Karen Siegel and David Stuckler
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199574407
- eISBN:
- 9780191731204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574407.003.0114
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter is organized into five parts. Public health experts contribute a series of country case studies about social change and chronic diseases in five rapidly-emerging economies: Brazil, ...
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This chapter is organized into five parts. Public health experts contribute a series of country case studies about social change and chronic diseases in five rapidly-emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. These countries were chosen because they have undergone very rapid transformations to their ways of life in the past decade. Each is set to become a world power. Their economies have been growing at record pace. Yet, each shares a common threat of rising chronic diseases that risks the stability and sustainability of their development.Less
This chapter is organized into five parts. Public health experts contribute a series of country case studies about social change and chronic diseases in five rapidly-emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. These countries were chosen because they have undergone very rapid transformations to their ways of life in the past decade. Each is set to become a world power. Their economies have been growing at record pace. Yet, each shares a common threat of rising chronic diseases that risks the stability and sustainability of their development.
Luis Correia Da Silva, Marc Goergen, and Luc Renneboog
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199259304
- eISBN:
- 9780191600852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259305.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Starts by reviewing patterns on dividend policy around the world. It then analyses some of the methodological issues as well as the tax treatment of dividends in Germany. The final part of the ...
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Starts by reviewing patterns on dividend policy around the world. It then analyses some of the methodological issues as well as the tax treatment of dividends in Germany. The final part of the chapter describes the data analysed in Chs. 6–8Less
Starts by reviewing patterns on dividend policy around the world. It then analyses some of the methodological issues as well as the tax treatment of dividends in Germany. The final part of the chapter describes the data analysed in Chs. 6–8
Augustin K. Fosu (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199660704
- eISBN:
- 9780191748943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660704.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Economic History
In the development literature, some countries are cited more often than others as examples of development success. These countries are understood to have policies and institutions in place that could ...
More
In the development literature, some countries are cited more often than others as examples of development success. These countries are understood to have policies and institutions in place that could be transferred, at least in part, to less successful countries both within their own regions, and elsewhere in the world. As such, they may constitute ‘role models of development’. This scholarly volume contains historical accounts of a select set of successful countries in the developing world; successful by virtue of their growth and development path — albeit at times in an uneven, non-linear, and patchy manner. Each unique case describes the fundamental ‘causes’ of success: initial conditions and resources; local, regional, and international factors shaping the national state of affairs; contributions to the development process by internal and external actors and institutions. Each country has a story to tell from where useful lessons can be drawn. While other similar works have presented cases of successful development strategies, they tend to be region-specific or constitute a relatively small number of cases. This book takes a more wide-ranging perspective involving a large number of country studies, spanning world regions and development levels.Less
In the development literature, some countries are cited more often than others as examples of development success. These countries are understood to have policies and institutions in place that could be transferred, at least in part, to less successful countries both within their own regions, and elsewhere in the world. As such, they may constitute ‘role models of development’. This scholarly volume contains historical accounts of a select set of successful countries in the developing world; successful by virtue of their growth and development path — albeit at times in an uneven, non-linear, and patchy manner. Each unique case describes the fundamental ‘causes’ of success: initial conditions and resources; local, regional, and international factors shaping the national state of affairs; contributions to the development process by internal and external actors and institutions. Each country has a story to tell from where useful lessons can be drawn. While other similar works have presented cases of successful development strategies, they tend to be region-specific or constitute a relatively small number of cases. This book takes a more wide-ranging perspective involving a large number of country studies, spanning world regions and development levels.
Maria Minniti (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580866
- eISBN:
- 9780191728716
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580866.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Why are some individuals more entrepreneurial than others? What types of institutional environments are more conducive to entrepreneurship? Does entrepreneurship contribute to the growth of a ...
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Why are some individuals more entrepreneurial than others? What types of institutional environments are more conducive to entrepreneurship? Does entrepreneurship contribute to the growth of a country? Answering these questions is particularly important at a time when governments all over the world are looking to entrepreneurship as a way to increase employment and the competitiveness of their countries. The chapters in this volume cover topics such as entrepreneurial motivation, gender and migration, entrepreneurial financing, urban entrepreneurship, growth-oriented entrepreneurship, economic growth, and regional entrepreneurship policies. Each chapter is based on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The GEM project collects detailed and comparable data on representative population samples in more than 60 countries. No other existing book provides such a coherent global view of entrepreneurship and its implications. Other studies use a hodge-podge of data from different sources to study entrepreneurship. The data used to support the different parts of a given argument are not always consistent with one another or easily compared. The scientific validity of such empirical findings is limited as the various pieces of evidence do not belong to the same puzzle. Therefore, the coherence of a universal approach is lost and important aspects of the entrepreneurial process may be overlooked or undervalued. This volume, on the other hand, tests all theoretical arguments against the same empirical data, all the pieces fit into the same puzzle and a coherent and unitary picture of entrepreneurial activity, from its causes and motivations to its macroeconomic impact and implications, emerges.Less
Why are some individuals more entrepreneurial than others? What types of institutional environments are more conducive to entrepreneurship? Does entrepreneurship contribute to the growth of a country? Answering these questions is particularly important at a time when governments all over the world are looking to entrepreneurship as a way to increase employment and the competitiveness of their countries. The chapters in this volume cover topics such as entrepreneurial motivation, gender and migration, entrepreneurial financing, urban entrepreneurship, growth-oriented entrepreneurship, economic growth, and regional entrepreneurship policies. Each chapter is based on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The GEM project collects detailed and comparable data on representative population samples in more than 60 countries. No other existing book provides such a coherent global view of entrepreneurship and its implications. Other studies use a hodge-podge of data from different sources to study entrepreneurship. The data used to support the different parts of a given argument are not always consistent with one another or easily compared. The scientific validity of such empirical findings is limited as the various pieces of evidence do not belong to the same puzzle. Therefore, the coherence of a universal approach is lost and important aspects of the entrepreneurial process may be overlooked or undervalued. This volume, on the other hand, tests all theoretical arguments against the same empirical data, all the pieces fit into the same puzzle and a coherent and unitary picture of entrepreneurial activity, from its causes and motivations to its macroeconomic impact and implications, emerges.
Devashish Mitra
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035231
- eISBN:
- 9780262337687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035231.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses how trade can affect poverty through a large number of channels, based on growth, efficiency and distribution. The redistributive channels also affect inequality. Case studies ...
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This chapter discusses how trade can affect poverty through a large number of channels, based on growth, efficiency and distribution. The redistributive channels also affect inequality. Case studies of China and India show that the country with the greater rise in inequality, namely China, has grown faster and seen bigger poverty reductions. Cross-country regressions also show the possibility of a poverty reducing impact of trade reforms. And, there exists considerable evidence for specifically the growth channel. Most of the intra-country studies, both direct, reduced-form ones, as well as those based on empirical general-equilibrium analysis, also provide strong support for the poverty-reducing effects of trade. Moving to inequality, many aspects, such as wage inequality, overall income inequality and labor shares, have been studied. The chapter shows that the evidence on the impact of trade on inequality has been quite mixed.Less
This chapter discusses how trade can affect poverty through a large number of channels, based on growth, efficiency and distribution. The redistributive channels also affect inequality. Case studies of China and India show that the country with the greater rise in inequality, namely China, has grown faster and seen bigger poverty reductions. Cross-country regressions also show the possibility of a poverty reducing impact of trade reforms. And, there exists considerable evidence for specifically the growth channel. Most of the intra-country studies, both direct, reduced-form ones, as well as those based on empirical general-equilibrium analysis, also provide strong support for the poverty-reducing effects of trade. Moving to inequality, many aspects, such as wage inequality, overall income inequality and labor shares, have been studied. The chapter shows that the evidence on the impact of trade on inequality has been quite mixed.
Michael Gebel and Clemens Noelke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804775908
- eISBN:
- 9780804778954
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804775908.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter presents how transformation processes and highly diversified education systems have interacted to restructure the transition from school to work. It provides the theoretical and ...
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This chapter presents how transformation processes and highly diversified education systems have interacted to restructure the transition from school to work. It provides the theoretical and methodological backgrounds of the country studies. It focuses on the labor market outcomes of specific educational degrees and their changes over the course of transformation, and formulates concrete hypotheses regarding the outcomes. This chapter concludes with a discussion of methodological approaches to identifying the role of educational institutions in the school-to-work transition, followed by a description of the standardized methodological framework and design of the subsequent country studies.Less
This chapter presents how transformation processes and highly diversified education systems have interacted to restructure the transition from school to work. It provides the theoretical and methodological backgrounds of the country studies. It focuses on the labor market outcomes of specific educational degrees and their changes over the course of transformation, and formulates concrete hypotheses regarding the outcomes. This chapter concludes with a discussion of methodological approaches to identifying the role of educational institutions in the school-to-work transition, followed by a description of the standardized methodological framework and design of the subsequent country studies.
Mehtap Akgüç and Miroslav Beblavý
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190864798
- eISBN:
- 9780190864828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
This chapter analyzes the labor market integration of South–North and East–West migrants, together with intra-European and non-European Union migrants, vis-à-vis native peers in main European ...
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This chapter analyzes the labor market integration of South–North and East–West migrants, together with intra-European and non-European Union migrants, vis-à-vis native peers in main European destinations. The analysis considers individual characteristics and labor market outcomes by migrant origins. Labor market outcomes are estimated, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and for country-fixed and year effects. Using interaction effects, the chapter estimates whether the work-related outcomes of young migrants differ vis-à-vis native peers. The econometric analysis using pooled European Social Surveys (2002–2015) suggests that individual characteristics explain part of the migrant–native peer differences. Particularly, migrants from Eastern and Southern Europe exhibit important gaps vis-à-vis native peers regarding unemployment, contract type, and overqualification. Overall, migrant youth and women seem to be in vulnerable situations in destination labor markets. In addition to nondiscriminatory treatment, transparent competence screening and smooth skills transferability could alleviate such youth and gender vulnerabilities.Less
This chapter analyzes the labor market integration of South–North and East–West migrants, together with intra-European and non-European Union migrants, vis-à-vis native peers in main European destinations. The analysis considers individual characteristics and labor market outcomes by migrant origins. Labor market outcomes are estimated, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and for country-fixed and year effects. Using interaction effects, the chapter estimates whether the work-related outcomes of young migrants differ vis-à-vis native peers. The econometric analysis using pooled European Social Surveys (2002–2015) suggests that individual characteristics explain part of the migrant–native peer differences. Particularly, migrants from Eastern and Southern Europe exhibit important gaps vis-à-vis native peers regarding unemployment, contract type, and overqualification. Overall, migrant youth and women seem to be in vulnerable situations in destination labor markets. In addition to nondiscriminatory treatment, transparent competence screening and smooth skills transferability could alleviate such youth and gender vulnerabilities.
Conor O’Dwyer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037726
- eISBN:
- 9780252095009
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter explores the European Union's impact on gay rights in the region, asking whether accession has fostered gay rights despite the hurdle of still widespread societal homophobia. To the ...
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This chapter explores the European Union's impact on gay rights in the region, asking whether accession has fostered gay rights despite the hurdle of still widespread societal homophobia. To the extent that the EU does have a demonstrable effect in promoting legal rights for gays, the chapter examines whether such rights promotion spark a homophobic backlash in the broader political sphere, particularly that of political-party competition. Most empirical analyses of the politics of gay rights in postcommunist Europe to date have relied on country case studies. By and large, individual country studies have offered empirical support for arguments that both the communist legacy and EU conditionality have strongly imprinted themselves on the politics of gay rights.Less
This chapter explores the European Union's impact on gay rights in the region, asking whether accession has fostered gay rights despite the hurdle of still widespread societal homophobia. To the extent that the EU does have a demonstrable effect in promoting legal rights for gays, the chapter examines whether such rights promotion spark a homophobic backlash in the broader political sphere, particularly that of political-party competition. Most empirical analyses of the politics of gay rights in postcommunist Europe to date have relied on country case studies. By and large, individual country studies have offered empirical support for arguments that both the communist legacy and EU conditionality have strongly imprinted themselves on the politics of gay rights.
Augustin K. Fosu (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199671557
- eISBN:
- 9780191751059
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671557.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In the development literature, some countries are cited more often than others as examples of development success. These countries are understood to have policies and institutions in place that could ...
More
In the development literature, some countries are cited more often than others as examples of development success. These countries are understood to have policies and institutions in place that could be transferred, at least in part, to less successful countries both within their own regions, and elsewhere in the world. As such, they may constitute ‘role models of development’. This scholarly volume contains historical accounts of a select set of successful countries in the developing world; successful by virtue of their growth and development path—albeit at times in an uneven, non-linear, and patchy manner. Each unique case describes the fundamental ‘causes’ of success: initial conditions and resources; local, regional, and international factors shaping the national state of affairs; and contributions to the development process by internal and external actors and institutions. Each country has a story to tell from which useful lessons can be drawn. While other similar works have presented cases of successful development strategies, they tend to be region-specific or constitute a relatively small number of cases. This book takes a more wide-ranging perspective involving a large number of country studies, spanning world regions and development levels.Less
In the development literature, some countries are cited more often than others as examples of development success. These countries are understood to have policies and institutions in place that could be transferred, at least in part, to less successful countries both within their own regions, and elsewhere in the world. As such, they may constitute ‘role models of development’. This scholarly volume contains historical accounts of a select set of successful countries in the developing world; successful by virtue of their growth and development path—albeit at times in an uneven, non-linear, and patchy manner. Each unique case describes the fundamental ‘causes’ of success: initial conditions and resources; local, regional, and international factors shaping the national state of affairs; and contributions to the development process by internal and external actors and institutions. Each country has a story to tell from which useful lessons can be drawn. While other similar works have presented cases of successful development strategies, they tend to be region-specific or constitute a relatively small number of cases. This book takes a more wide-ranging perspective involving a large number of country studies, spanning world regions and development levels.
Rafael La Porta and Andrei Shleifer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226316222
- eISBN:
- 9780226316369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226316369.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
We examine the productivity of informal firms (those that are not registered with the government) in 24 African countries using field work and World Bank firm level data. We find that productivity ...
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We examine the productivity of informal firms (those that are not registered with the government) in 24 African countries using field work and World Bank firm level data. We find that productivity jumps sharply if we compare small formal firms to informal firms, and rises rapidly with the size of formal firms. Critically, informal firms appear to be qualitatively different than formal firms: they are smaller in size, produce to order, are run by managers with low human capital, do not have access to external finance, do not advertise their products, and sell to largely informal clients for cash. Informal firms thus occupy a very different market niche than formal firms do, and rarely become formal because there is very little demand for their products from the formal sector.Less
We examine the productivity of informal firms (those that are not registered with the government) in 24 African countries using field work and World Bank firm level data. We find that productivity jumps sharply if we compare small formal firms to informal firms, and rises rapidly with the size of formal firms. Critically, informal firms appear to be qualitatively different than formal firms: they are smaller in size, produce to order, are run by managers with low human capital, do not have access to external finance, do not advertise their products, and sell to largely informal clients for cash. Informal firms thus occupy a very different market niche than formal firms do, and rarely become formal because there is very little demand for their products from the formal sector.
Shimon Shetreet and Hiram E. Chodosh
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198077121
- eISBN:
- 9780199085309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077121.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter introduces the issue presented by the absence of a uniform civil code in India. It explores three democratic models of church-state relations and analyzes three model countries- Nepal, ...
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This chapter introduces the issue presented by the absence of a uniform civil code in India. It explores three democratic models of church-state relations and analyzes three model countries- Nepal, Turkey, and Israel, drawing a comparing the law and practice of these countries to India. The book proposes a series of guidelines and considerations to inform this process. The first guideline urges that the process of preparing and implementing a Uniform Civil Code should be the function of the Legislature. The second guideline suggests the parallel application of civil and religious law. The third guideline advises a gradual application of a Uniform Civil Code. The development of the code should be done topic by topic, chapter by chapter. The fourth guideline is to deploy tools of mediation in both the formation of the code and its implementation.Less
This chapter introduces the issue presented by the absence of a uniform civil code in India. It explores three democratic models of church-state relations and analyzes three model countries- Nepal, Turkey, and Israel, drawing a comparing the law and practice of these countries to India. The book proposes a series of guidelines and considerations to inform this process. The first guideline urges that the process of preparing and implementing a Uniform Civil Code should be the function of the Legislature. The second guideline suggests the parallel application of civil and religious law. The third guideline advises a gradual application of a Uniform Civil Code. The development of the code should be done topic by topic, chapter by chapter. The fourth guideline is to deploy tools of mediation in both the formation of the code and its implementation.
Mark Bennister, Ben Worthy, and Paul 't Hart (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198783848
- eISBN:
- 9780191826498
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198783848.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This edited book will make an important, timely, and innovative contribution to the now flourishing academic discipline of political leadership studies. We have developed a conceptual framework of ...
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This edited book will make an important, timely, and innovative contribution to the now flourishing academic discipline of political leadership studies. We have developed a conceptual framework of leadership capital and a diagnostic tool—the Leadership Capital Index (LCI)—to measure and evaluate the fluctuating nature of leadership capital. Differing amounts of leadership capital, a combination of skills, relations, and reputation, allow leaders to succeed or fail. This book brings together leading international scholars to engage with the concept of “leadership capital” and apply the LCI to a variety of comparative case studies. The LCI offers a comprehensive yet parsimonious and easily applicable ten-point matrix to examine leadership authority over time and in different political contexts. In each case, leaders “spend” and put their “stock” of authority and support at risk. United States president, Lyndon Johnson, arm-twisting Congress to put into effect civil rights legislation, Tony Blair taking the United Kingdom into the invasion of Iraq, Angela Merkel committing Germany to a generous reception of refugees: all ‘spent capital’ to forge public policy they believed in. We are interested in how office-holders acquire, consolidate, risk, and lose such capital. This volume concentrates predominantly on elected ‘chief executives’ at the national level, including majoritarian and consensus systems, multiple and singular cases. We also consider some presidential and sub-national cases. The purpose of the exercise is indeed exploratory: the chapters are a series of plausibility probes, to see how the LCI framework ‘performs’ as a descriptive and analytical tool.Less
This edited book will make an important, timely, and innovative contribution to the now flourishing academic discipline of political leadership studies. We have developed a conceptual framework of leadership capital and a diagnostic tool—the Leadership Capital Index (LCI)—to measure and evaluate the fluctuating nature of leadership capital. Differing amounts of leadership capital, a combination of skills, relations, and reputation, allow leaders to succeed or fail. This book brings together leading international scholars to engage with the concept of “leadership capital” and apply the LCI to a variety of comparative case studies. The LCI offers a comprehensive yet parsimonious and easily applicable ten-point matrix to examine leadership authority over time and in different political contexts. In each case, leaders “spend” and put their “stock” of authority and support at risk. United States president, Lyndon Johnson, arm-twisting Congress to put into effect civil rights legislation, Tony Blair taking the United Kingdom into the invasion of Iraq, Angela Merkel committing Germany to a generous reception of refugees: all ‘spent capital’ to forge public policy they believed in. We are interested in how office-holders acquire, consolidate, risk, and lose such capital. This volume concentrates predominantly on elected ‘chief executives’ at the national level, including majoritarian and consensus systems, multiple and singular cases. We also consider some presidential and sub-national cases. The purpose of the exercise is indeed exploratory: the chapters are a series of plausibility probes, to see how the LCI framework ‘performs’ as a descriptive and analytical tool.
