Christopher Ansell and Rebecca Chen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199283958
- eISBN:
- 9780191603297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199283958.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still ...
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The institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still retains many of the qualities of an international organization, but has also developed a government-like institutional structure. This government is conventionally described as confederal because it is dominated by its member states, but in some respects, the EU is more federal than confederal. As the complexity of EU food safety regulation illustrates, this amalgam of intergovernmental, confederal, and federal features gives the EU its distinctive character.Less
The institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still retains many of the qualities of an international organization, but has also developed a government-like institutional structure. This government is conventionally described as confederal because it is dominated by its member states, but in some respects, the EU is more federal than confederal. As the complexity of EU food safety regulation illustrates, this amalgam of intergovernmental, confederal, and federal features gives the EU its distinctive character.
Patrick van Zwanenberg and Erik Millstone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525813
- eISBN:
- 9780191723902
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525813.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making ...
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This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making processes, and its use by officials and ministers as a political resource. The central argument is that highly political and highly problematic policy decisions were often misrepresented as based on, and only on, sound science. Those tactics required the selective highlighting of scientific uncertainties. Since many of the most crucial policy-sensitive uncertainties were concealed or discounted, research to diminish those uncertainties was not undertaken. Since the claim had been that it was impossible for BSE-contaminated food to cause a human spongiform encephalopathy, when such cases emerged in 1996, the policy-making regime was comprehensively undermined and a crisis ensued. The BSE policy saga is used to develop and refine a general analytical framework with which science-based policy governance can be analysed, providing resources with which the book specifies the conditions under which such policy-making may achieve and reconcile scientific and democratic legitimacy.Less
This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making processes, and its use by officials and ministers as a political resource. The central argument is that highly political and highly problematic policy decisions were often misrepresented as based on, and only on, sound science. Those tactics required the selective highlighting of scientific uncertainties. Since many of the most crucial policy-sensitive uncertainties were concealed or discounted, research to diminish those uncertainties was not undertaken. Since the claim had been that it was impossible for BSE-contaminated food to cause a human spongiform encephalopathy, when such cases emerged in 1996, the policy-making regime was comprehensively undermined and a crisis ensued. The BSE policy saga is used to develop and refine a general analytical framework with which science-based policy governance can be analysed, providing resources with which the book specifies the conditions under which such policy-making may achieve and reconcile scientific and democratic legitimacy.
Rohit De
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691174433
- eISBN:
- 9780691185132
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174433.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
It has long been contended that the Indian Constitution of 1950, a document in English created by elite consensus, has had little influence on India's greater population. Drawing upon the previously ...
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It has long been contended that the Indian Constitution of 1950, a document in English created by elite consensus, has had little influence on India's greater population. Drawing upon the previously unexplored records of the Supreme Court of India, this book upends this narrative and shows how the Constitution actually transformed the daily lives of citizens in profound and lasting ways. This remarkable legal process was led by individuals on the margins of society, and the book looks at how drinkers, smugglers, petty vendors, butchers, and prostitutes—all despised minorities—shaped the constitutional culture. The Constitution came alive in the popular imagination so much that ordinary people attributed meaning to its existence, took recourse to it, and argued with it. Focusing on the use of constitutional remedies by citizens against new state regulations seeking to reshape the society and economy, the book illustrates how laws and policies were frequently undone or renegotiated from below using the state's own procedures. It examines four important cases that set legal precedents: a Parsi journalist's contestation of new alcohol prohibition laws, Marwari petty traders' challenge to the system of commodity control, Muslim butchers' petition against cow protection laws, and sex workers' battle to protect their right to practice prostitution. Exploring how the Indian Constitution of 1950 enfranchised the largest population in the world, the book considers the ways that ordinary citizens produced, through litigation, alternative ethical models of citizenship.Less
It has long been contended that the Indian Constitution of 1950, a document in English created by elite consensus, has had little influence on India's greater population. Drawing upon the previously unexplored records of the Supreme Court of India, this book upends this narrative and shows how the Constitution actually transformed the daily lives of citizens in profound and lasting ways. This remarkable legal process was led by individuals on the margins of society, and the book looks at how drinkers, smugglers, petty vendors, butchers, and prostitutes—all despised minorities—shaped the constitutional culture. The Constitution came alive in the popular imagination so much that ordinary people attributed meaning to its existence, took recourse to it, and argued with it. Focusing on the use of constitutional remedies by citizens against new state regulations seeking to reshape the society and economy, the book illustrates how laws and policies were frequently undone or renegotiated from below using the state's own procedures. It examines four important cases that set legal precedents: a Parsi journalist's contestation of new alcohol prohibition laws, Marwari petty traders' challenge to the system of commodity control, Muslim butchers' petition against cow protection laws, and sex workers' battle to protect their right to practice prostitution. Exploring how the Indian Constitution of 1950 enfranchised the largest population in the world, the book considers the ways that ordinary citizens produced, through litigation, alternative ethical models of citizenship.
Chris Cutler and Benjamin Piekut
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265390
- eISBN:
- 9780191760440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265390.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Chris Cutler is a percussionist, composer, lyricist, and writer. He was a member of avant-rock group Henry Cow between 1971 and 1978, after which he co-founded international groups including Art ...
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Chris Cutler is a percussionist, composer, lyricist, and writer. He was a member of avant-rock group Henry Cow between 1971 and 1978, after which he co-founded international groups including Art Bears, News from Babel, Cassiber, and The Science Group. He founded and runs the independent label and distribution service ReR/Recommended. This chapter recounts the evolution of political concerns within Henry Cow, as manifested in (amongst other things) the group's relationship to the record industry, its attitude to the different musical genres on which it drew, and its aspiration to collective forms of organisation and musical practice. The band's experience of playing for events organised by leftist groups (including the Italian Communist Party) are described, as are the alternative performance circuits established by Cutler in the later 1970s.Less
Chris Cutler is a percussionist, composer, lyricist, and writer. He was a member of avant-rock group Henry Cow between 1971 and 1978, after which he co-founded international groups including Art Bears, News from Babel, Cassiber, and The Science Group. He founded and runs the independent label and distribution service ReR/Recommended. This chapter recounts the evolution of political concerns within Henry Cow, as manifested in (amongst other things) the group's relationship to the record industry, its attitude to the different musical genres on which it drew, and its aspiration to collective forms of organisation and musical practice. The band's experience of playing for events organised by leftist groups (including the Italian Communist Party) are described, as are the alternative performance circuits established by Cutler in the later 1970s.
Georgina Born
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265390
- eISBN:
- 9780191760440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265390.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Reflecting analytically on the practices of the avant-garde socialist rock group Henry Cow and their aftermath, this chapter argues for an expanded account of the multiple mediations of music and ...
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Reflecting analytically on the practices of the avant-garde socialist rock group Henry Cow and their aftermath, this chapter argues for an expanded account of the multiple mediations of music and politics. Such an account would take account of at least five distinctive orders of musical practice and their non-linear conjunction, each potentially the basis of a politics: first, animating or building alliances with wider political and social movements; second, the politics of music's institutional forms, evident in Henry Cow's practices of self-organisation and self-management, its creation of new labels, performance and distribution networks; third, the politics of the social relations of the performance ensemble, of rehearsal and of the performance event; fourth, the politics of musical materials; and fifth, the politics of lyric writing. What we see in Henry Cow, however imperfectly realised, is a concerted attempt to orchestrate multiple dimensions and forms of political invention and experimentation.Less
Reflecting analytically on the practices of the avant-garde socialist rock group Henry Cow and their aftermath, this chapter argues for an expanded account of the multiple mediations of music and politics. Such an account would take account of at least five distinctive orders of musical practice and their non-linear conjunction, each potentially the basis of a politics: first, animating or building alliances with wider political and social movements; second, the politics of music's institutional forms, evident in Henry Cow's practices of self-organisation and self-management, its creation of new labels, performance and distribution networks; third, the politics of the social relations of the performance ensemble, of rehearsal and of the performance event; fourth, the politics of musical materials; and fifth, the politics of lyric writing. What we see in Henry Cow, however imperfectly realised, is a concerted attempt to orchestrate multiple dimensions and forms of political invention and experimentation.
James A. Estes
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The chapter summarizes the current understanding of the kelp forest ecosystems of Alaska by focusing on the key role that otters, killer whales, and man have played in the ecological organization of ...
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The chapter summarizes the current understanding of the kelp forest ecosystems of Alaska by focusing on the key role that otters, killer whales, and man have played in the ecological organization of this ecosystem. The role of kelp, the effect of anti-predator chemistry, and sea urchin interactions are discussed. The history of the ecosystem as well as the science is covered and includes a discussion of the debate on the role of whaling in influencing otter–killer whale interactions, which may be further changing the ecology of this ecosystem.Less
The chapter summarizes the current understanding of the kelp forest ecosystems of Alaska by focusing on the key role that otters, killer whales, and man have played in the ecological organization of this ecosystem. The role of kelp, the effect of anti-predator chemistry, and sea urchin interactions are discussed. The history of the ecosystem as well as the science is covered and includes a discussion of the debate on the role of whaling in influencing otter–killer whale interactions, which may be further changing the ecology of this ecosystem.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; ...
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This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; measles virus, and “mad cow disease” (bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)).Less
This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; measles virus, and “mad cow disease” (bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)).
Dale F. Lott
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233386
- eISBN:
- 9780520930742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233386.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
This chapter describes the simpler, more durable, but equally important relationships cows develop with one another. The forebears of bison cows must have experienced both plenty and scarcity in ...
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This chapter describes the simpler, more durable, but equally important relationships cows develop with one another. The forebears of bison cows must have experienced both plenty and scarcity in their evolutionary history — times when dominance was worth fighting for and times when it wasn't. Changing circumstances select for changeable behavior, with different strategies for different times and places. The bison pay the costs of striving for dominance when the benefits are high, and don't when the benefits are low. Being a dominant member of a group has high potential payoff. In Yellowstone Park, subordinates searched more and harvested less than dominants. A dominant will eat everything it clears and some that it doesn't clear. A subordinate will eat only part of what it clears.Less
This chapter describes the simpler, more durable, but equally important relationships cows develop with one another. The forebears of bison cows must have experienced both plenty and scarcity in their evolutionary history — times when dominance was worth fighting for and times when it wasn't. Changing circumstances select for changeable behavior, with different strategies for different times and places. The bison pay the costs of striving for dominance when the benefits are high, and don't when the benefits are low. Being a dominant member of a group has high potential payoff. In Yellowstone Park, subordinates searched more and harvested less than dominants. A dominant will eat everything it clears and some that it doesn't clear. A subordinate will eat only part of what it clears.
Rohit De
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691174433
- eISBN:
- 9780691185132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174433.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter explores the transformation of the political agitation over cow protection by the enactment of the Constitution. Although the debate over cow protection had always been framed in terms ...
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This chapter explores the transformation of the political agitation over cow protection by the enactment of the Constitution. Although the debate over cow protection had always been framed in terms of the religious rights of Hindus and Muslims, the Constitution met the demands for cow protection on ostensibly neutral economic grounds and laid it down in Article 48 as a directive principle of state policy. After partition and democratic elections, the new elected state governments of north India enacted strict laws prohibiting cow slaughter and criminalizing the consumption of beef. The chapter then looks at a writ petition brought by three thousand Muslim butchers—possibly India's first class-action suit—that challenged these bans through a language of economic rights rather than religious freedom. Ultimately, it addresses how religious freedom, minority rights, and political mobilization were transformed through the emergence of the Constitution as a site for politics.Less
This chapter explores the transformation of the political agitation over cow protection by the enactment of the Constitution. Although the debate over cow protection had always been framed in terms of the religious rights of Hindus and Muslims, the Constitution met the demands for cow protection on ostensibly neutral economic grounds and laid it down in Article 48 as a directive principle of state policy. After partition and democratic elections, the new elected state governments of north India enacted strict laws prohibiting cow slaughter and criminalizing the consumption of beef. The chapter then looks at a writ petition brought by three thousand Muslim butchers—possibly India's first class-action suit—that challenged these bans through a language of economic rights rather than religious freedom. Ultimately, it addresses how religious freedom, minority rights, and political mobilization were transformed through the emergence of the Constitution as a site for politics.
Gyanendra Pandey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077305
- eISBN:
- 9780199081097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077305.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
The ritual slaughter of cows came to occupy centre-stage in the politics of the late nineteenth century ‘not so much because the Muslims loved to sacrifice cows as because the militant Hindus [and, ...
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The ritual slaughter of cows came to occupy centre-stage in the politics of the late nineteenth century ‘not so much because the Muslims loved to sacrifice cows as because the militant Hindus [and, one might add, the colonial regime] made it an issue’. Cow-protection was also of special importance in bridging the gap between urban and rural Hindus and élite and popular levels of ‘communalism’. This chapter asks how all this happened: what did the call for cow-protection amount to, and how was it received by different sections of the putative Hindu community? These questions are investigated through a close examination of Cow-Protection activities and propaganda in the Bhojpuri region.Less
The ritual slaughter of cows came to occupy centre-stage in the politics of the late nineteenth century ‘not so much because the Muslims loved to sacrifice cows as because the militant Hindus [and, one might add, the colonial regime] made it an issue’. Cow-protection was also of special importance in bridging the gap between urban and rural Hindus and élite and popular levels of ‘communalism’. This chapter asks how all this happened: what did the call for cow-protection amount to, and how was it received by different sections of the putative Hindu community? These questions are investigated through a close examination of Cow-Protection activities and propaganda in the Bhojpuri region.
Juliet Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781501700224
- eISBN:
- 9781501703751
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501700224.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This book explores the unsung revolutionary campaign to transform postcommunist central banks from command-economy cash cows into Western-style monetary guardians. The book argues that a powerful ...
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This book explores the unsung revolutionary campaign to transform postcommunist central banks from command-economy cash cows into Western-style monetary guardians. The book argues that a powerful transnational central banking community concentrated in Western Europe and North America integrated postcommunist central bankers into its network, shaped their ideas about the role of central banks, and helped them develop modern tools of central banking. The detailed comparative studies of central bank development in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan span from the birth of the campaign in the late 1980s to the challenges faced by central bankers after the global financial crisis. As the comfortable certainties of the past collapse around them, today's central bankers in the postcommunist world and beyond find themselves torn between allegiance to their transnational community and its principles on the one hand and their increasingly complex and politicized national roles on the other.Less
This book explores the unsung revolutionary campaign to transform postcommunist central banks from command-economy cash cows into Western-style monetary guardians. The book argues that a powerful transnational central banking community concentrated in Western Europe and North America integrated postcommunist central bankers into its network, shaped their ideas about the role of central banks, and helped them develop modern tools of central banking. The detailed comparative studies of central bank development in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan span from the birth of the campaign in the late 1980s to the challenges faced by central bankers after the global financial crisis. As the comfortable certainties of the past collapse around them, today's central bankers in the postcommunist world and beyond find themselves torn between allegiance to their transnational community and its principles on the one hand and their increasingly complex and politicized national roles on the other.
Deepak Lal
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199275793
- eISBN:
- 9780191706097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275793.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter sketches an economic theory which might be able to explain both the origins and the resilience of the Hindu social system as expressed in its twin pillars: the caste system and the ...
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This chapter sketches an economic theory which might be able to explain both the origins and the resilience of the Hindu social system as expressed in its twin pillars: the caste system and the village “community”. It considers another novel aspect of Hindu customs — its ban on cow slaughter. It focuses on the north, in particular on the Indo-Gangetic plain, which was the crucible of Hinduism, and its social expression in the caste system. The chapter also outlines the variant of the Hindu social system that was established in the southern peninsula by about the 6th to 9th centuries AD, and the reasons for the form it took.Less
This chapter sketches an economic theory which might be able to explain both the origins and the resilience of the Hindu social system as expressed in its twin pillars: the caste system and the village “community”. It considers another novel aspect of Hindu customs — its ban on cow slaughter. It focuses on the north, in particular on the Indo-Gangetic plain, which was the crucible of Hinduism, and its social expression in the caste system. The chapter also outlines the variant of the Hindu social system that was established in the southern peninsula by about the 6th to 9th centuries AD, and the reasons for the form it took.
W. Kip Viscusi
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293637
- eISBN:
- 9780191596995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293631.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Risk beliefs often reflect systematic biases, such as the overestimation of small risks and underestimation of large risks. The prospective reference theory model explains these and other anomalies ...
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Risk beliefs often reflect systematic biases, such as the overestimation of small risks and underestimation of large risks. The prospective reference theory model explains these and other anomalies and in many instances predicts these patterns of behaviour. Precautionary behaviour is subject to a paradox since people will tend to undervalue marginal decreases in risk but will overvalue improvements that completely eliminate the risk. Risk ambiguity aversion, as reflected in the Ellsberg Paradox, affects public responses to dimly understood risks such as Mad Cow disease and many carcinogens. Many other biases in risk beliefs are evident, such as overreaction to risk increases, overestimation of risk decreases that eliminate the risk, and overestimation of highly publicized risks.Less
Risk beliefs often reflect systematic biases, such as the overestimation of small risks and underestimation of large risks. The prospective reference theory model explains these and other anomalies and in many instances predicts these patterns of behaviour. Precautionary behaviour is subject to a paradox since people will tend to undervalue marginal decreases in risk but will overvalue improvements that completely eliminate the risk. Risk ambiguity aversion, as reflected in the Ellsberg Paradox, affects public responses to dimly understood risks such as Mad Cow disease and many carcinogens. Many other biases in risk beliefs are evident, such as overreaction to risk increases, overestimation of risk decreases that eliminate the risk, and overestimation of highly publicized risks.
Ben Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199557967
- eISBN:
- 9780191721205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Jeff McMahan has argued extensively for a “time‐relative interest account” of value (TRIA) according to which the value of an event for someone depends on psychological relations between the ...
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Jeff McMahan has argued extensively for a “time‐relative interest account” of value (TRIA) according to which the value of an event for someone depends on psychological relations between the individual at different stages of life. TRIA entails that death is worse for a young adult than for a baby. This chapter argues that TRIA is false, and that it is worse to die as a baby. This does not entail, however, that abortion is morally wrong. David Velleman has argued that death is not bad for cows and other animals, because they lack the ability to conceive of their futures. This chapter argues that even if Velleman is right about cow psychology, death is still bad for a cow.Less
Jeff McMahan has argued extensively for a “time‐relative interest account” of value (TRIA) according to which the value of an event for someone depends on psychological relations between the individual at different stages of life. TRIA entails that death is worse for a young adult than for a baby. This chapter argues that TRIA is false, and that it is worse to die as a baby. This does not entail, however, that abortion is morally wrong. David Velleman has argued that death is not bad for cows and other animals, because they lack the ability to conceive of their futures. This chapter argues that even if Velleman is right about cow psychology, death is still bad for a cow.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231170680
- eISBN:
- 9780231541268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170680.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
cannibalism in traditional and modern societies
cannibalism in traditional and modern societies
Stephen Wall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199284559
- eISBN:
- 9780191700309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284559.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, UK Politics
The deal agreed in Maastricht was a great success for Britain and a personal success for Prime Minister John Major. However, this success was clouded by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or ...
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The deal agreed in Maastricht was a great success for Britain and a personal success for Prime Minister John Major. However, this success was clouded by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, crisis in 1996. It was one of the unhappiest chapters in Britain's relationship with her partners. It led to a feeling among Britain's partners, subsequently reinforced by the government's approach to the Amsterdam Treaty, that perhaps even its commitment to European Union membership was in doubt. The BSE crisis had been slow to build up but sudden to break. The risk to cattle from feed made up of mashed-up sheep parts had been recognised and measures to ban the use of such feed put in place. But the enforcement of the ban had been very patchy and the extent of the disease among the British herd came to light belatedly and with devastating speed. The measures that the government took to tackle the crisis were an uneasy compromise between the scientifically necessary and the politically deliverable.Less
The deal agreed in Maastricht was a great success for Britain and a personal success for Prime Minister John Major. However, this success was clouded by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, crisis in 1996. It was one of the unhappiest chapters in Britain's relationship with her partners. It led to a feeling among Britain's partners, subsequently reinforced by the government's approach to the Amsterdam Treaty, that perhaps even its commitment to European Union membership was in doubt. The BSE crisis had been slow to build up but sudden to break. The risk to cattle from feed made up of mashed-up sheep parts had been recognised and measures to ban the use of such feed put in place. But the enforcement of the ban had been very patchy and the extent of the disease among the British herd came to light belatedly and with devastating speed. The measures that the government took to tackle the crisis were an uneasy compromise between the scientifically necessary and the politically deliverable.
Keith Grint
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198775003
- eISBN:
- 9780191695346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198775003.003.0030
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
The previous chapter talked about two essential elements of leadership that were significantly dependent on the theoretical approach. The first was the extent of the elimination of uncertainty from ...
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The previous chapter talked about two essential elements of leadership that were significantly dependent on the theoretical approach. The first was the extent of the elimination of uncertainty from the appraisal system through considering objective approaches while the second involved the extent to which the theoretical perspective on organizational autonomy modifies the role given to leadership. While the uncertainty problem is conventionally viewed to be the concern of individual leaders, this chapter attempts to look into how the uncertainty problem may be taken on in terms of the utility of scientific knowledge. Since science may enable us to veer away from the Aristotelian binary of error and truth, this chapter explores the specific case of mad cow disease. Particularly, science may be utilized in dealing with ignorance and in establishing the foundation for managers to arrive at rational decisions.Less
The previous chapter talked about two essential elements of leadership that were significantly dependent on the theoretical approach. The first was the extent of the elimination of uncertainty from the appraisal system through considering objective approaches while the second involved the extent to which the theoretical perspective on organizational autonomy modifies the role given to leadership. While the uncertainty problem is conventionally viewed to be the concern of individual leaders, this chapter attempts to look into how the uncertainty problem may be taken on in terms of the utility of scientific knowledge. Since science may enable us to veer away from the Aristotelian binary of error and truth, this chapter explores the specific case of mad cow disease. Particularly, science may be utilized in dealing with ignorance and in establishing the foundation for managers to arrive at rational decisions.
Ryan Tucker Jones
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199343416
- eISBN:
- 9780199373819
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343416.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
Empire of Extinction examines the causes and consequences of environmental catastrophe resulting from Russia’s imperial expansion into the North Pacific. Gathering a host of Siberian and Alaskan ...
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Empire of Extinction examines the causes and consequences of environmental catastrophe resulting from Russia’s imperial expansion into the North Pacific. Gathering a host of Siberian and Alaskan native peoples, including the Aleuts, from the early 1700s until 1867, the Russian Empire organized a rapacious hunt for fur seals, sea otters, and other fur-bearing animals. The animals declined precipitously and Steller’s sea cow went entirely extinct. This destruction, which took place in one of the most hotly contested imperial arenas of the time, also drew the attention of natural historians, who played an important role in imperial expansion. Their observations of environmental change in the North Pacific caused Russians and other Europeans to recognize the threat of species extinction for the first time. Russians reacted by instituting some of the colonial world’s most progressive conservationist policies. Empire of Extinction points to the importance of the North Pacific both for the Russian Empire and for global environmental history.Less
Empire of Extinction examines the causes and consequences of environmental catastrophe resulting from Russia’s imperial expansion into the North Pacific. Gathering a host of Siberian and Alaskan native peoples, including the Aleuts, from the early 1700s until 1867, the Russian Empire organized a rapacious hunt for fur seals, sea otters, and other fur-bearing animals. The animals declined precipitously and Steller’s sea cow went entirely extinct. This destruction, which took place in one of the most hotly contested imperial arenas of the time, also drew the attention of natural historians, who played an important role in imperial expansion. Their observations of environmental change in the North Pacific caused Russians and other Europeans to recognize the threat of species extinction for the first time. Russians reacted by instituting some of the colonial world’s most progressive conservationist policies. Empire of Extinction points to the importance of the North Pacific both for the Russian Empire and for global environmental history.
David Pryer and Patricia Hewitt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562848
- eISBN:
- 9780191722523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562848.003.11
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable and ultimately fatal degenerative neurological disease. Sporadic (or ‘classical’) CJD appears across the globe, though fortunately it is very rare. In ...
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable and ultimately fatal degenerative neurological disease. Sporadic (or ‘classical’) CJD appears across the globe, though fortunately it is very rare. In March 1996, researchers in the UK first reported a variant of the disease, vCJD. Unlike sporadic CJD, younger people were affected, and the research suggested that infection had resulted from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy — BSE, or ‘mad cow disease’ — in cattle. This discovery followed repeated and fervent denials by government that BSE posed any conceivable risk to human health. Not surprisingly, vCJD has created a new theatre of interest in risk communication. This chapter presents a short historical summary to understand why this is so. It then considers the role of the CJD Incidents Panel in helping to manage the consequences of vCJD, and in communicating both to individuals and to wider audiences.Less
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable and ultimately fatal degenerative neurological disease. Sporadic (or ‘classical’) CJD appears across the globe, though fortunately it is very rare. In March 1996, researchers in the UK first reported a variant of the disease, vCJD. Unlike sporadic CJD, younger people were affected, and the research suggested that infection had resulted from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy — BSE, or ‘mad cow disease’ — in cattle. This discovery followed repeated and fervent denials by government that BSE posed any conceivable risk to human health. Not surprisingly, vCJD has created a new theatre of interest in risk communication. This chapter presents a short historical summary to understand why this is so. It then considers the role of the CJD Incidents Panel in helping to manage the consequences of vCJD, and in communicating both to individuals and to wider audiences.
Krzysztof Michalski
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143460
- eISBN:
- 9781400840212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143460.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter introduces the images of the grazing cows, the child at play, and the person observing them with envy and emotion. It argues that these images are supposed to confront us with human ...
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This chapter introduces the images of the grazing cows, the child at play, and the person observing them with envy and emotion. It argues that these images are supposed to confront us with human life, concentrated in the lived moment and simultaneously tearing the past from the future. It is life stretched out from “yesterday” to “tomorrow” and thereby burdened with memory and guilt—and at the same time innocent and oblivious, growing out of time in its every instant: the connection between time and its sickness, eternity. Such a concept of the human condition, the chapter shows, carries far-reaching consequences.Less
This chapter introduces the images of the grazing cows, the child at play, and the person observing them with envy and emotion. It argues that these images are supposed to confront us with human life, concentrated in the lived moment and simultaneously tearing the past from the future. It is life stretched out from “yesterday” to “tomorrow” and thereby burdened with memory and guilt—and at the same time innocent and oblivious, growing out of time in its every instant: the connection between time and its sickness, eternity. Such a concept of the human condition, the chapter shows, carries far-reaching consequences.
