Korie L. Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195314243
- eISBN:
- 9780199871810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314243.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther ...
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The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream for a cooperative, egalitarian, multiracial religious community.Less
The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream for a cooperative, egalitarian, multiracial religious community.
Mark Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269259
- eISBN:
- 9780191710155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269259.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Distinct forms of linguistic strategy can masquerade for one another quite ably — early chapters illustrated how serious philosophical confusions often arise when a facade-structured language is ...
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Distinct forms of linguistic strategy can masquerade for one another quite ably — early chapters illustrated how serious philosophical confusions often arise when a facade-structured language is mistaken for a simpler, classical usage. In this chapter, some of Hume's celebrated worries about causation are traced to several allied forms of semantic masquerade.Less
Distinct forms of linguistic strategy can masquerade for one another quite ably — early chapters illustrated how serious philosophical confusions often arise when a facade-structured language is mistaken for a simpler, classical usage. In this chapter, some of Hume's celebrated worries about causation are traced to several allied forms of semantic masquerade.
Ann Jefferson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160658
- eISBN:
- 9781400852598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160658.003.0020
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter discusses Derrida's, Genèses, généalogies, genres et le génie (Geneses, genealogies, genres and genius), the text of a lecture given in 2003 to mark the gift made by Hélène Cixous of her ...
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This chapter discusses Derrida's, Genèses, généalogies, genres et le génie (Geneses, genealogies, genres and genius), the text of a lecture given in 2003 to mark the gift made by Hélène Cixous of her archive to the Bibliothèque nationale de France. One year after the publication of the third volume of Kristeva's Le Génie féminin, genius and gender are once again associated in relation to an individual figure—in this case, the writer Hélène Cixous. As Derrida's compound title indicates, genius is not the sole topic of his discussion, but the occasion is the pretext for a thoroughgoing reevaluation of the notion as exemplified by Cixous herself and, in particular, as implied by the narrative of her past affair with an American boyfriend and self-proclaimed genius. The chapter examines Derrida's rethinking of the concept of genius, as well as the associations between genius and imposture.Less
This chapter discusses Derrida's, Genèses, généalogies, genres et le génie (Geneses, genealogies, genres and genius), the text of a lecture given in 2003 to mark the gift made by Hélène Cixous of her archive to the Bibliothèque nationale de France. One year after the publication of the third volume of Kristeva's Le Génie féminin, genius and gender are once again associated in relation to an individual figure—in this case, the writer Hélène Cixous. As Derrida's compound title indicates, genius is not the sole topic of his discussion, but the occasion is the pretext for a thoroughgoing reevaluation of the notion as exemplified by Cixous herself and, in particular, as implied by the narrative of her past affair with an American boyfriend and self-proclaimed genius. The chapter examines Derrida's rethinking of the concept of genius, as well as the associations between genius and imposture.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804760324
- eISBN:
- 9780804772877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804760324.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter, which focuses on the field and act of counterfeiting, considers the counterfeiting of paper money and gold. It argues that the counterfeiter-sophist-alchemist does not divulge his ...
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This chapter, which focuses on the field and act of counterfeiting, considers the counterfeiting of paper money and gold. It argues that the counterfeiter-sophist-alchemist does not divulge his method. If he succeeds, he may disappear from public life like the counterfeiter, but might also continue his work (in secret) or teach the art to a select few adepts or to his sons. Because alchemy is so difficult and is practiced on such a minute scale—if indeed one accepts that it is practiced at all— it does not disrupt the national economy in any significant way.Less
This chapter, which focuses on the field and act of counterfeiting, considers the counterfeiting of paper money and gold. It argues that the counterfeiter-sophist-alchemist does not divulge his method. If he succeeds, he may disappear from public life like the counterfeiter, but might also continue his work (in secret) or teach the art to a select few adepts or to his sons. Because alchemy is so difficult and is practiced on such a minute scale—if indeed one accepts that it is practiced at all— it does not disrupt the national economy in any significant way.
Robert W. Blunt
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226655611
- eISBN:
- 9780226655895
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226655895.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
Many observers of Kenya’s complicated history see causes for concern, from the use of public office for private gain to a constitutional structure historically lopsided towards the executive branch. ...
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Many observers of Kenya’s complicated history see causes for concern, from the use of public office for private gain to a constitutional structure historically lopsided towards the executive branch. Yet efforts from critics and academics to diagnose the country’s problems do not often consider what these fiscal and political issues mean to ordinary Kenyans. How do Kenyans express their own political understanding, make sense of governance, and articulate what they expect from their leaders? For Money and Elders addresses these questions by turning to the political, economic, and religious signs in circulation in Kenya today. The book examines how Kenyans attempt to make sense of political instability caused by the uncertainty of authority behind everything from currency to title deeds. When the symbolic order of a society is up for grabs, violence may seem like an expedient way to enforce the authority of signs. Drawing on fertile concepts of sovereignty, elderhood, counterfeiting, acephaly, and more, the book explores phenomena as diverse as the destabilization of ritual “oaths,” public anxieties about Satanism with the advent of democratic reform, and mistrust of official signs. The result is a fascinating glimpse into Kenya’s past and present and a penetrating reflection on meanings of violence in African politics.Less
Many observers of Kenya’s complicated history see causes for concern, from the use of public office for private gain to a constitutional structure historically lopsided towards the executive branch. Yet efforts from critics and academics to diagnose the country’s problems do not often consider what these fiscal and political issues mean to ordinary Kenyans. How do Kenyans express their own political understanding, make sense of governance, and articulate what they expect from their leaders? For Money and Elders addresses these questions by turning to the political, economic, and religious signs in circulation in Kenya today. The book examines how Kenyans attempt to make sense of political instability caused by the uncertainty of authority behind everything from currency to title deeds. When the symbolic order of a society is up for grabs, violence may seem like an expedient way to enforce the authority of signs. Drawing on fertile concepts of sovereignty, elderhood, counterfeiting, acephaly, and more, the book explores phenomena as diverse as the destabilization of ritual “oaths,” public anxieties about Satanism with the advent of democratic reform, and mistrust of official signs. The result is a fascinating glimpse into Kenya’s past and present and a penetrating reflection on meanings of violence in African politics.
Georgios A. Antonopoulos, Alexandra Hall, Joanna Large, Anqi Shen, Michael Crang, and Michael Andrews
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447346968
- eISBN:
- 9781447346982
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447346968.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The trade in counterfeit goods is growing. Recent EU studies on Fast Moving Consumer Goods indicate that 6.5% of all sports(wear) goods, 7.8% of cosmetics and 12.7% of luggage/handbags sold in the EU ...
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The trade in counterfeit goods is growing. Recent EU studies on Fast Moving Consumer Goods indicate that 6.5% of all sports(wear) goods, 7.8% of cosmetics and 12.7% of luggage/handbags sold in the EU are in some way counterfeit. The WTO has an oft-repeated estimate of 7% of all global commerce as counterfeit. The World Economic Forum goes further, suggesting that counterfeiting and piracy cost the global economy an estimated $1.77 trillion in 2015, which is nearly 10% of the global trade in merchandise. Much work and popular scrutiny has examined flows of counterfeit goods. However, there remains a general lack of information on the financing of the counterfeit trade. Drawing upon cross-disciplinary research, the book offers a unique account into the financing of the trade in counterfeit goods. Focusing on tangible goods, it addresses the ways in which capital is secured to allow counterfeiting businesses to be initiated and sustained, how entrepreneurs and customers settle payments, the costs of conducting business in the counterfeiting trade, and how profits from the business are spent and invested. The book covers the UK context, whilst also considering the distinctly transnational nature of the trade.Less
The trade in counterfeit goods is growing. Recent EU studies on Fast Moving Consumer Goods indicate that 6.5% of all sports(wear) goods, 7.8% of cosmetics and 12.7% of luggage/handbags sold in the EU are in some way counterfeit. The WTO has an oft-repeated estimate of 7% of all global commerce as counterfeit. The World Economic Forum goes further, suggesting that counterfeiting and piracy cost the global economy an estimated $1.77 trillion in 2015, which is nearly 10% of the global trade in merchandise. Much work and popular scrutiny has examined flows of counterfeit goods. However, there remains a general lack of information on the financing of the counterfeit trade. Drawing upon cross-disciplinary research, the book offers a unique account into the financing of the trade in counterfeit goods. Focusing on tangible goods, it addresses the ways in which capital is secured to allow counterfeiting businesses to be initiated and sustained, how entrepreneurs and customers settle payments, the costs of conducting business in the counterfeiting trade, and how profits from the business are spent and invested. The book covers the UK context, whilst also considering the distinctly transnational nature of the trade.
Jennifer Radden and John Z. Sadler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195389371
- eISBN:
- 9780199866328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389371.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
Some tensions inherent in joining the traditional concept of character to that of social roles are outlined in Chapter 6. They are illustrated through a discussion of the moral psychological dangers ...
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Some tensions inherent in joining the traditional concept of character to that of social roles are outlined in Chapter 6. They are illustrated through a discussion of the moral psychological dangers that attend role morality: inner compartmentalization or lack of integrity, inconstant virtues (honored in one role and neglected in another), and apparently incompatible roles (such as healer and upholder of criminal justice). Some difficulties springing from the way virtues are habituated, are also introduced, including the ethical status of virtues that are merely feigned (as when the practitioner pretends an empathic response to the patient that is not wholehearted or genuine).Less
Some tensions inherent in joining the traditional concept of character to that of social roles are outlined in Chapter 6. They are illustrated through a discussion of the moral psychological dangers that attend role morality: inner compartmentalization or lack of integrity, inconstant virtues (honored in one role and neglected in another), and apparently incompatible roles (such as healer and upholder of criminal justice). Some difficulties springing from the way virtues are habituated, are also introduced, including the ethical status of virtues that are merely feigned (as when the practitioner pretends an empathic response to the patient that is not wholehearted or genuine).
Robin Mansell and W. Edward Steinmueller
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295570
- eISBN:
- 9780191685149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295570.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Innovation
Institutional and legal infrastructures are still subject to certain adjustments so that the development of information infrastructure and the move towards achieving an information society be ...
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Institutional and legal infrastructures are still subject to certain adjustments so that the development of information infrastructure and the move towards achieving an information society be advocated. In this chapter, we concentrate mainly on intellectual property rights, particularly on the copyright associated with content and software. Businesses, in several aspects of the development towards an information society, are greatly concerned with how the government may inappropriately proceed with decisions in unsettled areas that may still experience significant new developments. One of the common views is that protection may be perceived to be insufficient, or that ensuring penalties for infringements requires stronger procedures. The need therefore arises for parallel convergence in the institutional and legal aspects that are concerned with the management and promotion of rights in electronic information. We look into certain issues regarding piracy, counterfeiting, and other such violations.Less
Institutional and legal infrastructures are still subject to certain adjustments so that the development of information infrastructure and the move towards achieving an information society be advocated. In this chapter, we concentrate mainly on intellectual property rights, particularly on the copyright associated with content and software. Businesses, in several aspects of the development towards an information society, are greatly concerned with how the government may inappropriately proceed with decisions in unsettled areas that may still experience significant new developments. One of the common views is that protection may be perceived to be insufficient, or that ensuring penalties for infringements requires stronger procedures. The need therefore arises for parallel convergence in the institutional and legal aspects that are concerned with the management and promotion of rights in electronic information. We look into certain issues regarding piracy, counterfeiting, and other such violations.
Asif Efrat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199760305
- eISBN:
- 9780199950010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199760305.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter tests the theoretical framework for the analysis of cooperation against illicit trade, developed in Chapter 2, empirically through an analysis of the international regulatory efforts ...
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This chapter tests the theoretical framework for the analysis of cooperation against illicit trade, developed in Chapter 2, empirically through an analysis of the international regulatory efforts against the illicit trade in small arms. It begins with a brief overview of the failed attempts to control the arms trade during the interwar period, followed by a discussion of the contemporary international efforts against small-arms proliferation and misuse. Next, it operationalizes the theoretical framework with respect to small arms and derives a set of expectations of government preferences. The expectations are tested through an original survey, based on interviewing officials from 118 countries. Quantitatively and qualitatively, the survey illuminates the variation in government preferences on international small-arms regulation. This is the first type of preference variation identified in Chapter 1: cross-country variation in preferences on the regulation of a given trade. The chapter then employs this variation to explain another variation: variation in the robustness of international regulation across trades. It accounts for the weakness of international small-arms regulation compared with international drug control and with the agreement against counterfeits (TRIPS). It also explains why small-arms control is weaker than other arms-control regimes, despite the fact that small arms are the deadliest weapons of all in terms of actual death toll.Less
This chapter tests the theoretical framework for the analysis of cooperation against illicit trade, developed in Chapter 2, empirically through an analysis of the international regulatory efforts against the illicit trade in small arms. It begins with a brief overview of the failed attempts to control the arms trade during the interwar period, followed by a discussion of the contemporary international efforts against small-arms proliferation and misuse. Next, it operationalizes the theoretical framework with respect to small arms and derives a set of expectations of government preferences. The expectations are tested through an original survey, based on interviewing officials from 118 countries. Quantitatively and qualitatively, the survey illuminates the variation in government preferences on international small-arms regulation. This is the first type of preference variation identified in Chapter 1: cross-country variation in preferences on the regulation of a given trade. The chapter then employs this variation to explain another variation: variation in the robustness of international regulation across trades. It accounts for the weakness of international small-arms regulation compared with international drug control and with the agreement against counterfeits (TRIPS). It also explains why small-arms control is weaker than other arms-control regimes, despite the fact that small arms are the deadliest weapons of all in terms of actual death toll.
Asif Efrat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199760305
- eISBN:
- 9780199950010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199760305.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The previous empirical chapters have all demonstrated the key problem hindering cooperation against illicit trade: international regulation aimed at curbing the trade exacts a heavy price from ...
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The previous empirical chapters have all demonstrated the key problem hindering cooperation against illicit trade: international regulation aimed at curbing the trade exacts a heavy price from governments with little motivation to pay that price. These governments are not concerned about the trade's negative externalities; rather, they are protecting the interests of domestic actors involved in the trade. They are therefore reluctant to bear the burden and make the sacrifices that international regulation entails. As a result, an international political conflict ensues between governments supportive of regulation and governments opposed to it. This chapter explores the sources and dynamics of the international political conflicts over three types of illicit trade: drugs, money laundering, and counterfeits. The analysis highlights the commercial interests that have hindered international regulation and the exercise of American coercion to compel cooperation.Less
The previous empirical chapters have all demonstrated the key problem hindering cooperation against illicit trade: international regulation aimed at curbing the trade exacts a heavy price from governments with little motivation to pay that price. These governments are not concerned about the trade's negative externalities; rather, they are protecting the interests of domestic actors involved in the trade. They are therefore reluctant to bear the burden and make the sacrifices that international regulation entails. As a result, an international political conflict ensues between governments supportive of regulation and governments opposed to it. This chapter explores the sources and dynamics of the international political conflicts over three types of illicit trade: drugs, money laundering, and counterfeits. The analysis highlights the commercial interests that have hindered international regulation and the exercise of American coercion to compel cooperation.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk ...
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Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk management, using a segmentation of the procurement conditions. It is based, on the one hand, on the complexity and risk associated with the input purchased from the supplier and, on the other hand, on the company’s annual expenditure with that supplier. The chapter also discusses the growing problem of counterfeit materials that arise as supply chains grow longer and more opaque.Less
Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk management, using a segmentation of the procurement conditions. It is based, on the one hand, on the complexity and risk associated with the input purchased from the supplier and, on the other hand, on the company’s annual expenditure with that supplier. The chapter also discusses the growing problem of counterfeit materials that arise as supply chains grow longer and more opaque.
SEAN F. JOHNSTON
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198571223
- eISBN:
- 9780191718908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198571223.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter discusses holography's commercial growth. Technical innovations became less frequent, but exhibitions and cottage industries enrolled increasing public enthusiasm and numbers of ...
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This chapter discusses holography's commercial growth. Technical innovations became less frequent, but exhibitions and cottage industries enrolled increasing public enthusiasm and numbers of businesses. Waves of commercial applications had appeared and failed by the late 1970s by well-funded large companies. Small firms and entrepreneurs, though, were able to market consumer holographic items. Steve McGrew devised a process for stamping holograms as embossed reflective items for magazine advertisements and stickers. Mike Foster applied related technology to commercial packaging, and Ken Haines developed the technique with American Bank Note Holographics to produce highly profitable security holograms for credit cards and, later, as a generic anti-counterfeiting tool. Patent complexities strangled most commercial profit, however. Few investors or start-up companies survived, and the holography business shifted steadily to the Far East.Less
This chapter discusses holography's commercial growth. Technical innovations became less frequent, but exhibitions and cottage industries enrolled increasing public enthusiasm and numbers of businesses. Waves of commercial applications had appeared and failed by the late 1970s by well-funded large companies. Small firms and entrepreneurs, though, were able to market consumer holographic items. Steve McGrew devised a process for stamping holograms as embossed reflective items for magazine advertisements and stickers. Mike Foster applied related technology to commercial packaging, and Ken Haines developed the technique with American Bank Note Holographics to produce highly profitable security holograms for credit cards and, later, as a generic anti-counterfeiting tool. Patent complexities strangled most commercial profit, however. Few investors or start-up companies survived, and the holography business shifted steadily to the Far East.
Graeme B. Dinwoodie and Rochelle C. Dreyfuss
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304619
- eISBN:
- 9780199933273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304619.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Private International Law
International intellectual property lawmaking since TRIPS has involved many different actors, in many different fora, under a variety of conditions, leading to the phenomenon of fragmentation. This ...
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International intellectual property lawmaking since TRIPS has involved many different actors, in many different fora, under a variety of conditions, leading to the phenomenon of fragmentation. This Chapter discusses many of these lawmaking initiatives (such as bilateral free trade agreements, ACTA, the Transpacific Partnership Agreement, WIPO Development Agenda, and soft law instruments). It addresses both efforts at further commodification and the promulgation of counternorms that clarify the space where TRIPS does not require commodification. The Chapter develops a framework for integrating these developments into the WTO regime and thus gaining the benefits of regulatory competition while minimizing the costs of fragmentation. It rejects the approach of aggressive integration suggested by the International Law Commission; TRIPS offers ample opportunities for norm-integration-through-interpretation. The weight to be given to materials drawn from outside the WTO should reflect the source and timing of the instrument, governance issues, and the relationship between the coverage of the instrument and that of TRIPS. The WTO can also reduce fragmentation through its lawmaking activities, including deliberations in the Council for TRIPS. Treating other specialised institutions (eg the WHO) as partners in the international system might facilitate regulatory cooperation, and the Chapter thus suggests procedural mechanisms to take advantage of that expertise.Less
International intellectual property lawmaking since TRIPS has involved many different actors, in many different fora, under a variety of conditions, leading to the phenomenon of fragmentation. This Chapter discusses many of these lawmaking initiatives (such as bilateral free trade agreements, ACTA, the Transpacific Partnership Agreement, WIPO Development Agenda, and soft law instruments). It addresses both efforts at further commodification and the promulgation of counternorms that clarify the space where TRIPS does not require commodification. The Chapter develops a framework for integrating these developments into the WTO regime and thus gaining the benefits of regulatory competition while minimizing the costs of fragmentation. It rejects the approach of aggressive integration suggested by the International Law Commission; TRIPS offers ample opportunities for norm-integration-through-interpretation. The weight to be given to materials drawn from outside the WTO should reflect the source and timing of the instrument, governance issues, and the relationship between the coverage of the instrument and that of TRIPS. The WTO can also reduce fragmentation through its lawmaking activities, including deliberations in the Council for TRIPS. Treating other specialised institutions (eg the WHO) as partners in the international system might facilitate regulatory cooperation, and the Chapter thus suggests procedural mechanisms to take advantage of that expertise.
Jotham Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451591
- eISBN:
- 9780801454981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451591.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter highlights Charles IV's hobby of inviting cutpurses and pickpockets to ply their trade at his court for their profit and his amusement. This action echoes his creation of a notionally ...
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This chapter highlights Charles IV's hobby of inviting cutpurses and pickpockets to ply their trade at his court for their profit and his amusement. This action echoes his creation of a notionally undetectable counterfeit coin. Counterfeiting money was closely connected to other ways of manipulating social power. Protecting the coinage was at the core of the royal duty to provide justice, but at the same time manipulating coinage, for good reasons or bad, remained an essential royal prerogative—one whose boundaries could be especially fuzzy in the context of civil war. In addition, counterfeiting functioned as a shadow version of the system whereby mechanical and intellectual skills could bring their possessors wealth and prestige.Less
This chapter highlights Charles IV's hobby of inviting cutpurses and pickpockets to ply their trade at his court for their profit and his amusement. This action echoes his creation of a notionally undetectable counterfeit coin. Counterfeiting money was closely connected to other ways of manipulating social power. Protecting the coinage was at the core of the royal duty to provide justice, but at the same time manipulating coinage, for good reasons or bad, remained an essential royal prerogative—one whose boundaries could be especially fuzzy in the context of civil war. In addition, counterfeiting functioned as a shadow version of the system whereby mechanical and intellectual skills could bring their possessors wealth and prestige.
Natasha Tusikov
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520291218
- eISBN:
- 9780520965034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520291218.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by describing the emergence of non-legally binding enforcement agreements among large Internet firms through a series of closed-door meetings. It ...
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This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by describing the emergence of non-legally binding enforcement agreements among large Internet firms through a series of closed-door meetings. It introduces the key actors: mostly U.S.-based Internet firms, multinational rights holders, influential industry associations, and policymakers and politicians from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission. Together these actors form a private transnational regime with the goal of suppressing the trafficking of counterfeit goods on the Internet. To provide context, the chapter explains the importance of regulating intellectual property rights to rights holders and governments, as well as the many challenges involved in identifying and policing the distribution of counterfeit goods. The chapter introduces the concept of ‘macro-intermediaries’ (which are globally operating, powerful Internet firms) and explains how these major Internet firms regulate through technology (termed ‘techno-regulation’) to remove content from and disable websites selling counterfeit goods. It describes the focus on five types of Internet sectors (search, advertising, payment, domain name, and marketplace). Companies providing these services can enact different types of regulatory ‘chokepoints’ to target the distribution of counterfeit goods.Less
This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by describing the emergence of non-legally binding enforcement agreements among large Internet firms through a series of closed-door meetings. It introduces the key actors: mostly U.S.-based Internet firms, multinational rights holders, influential industry associations, and policymakers and politicians from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission. Together these actors form a private transnational regime with the goal of suppressing the trafficking of counterfeit goods on the Internet. To provide context, the chapter explains the importance of regulating intellectual property rights to rights holders and governments, as well as the many challenges involved in identifying and policing the distribution of counterfeit goods. The chapter introduces the concept of ‘macro-intermediaries’ (which are globally operating, powerful Internet firms) and explains how these major Internet firms regulate through technology (termed ‘techno-regulation’) to remove content from and disable websites selling counterfeit goods. It describes the focus on five types of Internet sectors (search, advertising, payment, domain name, and marketplace). Companies providing these services can enact different types of regulatory ‘chokepoints’ to target the distribution of counterfeit goods.
Natasha Tusikov
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520291218
- eISBN:
- 9780520965034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520291218.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through ...
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The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through non-legally binding agreements. These agreements essentially institute controversial provisions from the failed Stop Online Piracy Act. Payment and advertising intermediaries withdraw their services from websites selling counterfeit goods (termed ‘infringing websites’), thereby throttling the sites’ revenue. Major payment providers are especially powerful regulators as they can starve sites of revenue by terminating their payment services, which can be difficult to replace given the significant market share controlled by Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal. Macro-intermediaries’ latitude in designating certain content or behavior as ‘inappropriate’ for their platforms raises serious questions about unfair regulatory behavior that may inadvertently – or, more troublingly, deliberating – target lawfully operating sites. The chapter’s case studies examine a U.S. payment-termination program and programs (one in the U.S. and the other in the U.K.) to terminate digital advertising services to infringing sites.Less
The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through non-legally binding agreements. These agreements essentially institute controversial provisions from the failed Stop Online Piracy Act. Payment and advertising intermediaries withdraw their services from websites selling counterfeit goods (termed ‘infringing websites’), thereby throttling the sites’ revenue. Major payment providers are especially powerful regulators as they can starve sites of revenue by terminating their payment services, which can be difficult to replace given the significant market share controlled by Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal. Macro-intermediaries’ latitude in designating certain content or behavior as ‘inappropriate’ for their platforms raises serious questions about unfair regulatory behavior that may inadvertently – or, more troublingly, deliberating – target lawfully operating sites. The chapter’s case studies examine a U.S. payment-termination program and programs (one in the U.S. and the other in the U.K.) to terminate digital advertising services to infringing sites.
Emily Pawley
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226693835
- eISBN:
- 9780226693972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226693972.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
Chapter 7 examines how new improving organisms, fruit trees, moved into the landscape through commercial networks. Between 1820 and 1850, fruit landscapes changed dramatically—semi-wild seedlings ...
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Chapter 7 examines how new improving organisms, fruit trees, moved into the landscape through commercial networks. Between 1820 and 1850, fruit landscapes changed dramatically—semi-wild seedlings gave way to named varieties, each the product of cuttings from a single tree. Fruit trees became relatively cheap markers of rural refinement, which sometimes descended traceably from aristocratic gardens, but also filled commercial orchards planted for domestic and global markets. Since fruit varieties reproduced only through human networks, they can show us the rising dominance of the nurserymen who came to refer to themselves as “pomologists.” Nurserymen struggled to create markets for named fruit, because varieties were easily confused and counterfeited and shifted their character as they were moved. Nurserymen partially stabilized varieties through the writing of books of description, the creation of profiles and systems of taste, and then finally, through huge pomological conventions at which they battled over and rated fruit. Their efforts to fix value borrowed from other features of the antebellum economy, like counterfeit detectors, and credit ratings. Ultimately, tensions between marketability and connoisseurship produced at best, uneasy compromises about the nature of value, compromises continually disturbed by the stream of novelties on which the tree market depended.Less
Chapter 7 examines how new improving organisms, fruit trees, moved into the landscape through commercial networks. Between 1820 and 1850, fruit landscapes changed dramatically—semi-wild seedlings gave way to named varieties, each the product of cuttings from a single tree. Fruit trees became relatively cheap markers of rural refinement, which sometimes descended traceably from aristocratic gardens, but also filled commercial orchards planted for domestic and global markets. Since fruit varieties reproduced only through human networks, they can show us the rising dominance of the nurserymen who came to refer to themselves as “pomologists.” Nurserymen struggled to create markets for named fruit, because varieties were easily confused and counterfeited and shifted their character as they were moved. Nurserymen partially stabilized varieties through the writing of books of description, the creation of profiles and systems of taste, and then finally, through huge pomological conventions at which they battled over and rated fruit. Their efforts to fix value borrowed from other features of the antebellum economy, like counterfeit detectors, and credit ratings. Ultimately, tensions between marketability and connoisseurship produced at best, uneasy compromises about the nature of value, compromises continually disturbed by the stream of novelties on which the tree market depended.
Joe Nickell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125343
- eISBN:
- 9780813135229
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125343.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This book reveals the secret to detecting artifacts items. Detailing how the pros determine whether an Abraham Lincoln signature is forged or if a photograph of Emily Dickinson is genuine, the book ...
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This book reveals the secret to detecting artifacts items. Detailing how the pros determine whether an Abraham Lincoln signature is forged or if a photograph of Emily Dickinson is genuine, the book provides the essential tools necessary to identify counterfeits. In this general introduction to the principles of authentication, the book provides readers with step-by-step explanations of the science used to detect falsified documents, photographs, and other objects. Illustrating methods used on hit shows such as Antiques Roadshow and History Detectives, the book recommends that aspiring investigators employ a comprehensive approach to identifying imitations. One should consider the object's provenance (the origin or derivation of an artifact), content (clues in the scene or item depicted), and material composition (what artifacts are made of), as well as the results of scientific analyses, including radiographic, spectroscopic, microscopic, and microchemical tests. Including fascinating cases drawn from an illustrious career, the book combines historical and scientific investigations to reveal reproductions and genuine objects. This book explains the warning signs of forgery, such as patching and unnatural pen lifts; chronicles the evolution of writing instruments, inks, and papers; shows readers how to date photographs, papers, and other materials; and traces the development of photographic processes since the mid-nineteenth century.Less
This book reveals the secret to detecting artifacts items. Detailing how the pros determine whether an Abraham Lincoln signature is forged or if a photograph of Emily Dickinson is genuine, the book provides the essential tools necessary to identify counterfeits. In this general introduction to the principles of authentication, the book provides readers with step-by-step explanations of the science used to detect falsified documents, photographs, and other objects. Illustrating methods used on hit shows such as Antiques Roadshow and History Detectives, the book recommends that aspiring investigators employ a comprehensive approach to identifying imitations. One should consider the object's provenance (the origin or derivation of an artifact), content (clues in the scene or item depicted), and material composition (what artifacts are made of), as well as the results of scientific analyses, including radiographic, spectroscopic, microscopic, and microchemical tests. Including fascinating cases drawn from an illustrious career, the book combines historical and scientific investigations to reveal reproductions and genuine objects. This book explains the warning signs of forgery, such as patching and unnatural pen lifts; chronicles the evolution of writing instruments, inks, and papers; shows readers how to date photographs, papers, and other materials; and traces the development of photographic processes since the mid-nineteenth century.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758246
- eISBN:
- 9780804786805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758246.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter presents a reading of Marx's analysis of capital's history in Capital. It then considers similarities between Capital and Baudelaire's prose poem, La Fausse Monnaie (“Counterfeit ...
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This chapter presents a reading of Marx's analysis of capital's history in Capital. It then considers similarities between Capital and Baudelaire's prose poem, La Fausse Monnaie (“Counterfeit Money”). According to Marx, capital, even as it liberates its own future, suppresses the violence of its history through the daily repetition of its originary violence. On the one hand, it seems irrefutable that once capital moves from simple reproduction to reproduction on an expanded scale, things get progressively worse for an ever-increasing number of people. What remains unclear is whether capital, when viewed from the perspective of this progressive worsening, actually keeps things exactly the same—by making them worse. In La Fausse Monnaie, Baudelaire seems to suggest not simply that capital's true foundation is in the simultaneous credibility and unverifiability of the counterfeit, but that capital is in some sense always the least able or entitled to read its own fictions.Less
This chapter presents a reading of Marx's analysis of capital's history in Capital. It then considers similarities between Capital and Baudelaire's prose poem, La Fausse Monnaie (“Counterfeit Money”). According to Marx, capital, even as it liberates its own future, suppresses the violence of its history through the daily repetition of its originary violence. On the one hand, it seems irrefutable that once capital moves from simple reproduction to reproduction on an expanded scale, things get progressively worse for an ever-increasing number of people. What remains unclear is whether capital, when viewed from the perspective of this progressive worsening, actually keeps things exactly the same—by making them worse. In La Fausse Monnaie, Baudelaire seems to suggest not simply that capital's true foundation is in the simultaneous credibility and unverifiability of the counterfeit, but that capital is in some sense always the least able or entitled to read its own fictions.
Tobias B. Hug
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719079849
- eISBN:
- 9781781702413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719079849.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines counterfeit beggars, bigamists and bogus cunning folk in early modern England. It argues that descriptions of false beggars and vagabonds from the late Middle Ages indicate a ...
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This chapter examines counterfeit beggars, bigamists and bogus cunning folk in early modern England. It argues that descriptions of false beggars and vagabonds from the late Middle Ages indicate a change in perception of the phenomenon and (re-)introduced motifs which can be found in representations throughout the early modern period. The chapter explains that cunning men and women were often labelled impostors, not because their claims were held irrational and superstitious, but because they had misused belief and trust in the real power of other practitioners. It also discusses the strategies of bigamists and polygamists inveigling their future bride or groom, and highlights the similarities among these types of people, suggesting that they all represented a threat to social order.Less
This chapter examines counterfeit beggars, bigamists and bogus cunning folk in early modern England. It argues that descriptions of false beggars and vagabonds from the late Middle Ages indicate a change in perception of the phenomenon and (re-)introduced motifs which can be found in representations throughout the early modern period. The chapter explains that cunning men and women were often labelled impostors, not because their claims were held irrational and superstitious, but because they had misused belief and trust in the real power of other practitioners. It also discusses the strategies of bigamists and polygamists inveigling their future bride or groom, and highlights the similarities among these types of people, suggesting that they all represented a threat to social order.
