Patrick Grattan
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781789622515
- eISBN:
- 9781800853300
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789622515.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The book recounts for the first time the 400-year history of oasts and hop kilns, vernacular farm buildings uses for drying hops. They are found in three regions of England: Kent and Sussex, ...
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The book recounts for the first time the 400-year history of oasts and hop kilns, vernacular farm buildings uses for drying hops. They are found in three regions of England: Kent and Sussex, Hampshire and Farnham, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. The evolution of the kilns, the drying methods and the machinery used is pieced together from surviving buildings, agricultural books, archives and local lore. 250 diagrams, sketches and photographs present a graphic picture of hop drying and the impact of oasts and kilns on the countryside. Hop growing expanded to meet the demands of Industrial Revolution Britain, its army and navy. The commercial and political drama of hop farming, drying and marketing is present in the book. Fortunes were made and lost. Gambling and dodgy dealing on hops and taxes was common. No crop was more volatile than hops. Political battles over tariffs and free trade are reported. The hop drying buildings in continental Europe – notably Flanders, Alsace, Bavaria and the Czech Republic- and in parts of the USA are described. They demonstrate that hop drying buildings in England were unmatched in the 17th-19th centuries, but that in the 20th century modern drying machinery in the USA and Germany left England behind.Less
The book recounts for the first time the 400-year history of oasts and hop kilns, vernacular farm buildings uses for drying hops. They are found in three regions of England: Kent and Sussex, Hampshire and Farnham, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. The evolution of the kilns, the drying methods and the machinery used is pieced together from surviving buildings, agricultural books, archives and local lore. 250 diagrams, sketches and photographs present a graphic picture of hop drying and the impact of oasts and kilns on the countryside. Hop growing expanded to meet the demands of Industrial Revolution Britain, its army and navy. The commercial and political drama of hop farming, drying and marketing is present in the book. Fortunes were made and lost. Gambling and dodgy dealing on hops and taxes was common. No crop was more volatile than hops. Political battles over tariffs and free trade are reported. The hop drying buildings in continental Europe – notably Flanders, Alsace, Bavaria and the Czech Republic- and in parts of the USA are described. They demonstrate that hop drying buildings in England were unmatched in the 17th-19th centuries, but that in the 20th century modern drying machinery in the USA and Germany left England behind.
Leon Mestel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198526728
- eISBN:
- 9780191707049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526728.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Over the bulk of a stellar radiative zone, the magnetic force is expected to be a very small perturbation to the balance of pressure versus gravity plus centrifugal acceleration. A rotational shear ...
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Over the bulk of a stellar radiative zone, the magnetic force is expected to be a very small perturbation to the balance of pressure versus gravity plus centrifugal acceleration. A rotational shear of scale D acting on even a modest poloidal field will be reversed in the time D/ υA, much shorter than a stellar lifetime. A dynamically steady state will require the field to be torque-free, and the angular velocity to conform closely to Ferraro's law of isorotation. To avoid dynamical instability, a necessary condition is for fields to have a mixed poloidal-toroidal structure. In the low-density surface regions, non-spherical magnetic and centrifugal perturbations to the thermal field may be significant. A dynamically stable field without any energy sources will decay in the Ohmic timescale, which can however exceed the stellar lifetime. The battery term in the generalized Ohm's law may sometimes offset the Ohmic decay of a toroidal field. Fields that are axisymmetric (or topologically similar) cannot be prevented by mass motion from slow Ohmic diffusion of flux into the field's neutral points (Cowling's anti-dynamo theorem).Less
Over the bulk of a stellar radiative zone, the magnetic force is expected to be a very small perturbation to the balance of pressure versus gravity plus centrifugal acceleration. A rotational shear of scale D acting on even a modest poloidal field will be reversed in the time D/ υA, much shorter than a stellar lifetime. A dynamically steady state will require the field to be torque-free, and the angular velocity to conform closely to Ferraro's law of isorotation. To avoid dynamical instability, a necessary condition is for fields to have a mixed poloidal-toroidal structure. In the low-density surface regions, non-spherical magnetic and centrifugal perturbations to the thermal field may be significant. A dynamically stable field without any energy sources will decay in the Ohmic timescale, which can however exceed the stellar lifetime. The battery term in the generalized Ohm's law may sometimes offset the Ohmic decay of a toroidal field. Fields that are axisymmetric (or topologically similar) cannot be prevented by mass motion from slow Ohmic diffusion of flux into the field's neutral points (Cowling's anti-dynamo theorem).
Patrick Grattan
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781789622515
- eISBN:
- 9781800853300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789622515.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Square pyramidal kilns built alongside the stowage a major change in the 18th century. Arthur Young and William Marshall both important descriptive writers on agriculture included accounts of hops ...
More
Square pyramidal kilns built alongside the stowage a major change in the 18th century. Arthur Young and William Marshall both important descriptive writers on agriculture included accounts of hops and hop drying. A hopper built inside the external walls of a square kiln channelled heat more efficiently to the drying floor. A description of several different styles of hopper kiln at Marshborough, Kent. By the end of the 18th century large oasts with up to 6 square kilns and three floors in the stowage were built. But square kilns did not reach the West Midlands until the 19th century. Cowls became widespread: the design and construction are illustrated. An alternative model placed the square kilns in a row along the stowage, for example at Chartham, Kent. The oast at Great Dixter, Sussex is described.Less
Square pyramidal kilns built alongside the stowage a major change in the 18th century. Arthur Young and William Marshall both important descriptive writers on agriculture included accounts of hops and hop drying. A hopper built inside the external walls of a square kiln channelled heat more efficiently to the drying floor. A description of several different styles of hopper kiln at Marshborough, Kent. By the end of the 18th century large oasts with up to 6 square kilns and three floors in the stowage were built. But square kilns did not reach the West Midlands until the 19th century. Cowls became widespread: the design and construction are illustrated. An alternative model placed the square kilns in a row along the stowage, for example at Chartham, Kent. The oast at Great Dixter, Sussex is described.
