John J. Videler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299928
- eISBN:
- 9780191714924
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299928.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
Bird flight has always intrigued mankind. This book provides an up-to-date account of the existing knowledge on the subject, offering new insights and challenges some established views. A brief ...
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Bird flight has always intrigued mankind. This book provides an up-to-date account of the existing knowledge on the subject, offering new insights and challenges some established views. A brief history of the science of flight introduces the basic physical principles governing aerial locomotion. This is followed by chapters on the flight-related functional morphology. The anatomy of the flight apparatus includes the wings, tail, and body. Treatment of the wings emphasizes the difference in shape of the arm and hand part. The structural complexity and mechanical properties of feathers receive special attention. Aerodynamic principles used by birds are explained in theory by applying Newton’s laws, and in practice by showing the direction and velocity of the flow around the arm and hand wing. The Archaeopteryx fossils remain crucial to the understanding of the evolution of bird flight despite the recent discovery of a range of well-preserved ancient birds. A novel hypothesis explaining the enigmatic details of the Archaeopteryx remains and challenges established theories regarding the origin of bird flight. Take-off, flapping flight, gliding, and landing are the basic ingredients of bird flight, and birds use a variety of flight styles from hovering to soaring. Muscles are the engines that generate the forces required to control the wings and tail, and to work during flapping motion. The energy required to fly can be estimated or measured directly, and a comparison of the empirical results, provides insights into the trend in metabolic costs of flight of birds varying in shape and mass from hummingbirds to albatrosses.Less
Bird flight has always intrigued mankind. This book provides an up-to-date account of the existing knowledge on the subject, offering new insights and challenges some established views. A brief history of the science of flight introduces the basic physical principles governing aerial locomotion. This is followed by chapters on the flight-related functional morphology. The anatomy of the flight apparatus includes the wings, tail, and body. Treatment of the wings emphasizes the difference in shape of the arm and hand part. The structural complexity and mechanical properties of feathers receive special attention. Aerodynamic principles used by birds are explained in theory by applying Newton’s laws, and in practice by showing the direction and velocity of the flow around the arm and hand wing. The Archaeopteryx fossils remain crucial to the understanding of the evolution of bird flight despite the recent discovery of a range of well-preserved ancient birds. A novel hypothesis explaining the enigmatic details of the Archaeopteryx remains and challenges established theories regarding the origin of bird flight. Take-off, flapping flight, gliding, and landing are the basic ingredients of bird flight, and birds use a variety of flight styles from hovering to soaring. Muscles are the engines that generate the forces required to control the wings and tail, and to work during flapping motion. The energy required to fly can be estimated or measured directly, and a comparison of the empirical results, provides insights into the trend in metabolic costs of flight of birds varying in shape and mass from hummingbirds to albatrosses.
Chris Jones
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199281978
- eISBN:
- 9780191602535
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199281971.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Important results in the applied welfare literature are used to extend a conventional Harberger cost-benefit analysis. A conventional welfare equation is obtained for marginal policy changes in a ...
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Important results in the applied welfare literature are used to extend a conventional Harberger cost-benefit analysis. A conventional welfare equation is obtained for marginal policy changes in a general equilibrium economy with tax distortions. It is extended to accommodate internationally traded goods, time, income taxes, and non-tax distortions, including externalities, non-competitive behaviour, public goods, and price-quantity controls. The welfare analysis is developed in stages, and where possible is explained using diagrams, to make it more amenable to the different institutional arrangements encountered in applied work. Computable welfare expressions are solved using demand-supply elasticities. In a conventional cost-benefit analysis, lump sum transfers are used to separate the welfare effects of individual policy variables. This is important because it allows policy evaluation to be divided across specialist agencies. These transfers are carefully examined to identify the important role played by the marginal social cost of public funds (MCF) in policy evaluation when governments balance their budgets with distorting taxes. This book separates income effects for marginal policy changes in the shadow value of government revenue. As a scaling coefficient that converts efficiency effects into dollar changes in private surplus, it makes income effects irrelevant in single (aggregated) consumer economies, and conveniently isolates distributional effects in heterogeneous consumer economies. This decomposition is used to test for Pareto improvements, and to examine the separate, but related roles of the shadow value of government revenue and the MCF in applied work.Less
Important results in the applied welfare literature are used to extend a conventional Harberger cost-benefit analysis. A conventional welfare equation is obtained for marginal policy changes in a general equilibrium economy with tax distortions. It is extended to accommodate internationally traded goods, time, income taxes, and non-tax distortions, including externalities, non-competitive behaviour, public goods, and price-quantity controls. The welfare analysis is developed in stages, and where possible is explained using diagrams, to make it more amenable to the different institutional arrangements encountered in applied work. Computable welfare expressions are solved using demand-supply elasticities. In a conventional cost-benefit analysis, lump sum transfers are used to separate the welfare effects of individual policy variables. This is important because it allows policy evaluation to be divided across specialist agencies. These transfers are carefully examined to identify the important role played by the marginal social cost of public funds (MCF) in policy evaluation when governments balance their budgets with distorting taxes. This book separates income effects for marginal policy changes in the shadow value of government revenue. As a scaling coefficient that converts efficiency effects into dollar changes in private surplus, it makes income effects irrelevant in single (aggregated) consumer economies, and conveniently isolates distributional effects in heterogeneous consumer economies. This decomposition is used to test for Pareto improvements, and to examine the separate, but related roles of the shadow value of government revenue and the MCF in applied work.
EYAL ZAMIR and BARAK MEDINA
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372168
- eISBN:
- 9780199776078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372168.003.12
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
The conclusion briefly summarizes the main argument of the book.
The conclusion briefly summarizes the main argument of the book.
Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter is concerned with costs and fees in derivative actions in the context of incentives for such litigation. It explores the critical role of costs and fees in initiating and maintaining ...
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This chapter is concerned with costs and fees in derivative actions in the context of incentives for such litigation. It explores the critical role of costs and fees in initiating and maintaining derivative actions. Section 6.2 briefly explicates the economics of derivative action litigation. As part of this, the US rules on derivative action fees are examined. After rehearsing the common law recognition of the problems of the impecunious shareholder in the form of indemnity costs orders, Section 6.3 exposes major flaws in the operation of these orders. In response, possible solutions to rectify the funding problem are examined and assessed in the next chapter. Section 6.4 concludes.Less
This chapter is concerned with costs and fees in derivative actions in the context of incentives for such litigation. It explores the critical role of costs and fees in initiating and maintaining derivative actions. Section 6.2 briefly explicates the economics of derivative action litigation. As part of this, the US rules on derivative action fees are examined. After rehearsing the common law recognition of the problems of the impecunious shareholder in the form of indemnity costs orders, Section 6.3 exposes major flaws in the operation of these orders. In response, possible solutions to rectify the funding problem are examined and assessed in the next chapter. Section 6.4 concludes.
Stathis N. Kalyvas and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199276998
- eISBN:
- 9780191707735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276998.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The chapter is divided into two parts. The first part examines why organizations may be unwilling to resort to suicide missions (SMs). It considers five possible reasons: cognitive accessibility, ...
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The chapter is divided into two parts. The first part examines why organizations may be unwilling to resort to suicide missions (SMs). It considers five possible reasons: cognitive accessibility, normative preferences, counterproductive effects, constituency costs, and technological costs. The second part explores the factors that affect individual members' willingness to participate in SMs. Because evidence on the reasons or causes for the absence of SMs is particularly hard to come by, this chapter is more analytical than empirical. It formulates hypotheses and illustrates them by examples rather than testing them.Less
The chapter is divided into two parts. The first part examines why organizations may be unwilling to resort to suicide missions (SMs). It considers five possible reasons: cognitive accessibility, normative preferences, counterproductive effects, constituency costs, and technological costs. The second part explores the factors that affect individual members' willingness to participate in SMs. Because evidence on the reasons or causes for the absence of SMs is particularly hard to come by, this chapter is more analytical than empirical. It formulates hypotheses and illustrates them by examples rather than testing them.
Andrew Mason
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199264414
- eISBN:
- 9780191718489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264414.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter explores this form of egalitarianism further by asking when justice requires us to hold people responsible for their behaviour by requiring them to bear its costs. Some maintain that ...
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This chapter explores this form of egalitarianism further by asking when justice requires us to hold people responsible for their behaviour by requiring them to bear its costs. Some maintain that people can legitimately be required to bear the costs of their behaviour if and only if they could have acted otherwise and no excusing conditions apply. Against this formulation, some would argue that what matters is whether an agent's behaviour is responsive to his reasons in the right way, and whether there are any excusing conditions, but not whether he could have acted otherwise. It is argued that both of these accounts are inadequate because they do not recognize the full range of reasons we might have for not requiring a person to bear the full costs of his behaviour.Less
This chapter explores this form of egalitarianism further by asking when justice requires us to hold people responsible for their behaviour by requiring them to bear its costs. Some maintain that people can legitimately be required to bear the costs of their behaviour if and only if they could have acted otherwise and no excusing conditions apply. Against this formulation, some would argue that what matters is whether an agent's behaviour is responsive to his reasons in the right way, and whether there are any excusing conditions, but not whether he could have acted otherwise. It is argued that both of these accounts are inadequate because they do not recognize the full range of reasons we might have for not requiring a person to bear the full costs of his behaviour.
Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This book provides the first comprehensive law scholarship to focus solely on the subject of derivative actions, which is an important aspect of the current ever-expanding debate in the UK, and in ...
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This book provides the first comprehensive law scholarship to focus solely on the subject of derivative actions, which is an important aspect of the current ever-expanding debate in the UK, and in other jurisdictions, about corporate governance. In particular it: (1) provides the first detailed and clear overview, commentary and theoretically informed explanation of the law governing derivative actions by revealing underlying principles, making it an essential resource for corporate law academics, law makers and practitioners; (2) uses these principles to suggest how the law should develop in the future; (3) provides the first, most comprehensive and detailed assessment of the new regime governing derivative actions under the new Companies Act 2006 including a commentary on all the new provisions of the Act on the subject; and (4) includes a comparative perspective to derivative actions in foreign jurisdictions focusing in particular on recent developments so as to compare and explain how the law might develop. The book attempts a fundamental rethink of the content of the derivative action and its objectives. Intertwining these objectives into a cohesive model of derivative actions, the book conceptualizes the derivative action mechanism and argues that action should be taken at three parallel levels: (1) conceptual (i.e., adoption of a new framework in the guise of the ‘Functional and Focused Model’ as set out in the book); (2) strategic (i.e., employment of appropriate incentives and fee rules which advance the premises behind the Model); and (3) maintaining doctrinal consistency (i.e., clarification of the interaction between the derivative action and other remedies available to shareholders.Less
This book provides the first comprehensive law scholarship to focus solely on the subject of derivative actions, which is an important aspect of the current ever-expanding debate in the UK, and in other jurisdictions, about corporate governance. In particular it: (1) provides the first detailed and clear overview, commentary and theoretically informed explanation of the law governing derivative actions by revealing underlying principles, making it an essential resource for corporate law academics, law makers and practitioners; (2) uses these principles to suggest how the law should develop in the future; (3) provides the first, most comprehensive and detailed assessment of the new regime governing derivative actions under the new Companies Act 2006 including a commentary on all the new provisions of the Act on the subject; and (4) includes a comparative perspective to derivative actions in foreign jurisdictions focusing in particular on recent developments so as to compare and explain how the law might develop. The book attempts a fundamental rethink of the content of the derivative action and its objectives. Intertwining these objectives into a cohesive model of derivative actions, the book conceptualizes the derivative action mechanism and argues that action should be taken at three parallel levels: (1) conceptual (i.e., adoption of a new framework in the guise of the ‘Functional and Focused Model’ as set out in the book); (2) strategic (i.e., employment of appropriate incentives and fee rules which advance the premises behind the Model); and (3) maintaining doctrinal consistency (i.e., clarification of the interaction between the derivative action and other remedies available to shareholders.
Dale W. Jorgenson and Kun-Young Yun
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198285939
- eISBN:
- 9780191596490
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198285930.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The concept of ‘cost of capital’ was introduced almost thirty years ago and quickly became an indispensable tool for modelling the impact of tax policy on investment behaviour. In the 1980s it ...
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The concept of ‘cost of capital’ was introduced almost thirty years ago and quickly became an indispensable tool for modelling the impact of tax policy on investment behaviour. In the 1980s it assumed a central role in tax reform debates through the closely related concept of the marginal effective tax rate. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the cost of capital approach to tax policy analysis. In order to make the approach as accessible as possible, the analytical level of the book has been kept to an absolute minimum. The complexities are introduced in a step-by-step fashion, leading up to a representation of tax systems for capital income that is suitable for tax policy analysis. The success of the cost of capital approach is due in large part to its ability to assimilate a virtually unlimited amount of descriptive detail on alternative tax policies. In order to provide guidance to students and practitioners, the book contains a full implementation of the approach for the USA, including an analysis of the alternative proposals that culminated in the highly influential Tax Reform Act of 1986. The chapters of the book are the first in a series of Lectures in Monetary and Fiscal Policy given at Uppsala University in honour of Erik Lindahl, the Swedish economist who was a professor there from 1942 to 1958.Less
The concept of ‘cost of capital’ was introduced almost thirty years ago and quickly became an indispensable tool for modelling the impact of tax policy on investment behaviour. In the 1980s it assumed a central role in tax reform debates through the closely related concept of the marginal effective tax rate. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the cost of capital approach to tax policy analysis. In order to make the approach as accessible as possible, the analytical level of the book has been kept to an absolute minimum. The complexities are introduced in a step-by-step fashion, leading up to a representation of tax systems for capital income that is suitable for tax policy analysis. The success of the cost of capital approach is due in large part to its ability to assimilate a virtually unlimited amount of descriptive detail on alternative tax policies. In order to provide guidance to students and practitioners, the book contains a full implementation of the approach for the USA, including an analysis of the alternative proposals that culminated in the highly influential Tax Reform Act of 1986. The chapters of the book are the first in a series of Lectures in Monetary and Fiscal Policy given at Uppsala University in honour of Erik Lindahl, the Swedish economist who was a professor there from 1942 to 1958.
Martine Quinzii
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195065534
- eISBN:
- 9780199855063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195065534.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The general equilibrium analysis presented in this book shows that there are even more problems in using marginal cost pricing with increasing returns technologies than has been discussed at the time ...
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The general equilibrium analysis presented in this book shows that there are even more problems in using marginal cost pricing with increasing returns technologies than has been discussed at the time of the “marginal cost pricing controversy,” but also that, in some circumstances, the problems can be solved. The earlier literature raised objections to the income redistribution induced by financing the deficit of public firms through income taxes, and questioned the incentives that a subsidized public firm would have to minimize costs. Once a good can be produced with increasing returns, its total production should be supervised by a central agency to avoid inefficient use of different units of production. Such an agency cannot rely on equalization of marginal costs to ensure productive efficiency. In cases where the economies of scale in the production of a good are large enough to justify its production by a public sector, it seems unlikely that there exist alternative techniques available to the private sector to produce small quantities at the same marginal cost.Less
The general equilibrium analysis presented in this book shows that there are even more problems in using marginal cost pricing with increasing returns technologies than has been discussed at the time of the “marginal cost pricing controversy,” but also that, in some circumstances, the problems can be solved. The earlier literature raised objections to the income redistribution induced by financing the deficit of public firms through income taxes, and questioned the incentives that a subsidized public firm would have to minimize costs. Once a good can be produced with increasing returns, its total production should be supervised by a central agency to avoid inefficient use of different units of production. Such an agency cannot rely on equalization of marginal costs to ensure productive efficiency. In cases where the economies of scale in the production of a good are large enough to justify its production by a public sector, it seems unlikely that there exist alternative techniques available to the private sector to produce small quantities at the same marginal cost.
Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter is concerned with an indefinite but fundamental: what purpose lies at the heart of the company's cause of action which justifies the use of derivative actions? Section 1.2 firstly ...
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This chapter is concerned with an indefinite but fundamental: what purpose lies at the heart of the company's cause of action which justifies the use of derivative actions? Section 1.2 firstly identifies the limitations of the traditional view of the derivative action. Subsequently it explicates the relation between the derivative action and two concepts, namely ‘control’ and ‘agency costs’. Section 1.3 outlines some major techniques of accountability, which share the goal of reducing agency costs. Section 1.4 focuses on one such major alternative as it examines whether it is true that the market for corporate control may constitute an effective functional substitute for litigation. As will be seen, from a governance perspective (as opposed to a narrowly legal one), the interaction of the derivative action with the market for corporate control raises some interesting issues.Less
This chapter is concerned with an indefinite but fundamental: what purpose lies at the heart of the company's cause of action which justifies the use of derivative actions? Section 1.2 firstly identifies the limitations of the traditional view of the derivative action. Subsequently it explicates the relation between the derivative action and two concepts, namely ‘control’ and ‘agency costs’. Section 1.3 outlines some major techniques of accountability, which share the goal of reducing agency costs. Section 1.4 focuses on one such major alternative as it examines whether it is true that the market for corporate control may constitute an effective functional substitute for litigation. As will be seen, from a governance perspective (as opposed to a narrowly legal one), the interaction of the derivative action with the market for corporate control raises some interesting issues.
Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter analyses the reforms of the derivative action in the UK. It begins by highlighting the deficiencies in the common law, the approach to reform, and the guiding principles for resolving ...
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This chapter analyses the reforms of the derivative action in the UK. It begins by highlighting the deficiencies in the common law, the approach to reform, and the guiding principles for resolving the problems identified. Section 4.3 analyses the new statutory derivative action introduced by the Companies Act 2006. It provides a summary of the reform package while discussing the scope of the new derivative action and the procedural framework for the application for leave. Section 4.4 assesses critically the recent reforms, looking in particular at major possible obstacles, drawing on recent experience in foreign jurisdictions in which the derivative action has been put on a statutory footing. This analysis is meant to bring the reader forward to see the impact (in cost/benefit terms) of reforms in what proved to be a rather contentious area of reform.Less
This chapter analyses the reforms of the derivative action in the UK. It begins by highlighting the deficiencies in the common law, the approach to reform, and the guiding principles for resolving the problems identified. Section 4.3 analyses the new statutory derivative action introduced by the Companies Act 2006. It provides a summary of the reform package while discussing the scope of the new derivative action and the procedural framework for the application for leave. Section 4.4 assesses critically the recent reforms, looking in particular at major possible obstacles, drawing on recent experience in foreign jurisdictions in which the derivative action has been put on a statutory footing. This analysis is meant to bring the reader forward to see the impact (in cost/benefit terms) of reforms in what proved to be a rather contentious area of reform.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how firms should price new products, especially under cost and demand uncertainty. It distinguishes between privately and publicly owned firms and show how the risk attitudes of ...
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This chapter shows how firms should price new products, especially under cost and demand uncertainty. It distinguishes between privately and publicly owned firms and show how the risk attitudes of the firm's owners affect new product prices; in addition, it evaluates the conditions under which the firm should announce or preannounce its new products in the marketplace.Less
This chapter shows how firms should price new products, especially under cost and demand uncertainty. It distinguishes between privately and publicly owned firms and show how the risk attitudes of the firm's owners affect new product prices; in addition, it evaluates the conditions under which the firm should announce or preannounce its new products in the marketplace.
Casper van Ewijk and Michiel van Leuvensteijn (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199543946
- eISBN:
- 9780191701320
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543946.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Increasing labour market flexibility is at the top of the European agenda. A new and challenging view is that a lack of mobility in the labour market may arise from rigidities in the housing market. ...
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Increasing labour market flexibility is at the top of the European agenda. A new and challenging view is that a lack of mobility in the labour market may arise from rigidities in the housing market. Researches in this book have been inspired by the intriguing hypothesis that homeownership may be a hindrance to the smooth working connections of labour markets, as homeowners tend to be less willing to accept jobs outside their own region. At the individual level, homeownership limits the likelihood of becoming unemployed and increases the probability of finding a job once unemployed. The transaction costs inherent in the housing market and homeownership hamper job-to-job changes and increase unemployment at the country level. All of these insinuate reform in the housing market, aimed at lowering transaction costs and providing less generous subsidies for homeowners as effective steps for reducing unemployment and improving labour market flexibility.Less
Increasing labour market flexibility is at the top of the European agenda. A new and challenging view is that a lack of mobility in the labour market may arise from rigidities in the housing market. Researches in this book have been inspired by the intriguing hypothesis that homeownership may be a hindrance to the smooth working connections of labour markets, as homeowners tend to be less willing to accept jobs outside their own region. At the individual level, homeownership limits the likelihood of becoming unemployed and increases the probability of finding a job once unemployed. The transaction costs inherent in the housing market and homeownership hamper job-to-job changes and increase unemployment at the country level. All of these insinuate reform in the housing market, aimed at lowering transaction costs and providing less generous subsidies for homeowners as effective steps for reducing unemployment and improving labour market flexibility.
John Kay
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292227
- eISBN:
- 9780191596520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292228.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter describes financial relationships between competitive advantage, economic rent, added value, and various other measures of firm performance.
This chapter describes financial relationships between competitive advantage, economic rent, added value, and various other measures of firm performance.
W. M. Gorman
C. Blackorby and A. F. Shorrocks (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198285212
- eISBN:
- 9780191596322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198285213.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This short note, published in Metroeconomica 13 (1961), begins with the assumption that the preferences of the consumer exhibit linear Engel curves, which were shown in ’Community preference fields’ ...
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This short note, published in Metroeconomica 13 (1961), begins with the assumption that the preferences of the consumer exhibit linear Engel curves, which were shown in ’Community preference fields’ (Ch. 15) to be necessary for the existence of a community indifference map. Engel curves are curves showing the relationship between income level and spending on the consumption of some good, at a given price, and linear Engel curves crop up in several branches of economics. The note explores some of the properties of the preference fields in which linear Engel curves arise, and, in particular, of those in which the marginal propensity to consume each good is an absolute constant. The preference fields are characterized by closed‐form representations in terms of both the indirect utility function and the cost function. An application to international trade theory is discussed.Less
This short note, published in Metroeconomica 13 (1961), begins with the assumption that the preferences of the consumer exhibit linear Engel curves, which were shown in ’Community preference fields’ (Ch. 15) to be necessary for the existence of a community indifference map. Engel curves are curves showing the relationship between income level and spending on the consumption of some good, at a given price, and linear Engel curves crop up in several branches of economics. The note explores some of the properties of the preference fields in which linear Engel curves arise, and, in particular, of those in which the marginal propensity to consume each good is an absolute constant. The preference fields are characterized by closed‐form representations in terms of both the indirect utility function and the cost function. An application to international trade theory is discussed.
David M. Kreps
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283812
- eISBN:
- 9780191596568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283814.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Argues that, for purposes of this book, game theory should be judged by the substantive insights it has (or has not) provided into real economic situations.
Argues that, for purposes of this book, game theory should be judged by the substantive insights it has (or has not) provided into real economic situations.
Devi Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549962
- eISBN:
- 9780191720499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549962.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter describes how hunger is addressed by the Bank nutrition team. It examines the interlacing of economic ideology and politics in World Bank nutrition policy through focusing on the periods ...
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This chapter describes how hunger is addressed by the Bank nutrition team. It examines the interlacing of economic ideology and politics in World Bank nutrition policy through focusing on the periods 1971-1980, 1980-1993, and 1993-2006. It concludes that undernutrition is constructed as a matter of choice for households.Less
This chapter describes how hunger is addressed by the Bank nutrition team. It examines the interlacing of economic ideology and politics in World Bank nutrition policy through focusing on the periods 1971-1980, 1980-1993, and 1993-2006. It concludes that undernutrition is constructed as a matter of choice for households.
Nick Bosanquet and Chris Salisbury
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192629913
- eISBN:
- 9780191730153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629913.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter details the aim of this study, which is to identify the proper and cost-effective model of service delivery and level of provision of palliative care services. In it, the ten questions ...
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This chapter details the aim of this study, which is to identify the proper and cost-effective model of service delivery and level of provision of palliative care services. In it, the ten questions that were geared to meet and address the overall aim of the study are outlined. These ten questions address 1) the pattern of palliative care usage, 2) the level of need for palliative care, 3) the models for palliative care, 4) the costs and benefits of the models of palliative care, 5) the appropriate skill mix in palliative care nursing, 6) patient and carer satisfaction, 7) the impact of palliative care models on the quality of life of the patients, 8) the impact of the alternative models of service delivery on the sectors of the palliative care network, 9) the changes and improvements brought about by the models of organisation and bed utilisation in the care of dying patients in hospitals, and 10) the relationship between the models of palliative care in cancer and in other diseases.Less
This chapter details the aim of this study, which is to identify the proper and cost-effective model of service delivery and level of provision of palliative care services. In it, the ten questions that were geared to meet and address the overall aim of the study are outlined. These ten questions address 1) the pattern of palliative care usage, 2) the level of need for palliative care, 3) the models for palliative care, 4) the costs and benefits of the models of palliative care, 5) the appropriate skill mix in palliative care nursing, 6) patient and carer satisfaction, 7) the impact of palliative care models on the quality of life of the patients, 8) the impact of the alternative models of service delivery on the sectors of the palliative care network, 9) the changes and improvements brought about by the models of organisation and bed utilisation in the care of dying patients in hospitals, and 10) the relationship between the models of palliative care in cancer and in other diseases.
Mark J. Joe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199205301
- eISBN:
- 9780191695612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205301.003.0027
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Business History
This chapter demonstrates why the data indicates that the quality-of-corporate-law argument, although it explains transition economies nicely, is over-stated for several of the world's richest ...
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This chapter demonstrates why the data indicates that the quality-of-corporate-law argument, although it explains transition economies nicely, is over-stated for several of the world's richest nations. In too many of them, even with good shareholder protection, stock can be sold, but ownership does not separate from control. Based on the data, several nations have good corporate law, but not much diffusion and separation. These nations also have a high potential for managerial agency costs: relatively weaker product market competition and relatively stronger political pressures on managers to disfavour shareholders.Less
This chapter demonstrates why the data indicates that the quality-of-corporate-law argument, although it explains transition economies nicely, is over-stated for several of the world's richest nations. In too many of them, even with good shareholder protection, stock can be sold, but ownership does not separate from control. Based on the data, several nations have good corporate law, but not much diffusion and separation. These nations also have a high potential for managerial agency costs: relatively weaker product market competition and relatively stronger political pressures on managers to disfavour shareholders.
David Pugmire
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199276899
- eISBN:
- 9780191602689
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276897.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Drawing on recent work in the theory of emotion, this book concerns what is involved in the adequacy of emotions, which, it is argued, amounts to more than feeling good. The book analyses a series of ...
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Drawing on recent work in the theory of emotion, this book concerns what is involved in the adequacy of emotions, which, it is argued, amounts to more than feeling good. The book analyses a series of ways in which emotions, and the emotional life, can be well-formed or not. Some of these amount to properties emotions can have (e.g. depth) which variously enhance or detract from them. Others are attitudes with characteristic emotional loadings and effects (e.g. cynicism and sophistication), and both are affected by culture. The study even of elusive lapses in the integrity of emotions matter, it is held, for their costs are themselves emotional.Less
Drawing on recent work in the theory of emotion, this book concerns what is involved in the adequacy of emotions, which, it is argued, amounts to more than feeling good. The book analyses a series of ways in which emotions, and the emotional life, can be well-formed or not. Some of these amount to properties emotions can have (e.g. depth) which variously enhance or detract from them. Others are attitudes with characteristic emotional loadings and effects (e.g. cynicism and sophistication), and both are affected by culture. The study even of elusive lapses in the integrity of emotions matter, it is held, for their costs are themselves emotional.
