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This chapter discusses Conservative ideas on the role of the State in relation to economic and social policy over the course of the 20th century, and offers a new interpretation of the nature of the ideological differences within the party on this question. The discussion ranges over paternalist v Libertarian Conservative ideas, Statist v anti-Statist views, the committees and study groups set up to address such policy issues, including the Conservative Political Centre (CPC), the Policy Committee on the Nationalised Industries (PCNI), the Policy Study Group (PSG), and the Policy Committee on the Future of Social Services (PCFSS). The influence of Enoch Powell, Powellism, the One Nation group, and Margaret Thatcher are explored. The chapter concludes that the varying Conservative attitudes to the role of the State can be better understood in terms of the perceived efficacy of the agencies of civil society, i.e. State intervention should only be required when such agencies fail to work.

This chapter presents evidence from the Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS) on the impacts of the Chicago Child-Parent-Center (CPC) program, which provides educational and family support services to economically disadvantaged children and their parents from preschool through third grade. It describes its basic philosophy and service model, and highlights some of the salient effects attributed to the CPCs, including impacts on child maltreatment and child welfare services. The program theory is then linked to the estimated effects by detailing the hypothesized mechanisms of change through which the intervention operates. The implications of findings for tailoring effective prevention programs and child welfare policy are discussed.

A foreign judgement, even as a local judgement, should be assigned finality and decisiveness, if it is in conformity with the lex fori and, at the same time, does not ignore the applicable substantive law of the transaction. Hindu husbands, who go abroad either for higher studies or seeking lucrative jobs overseas, obtain a divorce for foreign courts in such of those states where domicile can be acquired by a make believe ‘six weeks’ or, as for that, a ‘three months’ stay. The concerned foreign courts grant divorce ignoring the law, that is, Hindu law, that governs their relationship. In order to circumvent such abuses, Section 13 of the Civil Procedure Code has to be suitably amended so as to curb divorce decrees granted by foreign courts in violation of rules of conflict of laws.

This chapter examines the conditions of service for civil servants in India. The conditions of service governing the civil services are determined by the periodically appointed Central Pay Commission (CPC). Civil servants are provided several allowances and benefits including dearness allowance, city compensatory allowance, and leave travel concessions. All these add to the attractiveness of the civil service. However, conditions of service also restrict or prohibit certain activities of civil servants or prescribe standards of conduct related to the nature of their calling because civil society expects from public servants particular standards of integrity, efficiency, and behaviour.

This chapter discusses the participation of musicians in social movements and cultural groups, and their active involvement in the progressive transformation of Brazilian society in the 1960s. First, it discusses the theory and practice of the Centro Popular de Cultura (cpc, People's Center for Culture). The chapter then examines the protest culture during the early years of military rule. The Bahian musicians and the competition between bossa nova artists and Brazilian rock artists are also examined. Finally, the chapter discusses what Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso developed as the “universal sound,” which they first performed at São Paulo's Festival de Música Popular Brasileira in 1967.

After victory in the civil war in October 1949, the Chinese communist regime followed the Soviet template, by now ideologically obvious, of dispossessing or killing the pillars of the old regime: landlords, large-scale capitalists, officials of the Nationalist government, and clergy. The new regime simultaneously started to “build socialism,” but were challenged to get the devastated economy and society back on their feet. The Communist Party of China’s early policies on this score mirrored the Soviets’ New Economic Policy of 1921–1928.

This chapter draws a distinction between a reserve currency and a safe haven currency, one that investors turn to for safety during times of financial turmoil. The chapter identifies the characteristics of economies that are home to safe haven currencies. These characteristics include an open and transparent democratic form of government; an independent judiciary; trusted public institutions; central bank independence; and freedom of expression. The chapter argues that the present Chinese leadership’s repudiation of broader political, legal, and institutional reforms makes it unlikely that the RMB will ascend to the status of a safe haven currency.

Chapter 5 examines whether measures affecting trade in carbon units constitute measures affecting trade in services under GATS and free trade agreements covering services. While carbon units themselves would not constitute the service in question, they can be said to embody a service performed. They are, in essence, the currency through which greenhouse gas reduction services can be commodified and traded. This chaper thus reveals that measures affecting trade in offset units will likely be regulated by GATS. However, measures affecting trade in allowance units would be unlikely to be covered by GATS on account of the lack of obvious economic activity involved in their generation.

Sweden is a unitary state. Its legal system has the features that are distinctive to those of the Nordic legal family, as opposed to either civil law or common law systems. There are two parallel court systems in Sweden, general courts and administrative courts. There are also specialized courts, such as the Market Court, the Migration Courts, and the Labour Court.