Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” ...
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The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” became high profile. Nixon stressed drives against smuggling heroin from counties like Turkey and Mexico. His administration's efforts were marred by raids on erroneous locations by a new federal Office of Drug Law Enforcement. A successor agency called the ‘Drug Enforcement Administration’ jockeyed with the FBI for supremacy in the drug enforcement field. Drug treatment generally had lower priority when it came to funding. A scourge of “crack” cocaine spread in the mid‐1980s, causing Congress to increase penalties for drug abuse in such a way that black people who primarily used crack were punished much more severely than whites who tended to use cocaine's powder form. An effort to coordinate federal antidrug resources better resulted in the establishment of a White House director of drug control policy (“drug czar”) in 1989; the first to hold the position was former education secretary William Bennett. Drug abuse declined in the 1990s, but there was disagreement over the primary cause. Advocates credited a combination of more‐intense law enforcement, better treatment, and establishment of more than 500 “drug courts” that could ride herd on offenders. The numbers of drug abusers were creeping back up by 1999.Less
The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” became high profile. Nixon stressed drives against smuggling heroin from counties like Turkey and Mexico. His administration's efforts were marred by raids on erroneous locations by a new federal Office of Drug Law Enforcement. A successor agency called the ‘Drug Enforcement Administration’ jockeyed with the FBI for supremacy in the drug enforcement field. Drug treatment generally had lower priority when it came to funding. A scourge of “crack” cocaine spread in the mid‐1980s, causing Congress to increase penalties for drug abuse in such a way that black people who primarily used crack were punished much more severely than whites who tended to use cocaine's powder form. An effort to coordinate federal antidrug resources better resulted in the establishment of a White House director of drug control policy (“drug czar”) in 1989; the first to hold the position was former education secretary William Bennett. Drug abuse declined in the 1990s, but there was disagreement over the primary cause. Advocates credited a combination of more‐intense law enforcement, better treatment, and establishment of more than 500 “drug courts” that could ride herd on offenders. The numbers of drug abusers were creeping back up by 1999.
Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195181159
- eISBN:
- 9780199944132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181159.003.0040
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter considers the three theorized causes of crime declines in increasing order of novelty—first police, then the rise and fall of crack cocaine, and finally the impact of increased access to ...
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This chapter considers the three theorized causes of crime declines in increasing order of novelty—first police, then the rise and fall of crack cocaine, and finally the impact of increased access to abortion that, advocates claim, caused a shift in the crime-risk profile of birth cohorts in the 1970s. After an introductory discussion of the definition and special problems of theories that were inspired by the 1990s' decline, unequal attention is given to the three explanations covered. Over half of the chapter addresses the thesis that crime declines in the 1990s were caused by the coming-of-age of population cohorts that were altered by the impact of elective abortion in the United States in the 1970s.Less
This chapter considers the three theorized causes of crime declines in increasing order of novelty—first police, then the rise and fall of crack cocaine, and finally the impact of increased access to abortion that, advocates claim, caused a shift in the crime-risk profile of birth cohorts in the 1970s. After an introductory discussion of the definition and special problems of theories that were inspired by the 1990s' decline, unequal attention is given to the three explanations covered. Over half of the chapter addresses the thesis that crime declines in the 1990s were caused by the coming-of-age of population cohorts that were altered by the impact of elective abortion in the United States in the 1970s.
Nasr M. Ghoniem and Daniel D. Walgraef
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298686
- eISBN:
- 9780191720222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298686.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter begins with a discussion of the causes of the roughening and grooving of solid surfaces. It then discusses Asaro-Tiller surface instability, phase field models, surface patterns caused ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the causes of the roughening and grooving of solid surfaces. It then discusses Asaro-Tiller surface instability, phase field models, surface patterns caused by energetic photons and ions, surface stress during rapid heating, stress corrosion cracking, and numerical methods.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the causes of the roughening and grooving of solid surfaces. It then discusses Asaro-Tiller surface instability, phase field models, surface patterns caused by energetic photons and ions, surface stress during rapid heating, stress corrosion cracking, and numerical methods.
Habib Ammari, Elie Bretin, Josselin Garnier, Hyeonbae Kang, Hyundae Lee, and Abdul Wahab
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165318
- eISBN:
- 9781400866625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165318.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book comprehensively explores elasticity imaging and examines recent, important developments in asymptotic imaging, modeling, and analysis of deterministic and stochastic elastic wave ...
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This book comprehensively explores elasticity imaging and examines recent, important developments in asymptotic imaging, modeling, and analysis of deterministic and stochastic elastic wave propagation phenomena. It derives the best possible functional images for small inclusions and cracks within the context of stability and resolution, and introduces a topological derivative-based imaging framework for detecting elastic inclusions in the time-harmonic regime. For imaging extended elastic inclusions, accurate optimal control methodologies are designed and the effects of uncertainties of the geometric or physical parameters on stability and resolution properties are evaluated. In particular, the book shows how localized damage to a mechanical structure affects its dynamic characteristics, and how measured eigenparameters are linked to elastic inclusion or crack location, orientation, and size. Demonstrating a novel method for identifying, locating, and estimating inclusions and cracks in elastic structures, the book opens possibilities for a mathematical and numerical framework for elasticity imaging of nanoparticles and cellular structures.Less
This book comprehensively explores elasticity imaging and examines recent, important developments in asymptotic imaging, modeling, and analysis of deterministic and stochastic elastic wave propagation phenomena. It derives the best possible functional images for small inclusions and cracks within the context of stability and resolution, and introduces a topological derivative-based imaging framework for detecting elastic inclusions in the time-harmonic regime. For imaging extended elastic inclusions, accurate optimal control methodologies are designed and the effects of uncertainties of the geometric or physical parameters on stability and resolution properties are evaluated. In particular, the book shows how localized damage to a mechanical structure affects its dynamic characteristics, and how measured eigenparameters are linked to elastic inclusion or crack location, orientation, and size. Demonstrating a novel method for identifying, locating, and estimating inclusions and cracks in elastic structures, the book opens possibilities for a mathematical and numerical framework for elasticity imaging of nanoparticles and cellular structures.
Andrew Briggs and Oleg Kolosov
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199232734
- eISBN:
- 9780191716355
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Acoustic microscopy enables you to image and measure the elastic properties of materials with the resolution of a good microscope. By using frequencies in the microwave range, it is possible to make ...
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Acoustic microscopy enables you to image and measure the elastic properties of materials with the resolution of a good microscope. By using frequencies in the microwave range, it is possible to make the acoustic wavelength comparable with the wavelength of light, and hence to achieve a resolution comparable with an optical microscope. The contrast gives information about the elastic properties and structure of the sample. Since acoustic waves can propagate in materials, acoustic microscopy can be used for interior imaging, with high sensitivity to defects such as delaminations. Solids can support both longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. At surfaces a combination of the two known as Rayleigh waves can propagate, and in many circumstances these dominate the contrast in acoustic microscopy. Contrast theory accounts for the variation of signal with defocus, V(z). Acoustic microscopy can image and measure properties such as anisotropy and features such as surface boundaries and cracks. A scanning probe microscope can be used to detect ultrasonic vibration of a surface with resolution in the nanometre range, thus beating the diffraction limit by operating in the extreme near‐field. This 2nd edition of Acoustic Microscopy has a major new chapter on the technique and applications of acoustically exited probe microscopy.Less
Acoustic microscopy enables you to image and measure the elastic properties of materials with the resolution of a good microscope. By using frequencies in the microwave range, it is possible to make the acoustic wavelength comparable with the wavelength of light, and hence to achieve a resolution comparable with an optical microscope. The contrast gives information about the elastic properties and structure of the sample. Since acoustic waves can propagate in materials, acoustic microscopy can be used for interior imaging, with high sensitivity to defects such as delaminations. Solids can support both longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. At surfaces a combination of the two known as Rayleigh waves can propagate, and in many circumstances these dominate the contrast in acoustic microscopy. Contrast theory accounts for the variation of signal with defocus, V(z). Acoustic microscopy can image and measure properties such as anisotropy and features such as surface boundaries and cracks. A scanning probe microscope can be used to detect ultrasonic vibration of a surface with resolution in the nanometre range, thus beating the diffraction limit by operating in the extreme near‐field. This 2nd edition of Acoustic Microscopy has a major new chapter on the technique and applications of acoustically exited probe microscopy.
Victor F. Petrenko and Robert W. Whitworth
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198518945
- eISBN:
- 9780191707247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198518945.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography
Ice is a material that exhibits both ductile flow, as in the flow of a glacier, and also brittle fracture, as in the crushing of ice under impact from an icebreaker. This chapter considers ...
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Ice is a material that exhibits both ductile flow, as in the flow of a glacier, and also brittle fracture, as in the crushing of ice under impact from an icebreaker. This chapter considers laboratory-scale experiments on the deformation of single crystals and of polycrystalline ice and their interpretation. Creep of single crystals occurs by the glide and multiplication of dislocations on the basal plane and is thus highly anisotropic. In polycrystalline specimens deformed under constant load the creep accelerates, reaches a steady state and finally accelerates again. The deformation of individual grains is confined by those around them, and large stresses build up which may be relieved by diffusion or by cracking. The theory of fracture involves both the nucleation of cracks and their propagation.Less
Ice is a material that exhibits both ductile flow, as in the flow of a glacier, and also brittle fracture, as in the crushing of ice under impact from an icebreaker. This chapter considers laboratory-scale experiments on the deformation of single crystals and of polycrystalline ice and their interpretation. Creep of single crystals occurs by the glide and multiplication of dislocations on the basal plane and is thus highly anisotropic. In polycrystalline specimens deformed under constant load the creep accelerates, reaches a steady state and finally accelerates again. The deformation of individual grains is confined by those around them, and large stresses build up which may be relieved by diffusion or by cracking. The theory of fracture involves both the nucleation of cracks and their propagation.
Habib Ammari, Elie Bretin, Josselin Garnier, Hyeonbae Kang, Hyundae Lee, and Abdul Wahab
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165318
- eISBN:
- 9781400866625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165318.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book is about recent mathematical, numerical and statistical approaches for elasticity imaging of inclusions and cracks with waves at zero, single or multiple non-zero frequencies. It considers ...
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This book is about recent mathematical, numerical and statistical approaches for elasticity imaging of inclusions and cracks with waves at zero, single or multiple non-zero frequencies. It considers important developments in asymptotic imaging, stochastic modeling, and analysis of both deterministic and stochastic elastic wave propagation phenomena and puts them together in a coherent way. It gives emphasis on deriving the best possible imaging functionals for small inclusions and cracks in the sense of stability and resolution. For imaging extended elastic inclusions, the book develops accurate optimal control methodologies and examines the effect of uncertainties of the geometric or physical parameters on their stability and resolution properties. It also presents an asymptotic framework for vibration testing and a method for identifying, locating, and estimating inclusions and cracks in elastic structures by measuring their modal characteristics.Less
This book is about recent mathematical, numerical and statistical approaches for elasticity imaging of inclusions and cracks with waves at zero, single or multiple non-zero frequencies. It considers important developments in asymptotic imaging, stochastic modeling, and analysis of both deterministic and stochastic elastic wave propagation phenomena and puts them together in a coherent way. It gives emphasis on deriving the best possible imaging functionals for small inclusions and cracks in the sense of stability and resolution. For imaging extended elastic inclusions, the book develops accurate optimal control methodologies and examines the effect of uncertainties of the geometric or physical parameters on their stability and resolution properties. It also presents an asymptotic framework for vibration testing and a method for identifying, locating, and estimating inclusions and cracks in elastic structures by measuring their modal characteristics.
G. A. D. Briggs and O. V. Kolosov
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199232734
- eISBN:
- 9780191716355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232734.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Surface cracks and boundaries give contrast in acoustic microscopy even when they are so fine that by conventional resolution criteria they would be expected to be scarcely visible. The contrast ...
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Surface cracks and boundaries give contrast in acoustic microscopy even when they are so fine that by conventional resolution criteria they would be expected to be scarcely visible. The contrast arises from the scattering of Rayleigh waves, and the evidence for this is the tell‐tale presence of fringes parallel to cracks, with spacing equal to half a Rayleigh wavelength. Contrast theory based on separating the specular and Rayleigh components of the signal give a good account of the fringes which are observed. Time‐resolved measurements can be made of crack‐tip diffracted signals. The remarkable contrast from cracks is useful in the study of indentation and fracture of low‐ductility materials.Less
Surface cracks and boundaries give contrast in acoustic microscopy even when they are so fine that by conventional resolution criteria they would be expected to be scarcely visible. The contrast arises from the scattering of Rayleigh waves, and the evidence for this is the tell‐tale presence of fringes parallel to cracks, with spacing equal to half a Rayleigh wavelength. Contrast theory based on separating the specular and Rayleigh components of the signal give a good account of the fringes which are observed. Time‐resolved measurements can be made of crack‐tip diffracted signals. The remarkable contrast from cracks is useful in the study of indentation and fracture of low‐ductility materials.
Dimitri A. Bogazianos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814787007
- eISBN:
- 9780814725160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814787007.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines rap's unique expressive position in relation to the primary contradictions of crack cocaine's punishment structure as well as recent arguments condemning this structure, ...
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This chapter examines rap's unique expressive position in relation to the primary contradictions of crack cocaine's punishment structure as well as recent arguments condemning this structure, including those from the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Sentencing Commission. After discussing the contradictory policy contexts out of which crack's lethal logic of work eventually emerged, the chapter considers the “punitive turn” in U.S. crime-control policy and the “scholarly near misses” that have influenced analyses of the rap–crack connection. It suggests ways of rethinking the rap–crack connection in order to move beyond reductionist accounts in which rap and inner-city communities are taken as mere reflections of each other.Less
This chapter examines rap's unique expressive position in relation to the primary contradictions of crack cocaine's punishment structure as well as recent arguments condemning this structure, including those from the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Sentencing Commission. After discussing the contradictory policy contexts out of which crack's lethal logic of work eventually emerged, the chapter considers the “punitive turn” in U.S. crime-control policy and the “scholarly near misses” that have influenced analyses of the rap–crack connection. It suggests ways of rethinking the rap–crack connection in order to move beyond reductionist accounts in which rap and inner-city communities are taken as mere reflections of each other.
Dimitri A. Bogazianos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814787007
- eISBN:
- 9780814725160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814787007.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines the cultural resonance between rap and crack cocaine by focusing on the complicated sociolegal logics that paved the way for the drug's lethal effects, and out of which its ...
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This chapter examines the cultural resonance between rap and crack cocaine by focusing on the complicated sociolegal logics that paved the way for the drug's lethal effects, and out of which its symbolic power developed. It first considers the law and policy on crack, including the bill signed by President Barack Obama in August 2010 repealing the mandatory minimum for the simple possession of crack and reducing the sentencing disparity between crack trafficking and powder trafficking from 100-to-1 to 18-to-1. It then traces the history of the paradoxical punishment of crack cocaine, arguing that the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between powder and crack was deliberately and intentionally created. It also discusses the link between the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity and the so-called “Kingpin Strategy,” along with the violence that came to be associated with crack's low-level distribution system. Finally, the chapter explores the broad consensus among researchers that the lethal violence of the crack era was a product of the systemic features of crack markets themselves.Less
This chapter examines the cultural resonance between rap and crack cocaine by focusing on the complicated sociolegal logics that paved the way for the drug's lethal effects, and out of which its symbolic power developed. It first considers the law and policy on crack, including the bill signed by President Barack Obama in August 2010 repealing the mandatory minimum for the simple possession of crack and reducing the sentencing disparity between crack trafficking and powder trafficking from 100-to-1 to 18-to-1. It then traces the history of the paradoxical punishment of crack cocaine, arguing that the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between powder and crack was deliberately and intentionally created. It also discusses the link between the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity and the so-called “Kingpin Strategy,” along with the violence that came to be associated with crack's low-level distribution system. Finally, the chapter explores the broad consensus among researchers that the lethal violence of the crack era was a product of the systemic features of crack markets themselves.
Elissa Marder
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823240555
- eISBN:
- 9780823240593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823240555.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter explores the relationship between technology, politics, and the maternal function by looking at Avital Ronell's important work on the telephone as a fantastic, fetishistic extension of ...
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This chapter explores the relationship between technology, politics, and the maternal function by looking at Avital Ronell's important work on the telephone as a fantastic, fetishistic extension of the maternal body in The Telephone Book. It takes up Ronell's provocative claim that investment in a certain repressive concept of the mother (as the grounding and stable incarnation of “nature,” “origin,” “connection,” “meaning,” “presence,” and “life”) is one of the critical sources of the technological drive. Moreover, because (as Ronell points out) the technological drive is most often linked to an attempt to deny the reality of the body's vulnerability and mortality by replacing (or supplementing) it with a body that does not know death, the driving fantasy of technology is the (re)production of a prosthetic maternal body which would be capable of procreating and incarnating this “pure life.” But “pure life” resembles death more than it does “life” as it privileges preservation, immobility, and absolute resistance to change or difference. Consequently, the prosthetic maternal body is an inherently monstrous and repressive figure.Less
This chapter explores the relationship between technology, politics, and the maternal function by looking at Avital Ronell's important work on the telephone as a fantastic, fetishistic extension of the maternal body in The Telephone Book. It takes up Ronell's provocative claim that investment in a certain repressive concept of the mother (as the grounding and stable incarnation of “nature,” “origin,” “connection,” “meaning,” “presence,” and “life”) is one of the critical sources of the technological drive. Moreover, because (as Ronell points out) the technological drive is most often linked to an attempt to deny the reality of the body's vulnerability and mortality by replacing (or supplementing) it with a body that does not know death, the driving fantasy of technology is the (re)production of a prosthetic maternal body which would be capable of procreating and incarnating this “pure life.” But “pure life” resembles death more than it does “life” as it privileges preservation, immobility, and absolute resistance to change or difference. Consequently, the prosthetic maternal body is an inherently monstrous and repressive figure.
Dimitri A. Bogazianos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814787007
- eISBN:
- 9780814725160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814787007.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This introductory chapter explains that the book explores the ways in which rap expresses one of the most powerful symbols of America's paradoxical crime policy: the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity ...
More
This introductory chapter explains that the book explores the ways in which rap expresses one of the most powerful symbols of America's paradoxical crime policy: the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between crack cocaine and powder whereby someone convicted of “simply” possessing five grams of crack had been required by law to serve no less than five years in prison. Drawing on the author's personal experiences with rap and crack, the book examines the degree to which crack cocaine emerged as a primary symbolic referent through the development of an important reflexive lyrical stance that many rap artists in the 1990s took toward their own commercialization. It discusses the cultural consequences of crack's paradoxical punishment, focusing on a reflexive lyrical stance that emerged in 1990s New York rap, which critiqued the music industry for being corrupt, unjust, and criminal. The book also considers how rappers began drawing parallels between the “rap game” and the “crack game,” juxtaposing their own exploits in street crime with the machinations of industry executives.Less
This introductory chapter explains that the book explores the ways in which rap expresses one of the most powerful symbols of America's paradoxical crime policy: the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between crack cocaine and powder whereby someone convicted of “simply” possessing five grams of crack had been required by law to serve no less than five years in prison. Drawing on the author's personal experiences with rap and crack, the book examines the degree to which crack cocaine emerged as a primary symbolic referent through the development of an important reflexive lyrical stance that many rap artists in the 1990s took toward their own commercialization. It discusses the cultural consequences of crack's paradoxical punishment, focusing on a reflexive lyrical stance that emerged in 1990s New York rap, which critiqued the music industry for being corrupt, unjust, and criminal. The book also considers how rappers began drawing parallels between the “rap game” and the “crack game,” juxtaposing their own exploits in street crime with the machinations of industry executives.
Robert B. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300088564
- eISBN:
- 9780300129519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300088564.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter explains that from the site of Mons Claudianus, which lies 50 kilometers south of Gebel Dokhan, the Romans hewed the enormous columns of speckled, white granite which were to grace some ...
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This chapter explains that from the site of Mons Claudianus, which lies 50 kilometers south of Gebel Dokhan, the Romans hewed the enormous columns of speckled, white granite which were to grace some of the most splendid buildings of Roman antiquity, among them Trajan's Forum and the Pantheon itself. There are approximately 130 quarries in the hills surrounding Mons Claudianus, many of which contain examples of the variety of objects the Romans fashioned from the fine stone but discarded because of cracks or other defects. Recent discoveries indicate that at some point during its occupation, as many as 920 people lived at Mons Claudianus. Scholars do not know exactly when or why quarrying ceased there. The archaeological research at Mons Claudianus itself is becoming increasingly difficult because the site is threatened by modern quarrying, which every year destroys valuable inscriptions in the surrounding area.Less
This chapter explains that from the site of Mons Claudianus, which lies 50 kilometers south of Gebel Dokhan, the Romans hewed the enormous columns of speckled, white granite which were to grace some of the most splendid buildings of Roman antiquity, among them Trajan's Forum and the Pantheon itself. There are approximately 130 quarries in the hills surrounding Mons Claudianus, many of which contain examples of the variety of objects the Romans fashioned from the fine stone but discarded because of cracks or other defects. Recent discoveries indicate that at some point during its occupation, as many as 920 people lived at Mons Claudianus. Scholars do not know exactly when or why quarrying ceased there. The archaeological research at Mons Claudianus itself is becoming increasingly difficult because the site is threatened by modern quarrying, which every year destroys valuable inscriptions in the surrounding area.
Nikki Jones
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520288348
- eISBN:
- 9780520963313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520288348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 3 illustrates how the crime-fighting community cedes responsibility for the control of young Black men most vulnerable to violence as either victim or perpetrator to the most powerful and ...
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Chapter 3 illustrates how the crime-fighting community cedes responsibility for the control of young Black men most vulnerable to violence as either victim or perpetrator to the most powerful and punitive member of the community: the criminal justice system. This isolation and vulnerability is evidenced in the daily and routine interactions among a range of law enforcement actors in the neighborhood and young Black men, which makes the adolescent period for today’s youth markedly different than that of Eric and his peers. In places where targeted policing practices persist over time, the juvenile and criminal justice system can become the most significant institutional presence in young men’s lives, which can make it even harder to reach young, Black men in crisis. Routine encounters with the police, which are facilitated and legitimized by the crime-fighting community, also shape the gender socialization of young men and exacerbate the vulnerability of other neighborhood adolescents to gendered forms of violence, including Black women and girls.Less
Chapter 3 illustrates how the crime-fighting community cedes responsibility for the control of young Black men most vulnerable to violence as either victim or perpetrator to the most powerful and punitive member of the community: the criminal justice system. This isolation and vulnerability is evidenced in the daily and routine interactions among a range of law enforcement actors in the neighborhood and young Black men, which makes the adolescent period for today’s youth markedly different than that of Eric and his peers. In places where targeted policing practices persist over time, the juvenile and criminal justice system can become the most significant institutional presence in young men’s lives, which can make it even harder to reach young, Black men in crisis. Routine encounters with the police, which are facilitated and legitimized by the crime-fighting community, also shape the gender socialization of young men and exacerbate the vulnerability of other neighborhood adolescents to gendered forms of violence, including Black women and girls.
Dimitri A. Bogazianos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814787007
- eISBN:
- 9780814725160
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814787007.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
In 2010, President Barack Obama signed a law repealing one of the most controversial policies in American criminal justice history: the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between crack cocaine and powder ...
More
In 2010, President Barack Obama signed a law repealing one of the most controversial policies in American criminal justice history: the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between crack cocaine and powder whereby someone convicted of “simply” possessing five grams of crack—the equivalent of a few sugar packets—had been required by law to serve no less than five years in prison. This book draws on various sources to examine the profound symbolic consequences of America's reliance on this punishment structure, tracing the rich cultural linkages between America's war on drugs, and the creative contributions of those directly affected by its destructive effects. Focusing primarily on lyrics that emerged in 1990s New York rap, which critiqued the music industry for being corrupt, unjust, and criminal, the book shows how many rappers began drawing parallels between the “rap game” and the “crack game.” The book argues that the symbolism of crack in rap's stance towards its own commercialization represents a moral debate that is far bigger than hip hop culture, highlighting the degree to which crack cocaine—although a drug long in decline—has come to represent the entire paradoxical predicament of punishment in the United States today.Less
In 2010, President Barack Obama signed a law repealing one of the most controversial policies in American criminal justice history: the 100-to-1 sentencing disparity between crack cocaine and powder whereby someone convicted of “simply” possessing five grams of crack—the equivalent of a few sugar packets—had been required by law to serve no less than five years in prison. This book draws on various sources to examine the profound symbolic consequences of America's reliance on this punishment structure, tracing the rich cultural linkages between America's war on drugs, and the creative contributions of those directly affected by its destructive effects. Focusing primarily on lyrics that emerged in 1990s New York rap, which critiqued the music industry for being corrupt, unjust, and criminal, the book shows how many rappers began drawing parallels between the “rap game” and the “crack game.” The book argues that the symbolism of crack in rap's stance towards its own commercialization represents a moral debate that is far bigger than hip hop culture, highlighting the degree to which crack cocaine—although a drug long in decline—has come to represent the entire paradoxical predicament of punishment in the United States today.
Miriam Boeri
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520293465
- eISBN:
- 9780520966710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293465.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter provides insider accounts of how the War on Drugs impacted people of color. The racial disparities of the incarcerated population increased as working-class African American communities ...
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This chapter provides insider accounts of how the War on Drugs impacted people of color. The racial disparities of the incarcerated population increased as working-class African American communities became impoverished ghettos. Constant police surveillance of minority neighborhoods and invasive oversight by detached judges and probation officers humiliated those entrapped by law enforcement and too poor to afford honest legal protection. Jammie speaks for those with less strength of character when she tells the judge, “How can you sit up there in suburbia and tell me how to live my life as a black woman in the ghetto?” As punitive responses to drug use became more severe, particularly for crack cocaine, extended families were engulfed in overwhelming debt as the criminal justice system demanded the accused pay for their own court, probation, and legal fees, and former prisoners were required to pay for their time behind bars and parole services. Older black baby boomers who remembered the hope of the Civil Rights Movement despaired of societal change as they sought solace in drugs. Racism through the “New Jim Crow” remained a lurking barrier to achieving the dream.Less
This chapter provides insider accounts of how the War on Drugs impacted people of color. The racial disparities of the incarcerated population increased as working-class African American communities became impoverished ghettos. Constant police surveillance of minority neighborhoods and invasive oversight by detached judges and probation officers humiliated those entrapped by law enforcement and too poor to afford honest legal protection. Jammie speaks for those with less strength of character when she tells the judge, “How can you sit up there in suburbia and tell me how to live my life as a black woman in the ghetto?” As punitive responses to drug use became more severe, particularly for crack cocaine, extended families were engulfed in overwhelming debt as the criminal justice system demanded the accused pay for their own court, probation, and legal fees, and former prisoners were required to pay for their time behind bars and parole services. Older black baby boomers who remembered the hope of the Civil Rights Movement despaired of societal change as they sought solace in drugs. Racism through the “New Jim Crow” remained a lurking barrier to achieving the dream.
Habib Ammari, Elie Bretin, Josselin Garnier, Hyeonbae Kang, Hyundae Lee, and Abdul Wahab
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165318
- eISBN:
- 9781400866625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165318.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter considers the perturbations of the displacement (or traction) vector that are due to the presence of a small crack with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in an elastic medium. It ...
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This chapter considers the perturbations of the displacement (or traction) vector that are due to the presence of a small crack with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in an elastic medium. It derives an asymptotic formula for the boundary perturbations of the displacement as the length of the crack tends to zero. Using analytical results for the finite Hilbert transform, the chapter derives an asymptotic expansion of the effect of a small Neumann crack on the boundary values of the solution. It also derives the topological derivative of the elastic potential energy functional and proves a useful representation formula for the Kelvin matrix of the fundamental solutions of Lamé system. Finally, it gives an asymptotic formula for the effect of a small linear crack in the time-harmonic regime.Less
This chapter considers the perturbations of the displacement (or traction) vector that are due to the presence of a small crack with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in an elastic medium. It derives an asymptotic formula for the boundary perturbations of the displacement as the length of the crack tends to zero. Using analytical results for the finite Hilbert transform, the chapter derives an asymptotic expansion of the effect of a small Neumann crack on the boundary values of the solution. It also derives the topological derivative of the elastic potential energy functional and proves a useful representation formula for the Kelvin matrix of the fundamental solutions of Lamé system. Finally, it gives an asymptotic formula for the effect of a small linear crack in the time-harmonic regime.
Habib Ammari, Elie Bretin, Josselin Garnier, Hyeonbae Kang, Hyundae Lee, and Abdul Wahab
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165318
- eISBN:
- 9781400866625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165318.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter deals with direct imaging of small inclusions and cracks in the static regime, focusing on MUSIC- and migration-type algorithms for detecting the small defects. MUSIC, reverse-time ...
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This chapter deals with direct imaging of small inclusions and cracks in the static regime, focusing on MUSIC- and migration-type algorithms for detecting the small defects. MUSIC, reverse-time migration, and Kirchhoff migration algorithms take advantage of the smallness of the elastic inclusions. Even though only the two-dimensional case is considered, the same algorithms can be applied in three dimensions. These direct location search algorithms are extended to the general case of linear isotropic elasticity. After describing least-squares algorithms for locating small elastic inclusions, the chapter introduces a MUSIC-type location search algorithm in the static regime and extends it to the time-harmonic regime. It also performs three-dimensional simulations to illustrate relevant features of the MUSIC algorithm.Less
This chapter deals with direct imaging of small inclusions and cracks in the static regime, focusing on MUSIC- and migration-type algorithms for detecting the small defects. MUSIC, reverse-time migration, and Kirchhoff migration algorithms take advantage of the smallness of the elastic inclusions. Even though only the two-dimensional case is considered, the same algorithms can be applied in three dimensions. These direct location search algorithms are extended to the general case of linear isotropic elasticity. After describing least-squares algorithms for locating small elastic inclusions, the chapter introduces a MUSIC-type location search algorithm in the static regime and extends it to the time-harmonic regime. It also performs three-dimensional simulations to illustrate relevant features of the MUSIC algorithm.
Habib Ammari, Elie Bretin, Josselin Garnier, Hyeonbae Kang, Hyundae Lee, and Abdul Wahab
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165318
- eISBN:
- 9781400866625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165318.003.0012
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter deals with vibration testing, which aims to identify inclusions, cracks, or shape changes in a structure by measuring its modal characteristics. The measured eigenparameters are related ...
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This chapter deals with vibration testing, which aims to identify inclusions, cracks, or shape changes in a structure by measuring its modal characteristics. The measured eigenparameters are related to the defect or damage location, orientation, and size. The chapter derives asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue perturbations due to small inclusions, cracks, and shape deformations. The main ingredients in deriving the results are the integral equations and the theory of meromorphic operator-valued functions. Using integral representations of solutions to the harmonic oscillatory linear elastic equation, this problem is reduced to the study of characteristic values of integral operators in the complex planes. The chapter focuses on three kinds of elastic inclusions: holes, hard inclusions, and soft inclusions.Less
This chapter deals with vibration testing, which aims to identify inclusions, cracks, or shape changes in a structure by measuring its modal characteristics. The measured eigenparameters are related to the defect or damage location, orientation, and size. The chapter derives asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue perturbations due to small inclusions, cracks, and shape deformations. The main ingredients in deriving the results are the integral equations and the theory of meromorphic operator-valued functions. Using integral representations of solutions to the harmonic oscillatory linear elastic equation, this problem is reduced to the study of characteristic values of integral operators in the complex planes. The chapter focuses on three kinds of elastic inclusions: holes, hard inclusions, and soft inclusions.
Maurice J. Hobson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469635354
- eISBN:
- 9781469635378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635354.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Chapter Five focuses on the calculated and concerted steps taken by Atlanta’s white business elite and black city government to bid for the Centennial Olympic Games. A diverse cohort of private ...
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Chapter Five focuses on the calculated and concerted steps taken by Atlanta’s white business elite and black city government to bid for the Centennial Olympic Games. A diverse cohort of private interests generated the necessary funds to give Atlanta a competitive bid for the Games was formed. This cohort included officers of Atlanta’s fortune 500 companies comprising of the Coca-Cola Company and Delta Airlines, Atlanta businessman Billy Payne, and politicians Mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young. Once awarded the Centennial Games, two movements of paramount importance commenced, representing what the author calls the “olympification” of Atlanta. “Olympification” connotes the policies where urban renewal and gentrification were implemented to get Atlanta ready for the Games. The first of these movements, a joint effort between the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) and the Atlanta Organizing Committee (AOC) worked to prepare the city for the Games is of extreme importance. The second movement, the Atlanta Project, gave way to social change in Atlanta waging war against poverty within the city. Started by the former U.S. president, humanitarian and Georgia native Jimmy Carter, this project had good intentions. But in the end, it did very little for Atlanta’s poor, thus further excluding them from the popular image of Atlanta as black Mecca.Less
Chapter Five focuses on the calculated and concerted steps taken by Atlanta’s white business elite and black city government to bid for the Centennial Olympic Games. A diverse cohort of private interests generated the necessary funds to give Atlanta a competitive bid for the Games was formed. This cohort included officers of Atlanta’s fortune 500 companies comprising of the Coca-Cola Company and Delta Airlines, Atlanta businessman Billy Payne, and politicians Mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young. Once awarded the Centennial Games, two movements of paramount importance commenced, representing what the author calls the “olympification” of Atlanta. “Olympification” connotes the policies where urban renewal and gentrification were implemented to get Atlanta ready for the Games. The first of these movements, a joint effort between the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) and the Atlanta Organizing Committee (AOC) worked to prepare the city for the Games is of extreme importance. The second movement, the Atlanta Project, gave way to social change in Atlanta waging war against poverty within the city. Started by the former U.S. president, humanitarian and Georgia native Jimmy Carter, this project had good intentions. But in the end, it did very little for Atlanta’s poor, thus further excluding them from the popular image of Atlanta as black Mecca.
