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Conclusion: The Elusive Dream

Korie L. Edwards

in The Elusive Dream: The Power of Race in Interracial Churches

The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther ... More

The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream for a cooperative, egalitarian, multiracial religious community.Less

* SEMANTIC MIMICRY

Mark Wilson

in Wandering Significance: An Essay on Conceptual Behaviour

Distinct forms of linguistic strategy can masquerade for one another quite ably — early chapters illustrated how serious philosophical confusions often arise when a facade-structured language is ... More

Distinct forms of linguistic strategy can masquerade for one another quite ably — early chapters illustrated how serious philosophical confusions often arise when a facade-structured language is mistaken for a simpler, classical usage. In this chapter, some of Hume's celebrated worries about causation are traced to several allied forms of semantic masquerade.Less

Derrida, Cixous, and the Impostor

Ann Jefferson

in Genius in France: An Idea and Its Uses

This chapter discusses Derrida's, Genèses, généalogies, genres et le génie (Geneses, genealogies, genres and genius), the text of a lecture given in 2003 to mark the gift made by Hélène Cixous of her ... More

This chapter discusses Derrida's, Genèses, généalogies, genres et le génie (Geneses, genealogies, genres and genius), the text of a lecture given in 2003 to mark the gift made by Hélène Cixous of her archive to the Bibliothèque nationale de France. One year after the publication of the third volume of Kristeva's Le Génie féminin, genius and gender are once again associated in relation to an individual figure—in this case, the writer Hélène Cixous. As Derrida's compound title indicates, genius is not the sole topic of his discussion, but the occasion is the pretext for a thoroughgoing reevaluation of the notion as exemplified by Cixous herself and, in particular, as implied by the narrative of her past affair with an American boyfriend and self-proclaimed genius. The chapter examines Derrida's rethinking of the concept of genius, as well as the associations between genius and imposture.Less

Excursus: Counterfeiting

in Alchemical Mercury: A Theory of Ambivalence

This chapter, which focuses on the field and act of counterfeiting, considers the counterfeiting of paper money and gold. It argues that the counterfeiter-sophist-alchemist does not divulge his ... More

This chapter, which focuses on the field and act of counterfeiting, considers the counterfeiting of paper money and gold. It argues that the counterfeiter-sophist-alchemist does not divulge his method. If he succeeds, he may disappear from public life like the counterfeiter, but might also continue his work (in secret) or teach the art to a select few adepts or to his sons. Because alchemy is so difficult and is practiced on such a minute scale—if indeed one accepts that it is practiced at all— it does not disrupt the national economy in any significant way.Less

Character and Social Role

Jennifer Radden and John Z. Sadler

in The Virtuous Psychiatrist: Character Ethics in Psychiatric Practice

Some tensions inherent in joining the traditional concept of character to that of social roles are outlined in Chapter 6. They are illustrated through a discussion of the moral psychological dangers ... More

Some tensions inherent in joining the traditional concept of character to that of social roles are outlined in Chapter 6. They are illustrated through a discussion of the moral psychological dangers that attend role morality: inner compartmentalization or lack of integrity, inconstant virtues (honored in one role and neglected in another), and apparently incompatible roles (such as healer and upholder of criminal justice). Some difficulties springing from the way virtues are habituated, are also introduced, including the ethical status of virtues that are merely feigned (as when the practitioner pretends an empathic response to the patient that is not wholehearted or genuine).Less

Electronic Intellectual Property and Creative Knowledge Production

Robin Mansell and W. Edward Steinmueller

in Mobilizing the Information Society

Institutional and legal infrastructures are still subject to certain adjustments so that the development of information infrastructure and the move towards achieving an information society be ... More

Institutional and legal infrastructures are still subject to certain adjustments so that the development of information infrastructure and the move towards achieving an information society be advocated. In this chapter, we concentrate mainly on intellectual property rights, particularly on the copyright associated with content and software. Businesses, in several aspects of the development towards an information society, are greatly concerned with how the government may inappropriately proceed with decisions in unsettled areas that may still experience significant new developments. One of the common views is that protection may be perceived to be insufficient, or that ensuring penalties for infringements requires stronger procedures. The need therefore arises for parallel convergence in the institutional and legal aspects that are concerned with the management and promotion of rights in electronic information. We look into certain issues regarding piracy, counterfeiting, and other such violations.Less

Governing Guns: International Cooperation against the Illicit Trade in Small Arms

Asif Efrat

in Governing Guns, Preventing Plunder: International Cooperation against Illicit Trade

This chapter tests the theoretical framework for the analysis of cooperation against illicit trade, developed in Chapter 2, empirically through an analysis of the international regulatory efforts ... More

This chapter tests the theoretical framework for the analysis of cooperation against illicit trade, developed in Chapter 2, empirically through an analysis of the international regulatory efforts against the illicit trade in small arms. It begins with a brief overview of the failed attempts to control the arms trade during the interwar period, followed by a discussion of the contemporary international efforts against small-arms proliferation and misuse. Next, it operationalizes the theoretical framework with respect to small arms and derives a set of expectations of government preferences. The expectations are tested through an original survey, based on interviewing officials from 118 countries. Quantitatively and qualitatively, the survey illuminates the variation in government preferences on international small-arms regulation. This is the first type of preference variation identified in Chapter 1: cross-country variation in preferences on the regulation of a given trade. The chapter then employs this variation to explain another variation: variation in the robustness of international regulation across trades. It accounts for the weakness of international small-arms regulation compared with international drug control and with the agreement against counterfeits (TRIPS). It also explains why small-arms control is weaker than other arms-control regimes, despite the fact that small arms are the deadliest weapons of all in terms of actual death toll.Less

Extensions: Opposing Opium, Combating Counterfeits

Asif Efrat

in Governing Guns, Preventing Plunder: International Cooperation against Illicit Trade

The previous empirical chapters have all demonstrated the key problem hindering cooperation against illicit trade: international regulation aimed at curbing the trade exacts a heavy price from ... More

The previous empirical chapters have all demonstrated the key problem hindering cooperation against illicit trade: international regulation aimed at curbing the trade exacts a heavy price from governments with little motivation to pay that price. These governments are not concerned about the trade's negative externalities; rather, they are protecting the interests of domestic actors involved in the trade. They are therefore reluctant to bear the burden and make the sacrifices that international regulation entails. As a result, an international political conflict ensues between governments supportive of regulation and governments opposed to it. This chapter explores the sources and dynamics of the international political conflicts over three types of illicit trade: drugs, money laundering, and counterfeits. The analysis highlights the commercial interests that have hindered international regulation and the exercise of American coercion to compel cooperation.Less

Caveat Emptor

Yossi Sheffi

in The Power of Resilience: How the Best Companies Manage the Unexpected

Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk ... More

Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk management, using a segmentation of the procurement conditions. It is based, on the one hand, on the complexity and risk associated with the input purchased from the supplier and, on the other hand, on the company’s annual expenditure with that supplier. The chapter also discusses the growing problem of counterfeit materials that arise as supply chains grow longer and more opaque.Less

Commercialization and Ubiquity

SEAN F. JOHNSTON

in Holographic Visions: A History of New Science

This chapter discusses holography's commercial growth. Technical innovations became less frequent, but exhibitions and cottage industries enrolled increasing public enthusiasm and numbers of ... More

This chapter discusses holography's commercial growth. Technical innovations became less frequent, but exhibitions and cottage industries enrolled increasing public enthusiasm and numbers of businesses. Waves of commercial applications had appeared and failed by the late 1970s by well-funded large companies. Small firms and entrepreneurs, though, were able to market consumer holographic items. Steve McGrew devised a process for stamping holograms as embossed reflective items for magazine advertisements and stickers. Mike Foster applied related technology to commercial packaging, and Ken Haines developed the technique with American Bank Note Holographics to produce highly profitable security holograms for credit cards and, later, as a generic anti-counterfeiting tool. Patent complexities strangled most commercial profit, however. Few investors or start-up companies survived, and the holography business shifted steadily to the Far East.Less

The WTO, WIPO, ACTA, and More: Fragmentation and Integration

Graeme B. Dinwoodie and Rochelle C. Dreyfuss

in A Neofederalist Vision of TRIPS: The Resilience of the International Intellectual Property Regime

International intellectual property lawmaking since TRIPS has involved many different actors, in many different fora, under a variety of conditions, leading to the phenomenon of fragmentation. This ... More

International intellectual property lawmaking since TRIPS has involved many different actors, in many different fora, under a variety of conditions, leading to the phenomenon of fragmentation. This Chapter discusses many of these lawmaking initiatives (such as bilateral free trade agreements, ACTA, the Transpacific Partnership Agreement, WIPO Development Agenda, and soft law instruments). It addresses both efforts at further commodification and the promulgation of counternorms that clarify the space where TRIPS does not require commodification. The Chapter develops a framework for integrating these developments into the WTO regime and thus gaining the benefits of regulatory competition while minimizing the costs of fragmentation. It rejects the approach of aggressive integration suggested by the International Law Commission; TRIPS offers ample opportunities for norm-integration-through-interpretation. The weight to be given to materials drawn from outside the WTO should reflect the source and timing of the instrument, governance issues, and the relationship between the coverage of the instrument and that of TRIPS. The WTO can also reduce fragmentation through its lawmaking activities, including deliberations in the Council for TRIPS. Treating other specialised institutions (eg the WHO) as partners in the international system might facilitate regulatory cooperation, and the Chapter thus suggests procedural mechanisms to take advantage of that expertise.Less

Crimes against the Currency

Jotham Parsons

in Making Money in Sixteenth-Century France: Currency, Culture, and the State

This chapter highlights Charles IV's hobby of inviting cutpurses and pickpockets to ply their trade at his court for their profit and his amusement. This action echoes his creation of a notionally ... More

This chapter highlights Charles IV's hobby of inviting cutpurses and pickpockets to ply their trade at his court for their profit and his amusement. This action echoes his creation of a notionally undetectable counterfeit coin. Counterfeiting money was closely connected to other ways of manipulating social power. Protecting the coinage was at the core of the royal duty to provide justice, but at the same time manipulating coinage, for good reasons or bad, remained an essential royal prerogative—one whose boundaries could be especially fuzzy in the context of civil war. In addition, counterfeiting functioned as a shadow version of the system whereby mechanical and intellectual skills could bring their possessors wealth and prestige.Less

Secret Handshake Deals

Natasha Tusikov

in Chokepoints: Global Private Regulation on the Internet

This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by describing the emergence of non-legally binding enforcement agreements among large Internet firms through a series of closed-door meetings. It ... More

This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by describing the emergence of non-legally binding enforcement agreements among large Internet firms through a series of closed-door meetings. It introduces the key actors: mostly U.S.-based Internet firms, multinational rights holders, influential industry associations, and policymakers and politicians from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission. Together these actors form a private transnational regime with the goal of suppressing the trafficking of counterfeit goods on the Internet. To provide context, the chapter explains the importance of regulating intellectual property rights to rights holders and governments, as well as the many challenges involved in identifying and policing the distribution of counterfeit goods. The chapter introduces the concept of ‘macro-intermediaries’ (which are globally operating, powerful Internet firms) and explains how these major Internet firms regulate through technology (termed ‘techno-regulation’) to remove content from and disable websites selling counterfeit goods. It describes the focus on five types of Internet sectors (search, advertising, payment, domain name, and marketplace). Companies providing these services can enact different types of regulatory ‘chokepoints’ to target the distribution of counterfeit goods.Less

Revenue Chokepoints

Natasha Tusikov

in Chokepoints: Global Private Regulation on the Internet

The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through ... More

The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through non-legally binding agreements. These agreements essentially institute controversial provisions from the failed Stop Online Piracy Act. Payment and advertising intermediaries withdraw their services from websites selling counterfeit goods (termed ‘infringing websites’), thereby throttling the sites’ revenue. Major payment providers are especially powerful regulators as they can starve sites of revenue by terminating their payment services, which can be difficult to replace given the significant market share controlled by Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal. Macro-intermediaries’ latitude in designating certain content or behavior as ‘inappropriate’ for their platforms raises serious questions about unfair regulatory behavior that may inadvertently – or, more troublingly, deliberating – target lawfully operating sites. The chapter’s case studies examine a U.S. payment-termination program and programs (one in the U.S. and the other in the U.K.) to terminate digital advertising services to infringing sites.Less

An/economy and Some Others (Accumulation and the Coming Injustice)

in Counterfeit Capital: Poetic Labor and Revolutionary Irony

This chapter presents a reading of Marx's analysis of capital's history in Capital. It then considers similarities between Capital and Baudelaire's prose poem, La Fausse Monnaie (“Counterfeit ... More

This chapter presents a reading of Marx's analysis of capital's history in Capital. It then considers similarities between Capital and Baudelaire's prose poem, La Fausse Monnaie (“Counterfeit Money”). According to Marx, capital, even as it liberates its own future, suppresses the violence of its history through the daily repetition of its originary violence. On the one hand, it seems irrefutable that once capital moves from simple reproduction to reproduction on an expanded scale, things get progressively worse for an ever-increasing number of people. What remains unclear is whether capital, when viewed from the perspective of this progressive worsening, actually keeps things exactly the same—by making them worse. In La Fausse Monnaie, Baudelaire seems to suggest not simply that capital's true foundation is in the simultaneous credibility and unverifiability of the counterfeit, but that capital is in some sense always the least able or entitled to read its own fictions.Less

Don’t Stop the Carnival

Shane Vogel

in Stolen Time: Black Fad Performance and the Calypso Craze

In summarizing the main points of the book, this conclusion notes that in the black calypso craze it was not Trinidadian culture that was stolen, but the culture industry and the temporality of the ... More

In summarizing the main points of the book, this conclusion notes that in the black calypso craze it was not Trinidadian culture that was stolen, but the culture industry and the temporality of the fad. This stolen time was not an imperial appropriation but a form of exchange across black difference within the idiom of fad culture. This book examines the constrained possibilities of this exchange as it occurred in the short-lived North American fad for calypso. By taking seriously these counterfeit performances of Afro-Caribbean cultures and histories, Stolen Time argues that the black calypso craze provides insight into the development of diasporic consciousness in the mid-twentieth century as African American performers self-reflexively and circuitously engaged with Caribbean performance traditions. This exchange was not one way; it went in multiple directions, including back to Trinidad.Less

Counterfeit beggars, bogus cunning folk and bigamists

Tobias B. Hug

in Impostures in Early Modern England: Representations and Perceptions of Fraudulent Identities

This chapter examines counterfeit beggars, bigamists and bogus cunning folk in early modern England. It argues that descriptions of false beggars and vagabonds from the late Middle Ages indicate a ... More

This chapter examines counterfeit beggars, bigamists and bogus cunning folk in early modern England. It argues that descriptions of false beggars and vagabonds from the late Middle Ages indicate a change in perception of the phenomenon and (re-)introduced motifs which can be found in representations throughout the early modern period. The chapter explains that cunning men and women were often labelled impostors, not because their claims were held irrational and superstitious, but because they had misused belief and trust in the real power of other practitioners. It also discusses the strategies of bigamists and polygamists inveigling their future bride or groom, and highlights the similarities among these types of people, suggesting that they all represented a threat to social order.Less