the history of labor organization and the political struggles between labor unions such as IATSE and the American Society of Cinematographers. In addition, focusing on the experience of cameramen, the chapter demonstrate that workers in the technical branches of filmmaking, were concerned less with control and more with recognition. It shows how directors of photography sought to claim some of the respect and artistic stature accorded to directors and screenwriters. Thus, they struggled to form a tighter bond between the creative status of the film industry and the more traditional craft or technical work they introduced into it.Less
The fifth chapter deals with the experience of those who are commonly known as craftsmen or below-the-line workers. It suggests that the division between arts and crafts in the film industry resulted from the history of labor organization and the political struggles between labor unions such as IATSE and the American Society of Cinematographers. In addition, focusing on the experience of cameramen, the chapter demonstrate that workers in the technical branches of filmmaking, were concerned less with control and more with recognition. It shows how directors of photography sought to claim some of the respect and artistic stature accorded to directors and screenwriters. Thus, they struggled to form a tighter bond between the creative status of the film industry and the more traditional craft or technical work they introduced into it.
Brian Sparkes
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748614066
- eISBN:
- 9780748651054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748614066.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
There was a time when scenes painted on the pottery of Greece were understood to be closely linked to the varied literary sources that preceded or were contemporary with them, and the presumed ...
More
There was a time when scenes painted on the pottery of Greece were understood to be closely linked to the varied literary sources that preceded or were contemporary with them, and the presumed connections between the two were investigated assiduously. The vase-painters were generally considered to be subsidiary to, and dependent on, the writers of the literary works. However, the relationships between stories told through the medium of words and those presented in visual images are now seen to be more complex. This chapter concentrates on what Greek writers wrote and craftsmen presented of the mythical battle between the pygmies and the cranes. It begins with Homer's double simile to describe the first clash in the poem between the Trojans and the Achaeans.Less
There was a time when scenes painted on the pottery of Greece were understood to be closely linked to the varied literary sources that preceded or were contemporary with them, and the presumed connections between the two were investigated assiduously. The vase-painters were generally considered to be subsidiary to, and dependent on, the writers of the literary works. However, the relationships between stories told through the medium of words and those presented in visual images are now seen to be more complex. This chapter concentrates on what Greek writers wrote and craftsmen presented of the mythical battle between the pygmies and the cranes. It begins with Homer's double simile to describe the first clash in the poem between the Trojans and the Achaeans.
Aaron Allen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474442381
- eISBN:
- 9781474453943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474442381.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
The fourth chapter considers relations between the Incorporation and the wider burgh, looking at council control and customer interference. Sixteenth-century craft-council relations are usually ...
More
The fourth chapter considers relations between the Incorporation and the wider burgh, looking at council control and customer interference. Sixteenth-century craft-council relations are usually portrayed as a merchant-craft conflict, though recent historiography has begun to question how pervasive this conflict was. Building on this debate, should we see relations between the Incorporation and the magistrates as a process of gradual integration, as the new burgh constitution of 1583 gave the crafts a firm role in burgh politics? The situation was complicated by demographic growth, suburban competition, and the interference of powerful burgh customers, such as the nobility, the church and the crown, all of which encouraged the unfree craftsman and woman. Some institutions of council control, such as parliamentary laws over the setting of prices, or restrictions to foreign trade in crucial raw materials complicated relations further, though questions arise over the effectiveness of such prescriptive legislation, as shown by Incorporation minutes which suggest that they set their own prices by the eighteenth century. Using burgesship and guildry rolls, the relationship between the trades of Mary’s Chapel and the merchant guild are explored. To what extent were the Incorporation partners with the merchant dominated council, and what impact did the 1583 ‘decreet arbitral’ have on the relationship between House and burgh?Less
The fourth chapter considers relations between the Incorporation and the wider burgh, looking at council control and customer interference. Sixteenth-century craft-council relations are usually portrayed as a merchant-craft conflict, though recent historiography has begun to question how pervasive this conflict was. Building on this debate, should we see relations between the Incorporation and the magistrates as a process of gradual integration, as the new burgh constitution of 1583 gave the crafts a firm role in burgh politics? The situation was complicated by demographic growth, suburban competition, and the interference of powerful burgh customers, such as the nobility, the church and the crown, all of which encouraged the unfree craftsman and woman. Some institutions of council control, such as parliamentary laws over the setting of prices, or restrictions to foreign trade in crucial raw materials complicated relations further, though questions arise over the effectiveness of such prescriptive legislation, as shown by Incorporation minutes which suggest that they set their own prices by the eighteenth century. Using burgesship and guildry rolls, the relationship between the trades of Mary’s Chapel and the merchant guild are explored. To what extent were the Incorporation partners with the merchant dominated council, and what impact did the 1583 ‘decreet arbitral’ have on the relationship between House and burgh?
