Julie L. Hall, Steven J. Stanton, and Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as ...
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In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.Less
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.
Fabrizio Benedetti
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559121
- eISBN:
- 9780191724022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559121.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune ...
More
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune mediators, like interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Some negative allergic reactions may be induced by the administration of nocebos. The responses of some hormones, like insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, have been successfully conditioned. In addition, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis may represent an important system in placebo and nocebo responsiveness.Less
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune mediators, like interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Some negative allergic reactions may be induced by the administration of nocebos. The responses of some hormones, like insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, have been successfully conditioned. In addition, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis may represent an important system in placebo and nocebo responsiveness.
Frank B. Hu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195312911
- eISBN:
- 9780199865260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312911.003.0018
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews epidemiologic studies on metabolic and hormonal predictors of obesity. It focuses primarily on prospective cohort studies, first discussing metabolic predictors, including ...
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This chapter reviews epidemiologic studies on metabolic and hormonal predictors of obesity. It focuses primarily on prospective cohort studies, first discussing metabolic predictors, including resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), and insulin sensitivity, and then examining studies of hormonal predictors (such as ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin) of obesity. For inflammatory cytokines, the chapter reviews recent prospective studies on C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. Finally, it discusses the relationship between the stress hormone cortisol and adiposity.Less
This chapter reviews epidemiologic studies on metabolic and hormonal predictors of obesity. It focuses primarily on prospective cohort studies, first discussing metabolic predictors, including resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), and insulin sensitivity, and then examining studies of hormonal predictors (such as ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin) of obesity. For inflammatory cytokines, the chapter reviews recent prospective studies on C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. Finally, it discusses the relationship between the stress hormone cortisol and adiposity.
Stephen W. Porges and C. Sue Carter
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388107
- eISBN:
- 9780199918386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388107.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This essay describes neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that are implicated in human caregiving. Anatomical and biochemical systems that first appeared in the evolutionary transition from ...
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This essay describes neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that are implicated in human caregiving. Anatomical and biochemical systems that first appeared in the evolutionary transition from reptiles to mammals allowed the emergence of mammalian sociality. Human behaviors are characterized by symbiotic and reciprocal interactions, which are necessary for successful caregiving. The autonomic nervous system, and especially the mammalian changes in the parasympathetic system, provides an essential neural platform for social behavior. Especially critical to coordinating the features of positive sociality are neuropeptides including oxytocin and vasopressin. These neuropeptides modulate the mammalian autonomic nervous system to foster the expression of social behaviors and, when adaptive, defensive behaviors. Oxytocin, the same peptide that regulates various aspects of mammalian reproduction including birth, lactation and maternal behavior, is also involved in the beneficial and reciprocal effects of caregiving on physiology, behavior and health.Less
This essay describes neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that are implicated in human caregiving. Anatomical and biochemical systems that first appeared in the evolutionary transition from reptiles to mammals allowed the emergence of mammalian sociality. Human behaviors are characterized by symbiotic and reciprocal interactions, which are necessary for successful caregiving. The autonomic nervous system, and especially the mammalian changes in the parasympathetic system, provides an essential neural platform for social behavior. Especially critical to coordinating the features of positive sociality are neuropeptides including oxytocin and vasopressin. These neuropeptides modulate the mammalian autonomic nervous system to foster the expression of social behaviors and, when adaptive, defensive behaviors. Oxytocin, the same peptide that regulates various aspects of mammalian reproduction including birth, lactation and maternal behavior, is also involved in the beneficial and reciprocal effects of caregiving on physiology, behavior and health.
Yoav Ben-Shlomo, Michael Gardner, and Stafford Lightman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199656516
- eISBN:
- 9780191748042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656516.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Endocrine systems play an important role in development, and in maintaining normal health. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is one plausible pathway as it may be related to frailty, ...
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Endocrine systems play an important role in development, and in maintaining normal health. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is one plausible pathway as it may be related to frailty, cognitive decline and cardiometabolic disturbances. The natural history of cortisol responsiveness is not well described but adaptation to chronic stressors may result in reduced diurnal variability. Observational evidence suggests that life course stressors, both physical and psychological, may have long term influences on the HPA axis. Intervention studies have suggested that these patterns are reversible. Our meta-analyses have found that reduced cortisol diurnal variability was the most consistent predictor of worse physical performance and worse cognition on tests of fluid capability. These results provide evidence for the role of the HPA axis in age-related decline. Future research needs to examine longitudinal changes in HPA dynamics and the potential role of the HPA axis in targeting or monitoring public health interventions.Less
Endocrine systems play an important role in development, and in maintaining normal health. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is one plausible pathway as it may be related to frailty, cognitive decline and cardiometabolic disturbances. The natural history of cortisol responsiveness is not well described but adaptation to chronic stressors may result in reduced diurnal variability. Observational evidence suggests that life course stressors, both physical and psychological, may have long term influences on the HPA axis. Intervention studies have suggested that these patterns are reversible. Our meta-analyses have found that reduced cortisol diurnal variability was the most consistent predictor of worse physical performance and worse cognition on tests of fluid capability. These results provide evidence for the role of the HPA axis in age-related decline. Future research needs to examine longitudinal changes in HPA dynamics and the potential role of the HPA axis in targeting or monitoring public health interventions.
James W. Fawcett, Anne E. Rosser, and Stephen B. Dunnett
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523376
- eISBN:
- 9780191724534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523376.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
The adrenal cortex secretes a wide range of steroids. Nearly all attention has been focused on the role in brain damage of cortisol (or corticosterone, its counterpart in some species). Only recently ...
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The adrenal cortex secretes a wide range of steroids. Nearly all attention has been focused on the role in brain damage of cortisol (or corticosterone, its counterpart in some species). Only recently have the powerful effects on neural function of other adrenal-derived steroids been recognised. The secretion of cortisol is highly labile. There are marked diurnal variations: highest levels coincide with the start of activity, irrespective of when that occurs (e.g. in the early morning in humans, but at the start of the night in rats and other nocturnal species).Less
The adrenal cortex secretes a wide range of steroids. Nearly all attention has been focused on the role in brain damage of cortisol (or corticosterone, its counterpart in some species). Only recently have the powerful effects on neural function of other adrenal-derived steroids been recognised. The secretion of cortisol is highly labile. There are marked diurnal variations: highest levels coincide with the start of activity, irrespective of when that occurs (e.g. in the early morning in humans, but at the start of the night in rats and other nocturnal species).
George P. Chrousos and Philip W.P. Gold
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter describes fear and its neuroendocrine regulation. It specifically highlights the role of elevated cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the regulation of fear responses, ...
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This chapter describes fear and its neuroendocrine regulation. It specifically highlights the role of elevated cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the regulation of fear responses, placing a particular emphasis on the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It starts with a discussion of the central motive state of fear and its biological basis. It then discusses the neural circuitry that underlies the perception of fearful events and fear-related behaviors. Next, it presents a description of the neuroendocrine basis of fear and a discussion of glucocorticoids and CRH in sustaining fear-related behaviors. Moreover, it evaluates the role of norepinephrine and epinephrine in facilitating responses to and memory of aversive events. It is showed that neuropeptides such as CRH chemically code the sense of fear that is sustained by elevated cortisol and that may underlie the excessively shy, fearful child's hyperexcitable central state.Less
This chapter describes fear and its neuroendocrine regulation. It specifically highlights the role of elevated cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the regulation of fear responses, placing a particular emphasis on the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It starts with a discussion of the central motive state of fear and its biological basis. It then discusses the neural circuitry that underlies the perception of fearful events and fear-related behaviors. Next, it presents a description of the neuroendocrine basis of fear and a discussion of glucocorticoids and CRH in sustaining fear-related behaviors. Moreover, it evaluates the role of norepinephrine and epinephrine in facilitating responses to and memory of aversive events. It is showed that neuropeptides such as CRH chemically code the sense of fear that is sustained by elevated cortisol and that may underlie the excessively shy, fearful child's hyperexcitable central state.
Richard J. Davidson and Maureen Rickman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter presents the data that adrenocortical activity is an important factor mediating the child's internal social milieu. The results show that rat pups may “internalize” the results of early ...
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This chapter presents the data that adrenocortical activity is an important factor mediating the child's internal social milieu. The results show that rat pups may “internalize” the results of early maternal regulation, encoded as information about how easy or difficult it is to activate stress-sensitive systems in adulthood. Discussion on attachment, temperament and adrenocortical function is also provided. Even though only a few studies on attachment and cortisol in humans have been conducted, it is probably that thresholds for adrenocortical function are influenced by early mother-child interactions. The most consistent result observed is that infants with disorganized attachments display larger cortisol responses to the Strange Situation than do those with organized attachments. It can be concluded that there are at least two pathways to hyperactivity of the adrenocortical system: (1) innate constitutional differences (temperament) and (2) less than optimal mother-infant interactions early in life.Less
This chapter presents the data that adrenocortical activity is an important factor mediating the child's internal social milieu. The results show that rat pups may “internalize” the results of early maternal regulation, encoded as information about how easy or difficult it is to activate stress-sensitive systems in adulthood. Discussion on attachment, temperament and adrenocortical function is also provided. Even though only a few studies on attachment and cortisol in humans have been conducted, it is probably that thresholds for adrenocortical function are influenced by early mother-child interactions. The most consistent result observed is that infants with disorganized attachments display larger cortisol responses to the Strange Situation than do those with organized attachments. It can be concluded that there are at least two pathways to hyperactivity of the adrenocortical system: (1) innate constitutional differences (temperament) and (2) less than optimal mother-infant interactions early in life.
Andrea L. Glenn and Adrian Raine
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814777053
- eISBN:
- 9780814777077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814777053.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter looks at how environmental factors—such as parenting, abuse, poverty, head injury, birth complications, nutrition, toxins, and a variety of other factors—can contribute to psychopathy. ...
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This chapter looks at how environmental factors—such as parenting, abuse, poverty, head injury, birth complications, nutrition, toxins, and a variety of other factors—can contribute to psychopathy. As discussed in Chapter 2, these factors have the ability to change gene transcription, or the way in which a gene's DNA sequence produces proteins. This may, in turn, alter neurochemical signaling mechanisms or the way that the brain develops. Environmental factors can also alter levels of neurochemicals such as hormones. For example, trauma or chronic stress can alter cortisol levels and thus change the way the brain responds to stress in the future. Finally, environmental influences in the womb or in early childhood can alter the way that the brain develops, leading to differences in structure and functioning.Less
This chapter looks at how environmental factors—such as parenting, abuse, poverty, head injury, birth complications, nutrition, toxins, and a variety of other factors—can contribute to psychopathy. As discussed in Chapter 2, these factors have the ability to change gene transcription, or the way in which a gene's DNA sequence produces proteins. This may, in turn, alter neurochemical signaling mechanisms or the way that the brain develops. Environmental factors can also alter levels of neurochemicals such as hormones. For example, trauma or chronic stress can alter cortisol levels and thus change the way the brain responds to stress in the future. Finally, environmental influences in the womb or in early childhood can alter the way that the brain develops, leading to differences in structure and functioning.
Andrea L. Glenn and Adrian Raine
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814777053
- eISBN:
- 9780814777077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814777053.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses hormones in relation to psychopathy. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and bind to receptors in the brain and body. When hormones bind to ...
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This chapter discusses hormones in relation to psychopathy. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and bind to receptors in the brain and body. When hormones bind to receptors in the brain, they can affect the functioning of brain regions. Hence, hormones can be thought of as an intermediate step between genetic or environmental factors and brain functioning. In addition, hormone systems are highly sensitive to environmental and psychological factors such as stress. The chapter specifically studies two primary hormones that have been associated with psychopathy—cortisol and testosterone. Cortisol and testosterone have been associated with several features that are observed in psychopathy, including blunted stress reactivity, fearlessness, aggression, and stimulation seeking.Less
This chapter discusses hormones in relation to psychopathy. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and bind to receptors in the brain and body. When hormones bind to receptors in the brain, they can affect the functioning of brain regions. Hence, hormones can be thought of as an intermediate step between genetic or environmental factors and brain functioning. In addition, hormone systems are highly sensitive to environmental and psychological factors such as stress. The chapter specifically studies two primary hormones that have been associated with psychopathy—cortisol and testosterone. Cortisol and testosterone have been associated with several features that are observed in psychopathy, including blunted stress reactivity, fearlessness, aggression, and stimulation seeking.
Val Gillies, Rosalind Edwards, and Nicola Horsley
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447324096
- eISBN:
- 9781447324119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447324096.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter turns to the latest diagnosis of the problem that early intervention aims to address, focusing on the quality of parenting and infant brain development. It explores how brain claims came ...
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This chapter turns to the latest diagnosis of the problem that early intervention aims to address, focusing on the quality of parenting and infant brain development. It explores how brain claims came to define and propel to the fore early intervention in how mothers bring up their children as a logical expression of social investment models of social policy. The chapter also looks at the use and misuse of developmental neuroscience and of evidence for the early years being formative, to open to question the detail of the five key biologised motifs — critical periods, maternal attunement, synaptic density, cortisol and the prefrontal cortex — that are mobilised to make the case for intervention in the parenting of young, disadvantaged and marginalised mothers.Less
This chapter turns to the latest diagnosis of the problem that early intervention aims to address, focusing on the quality of parenting and infant brain development. It explores how brain claims came to define and propel to the fore early intervention in how mothers bring up their children as a logical expression of social investment models of social policy. The chapter also looks at the use and misuse of developmental neuroscience and of evidence for the early years being formative, to open to question the detail of the five key biologised motifs — critical periods, maternal attunement, synaptic density, cortisol and the prefrontal cortex — that are mobilised to make the case for intervention in the parenting of young, disadvantaged and marginalised mothers.
Richard B. Slatcher
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199936632
- eISBN:
- 9780190223250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199936632.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
A growing body of research shows that people’s family environments have potent effects on the body’s stress physiology. This chapter provides an overview of the links between family relationships in ...
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A growing body of research shows that people’s family environments have potent effects on the body’s stress physiology. This chapter provides an overview of the links between family relationships in everyday life and cortisol, the body’s primary stress hormone. Key findings linking marital relationships to cortisol production are reviewed, as well as how family relationships impact children’s cortisol; the chapter focuses primarily on key findings from the past five years. The final section covers cutting-edge work that attempts to answer critical mechanistic questions of how family relationships “get under the skin” to affect cortisol production and, ultimately, physical health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of emerging research that seeks to investigate family relationships, stress physiology, and health outcomes in concert in order to clarify stress–health links.Less
A growing body of research shows that people’s family environments have potent effects on the body’s stress physiology. This chapter provides an overview of the links between family relationships in everyday life and cortisol, the body’s primary stress hormone. Key findings linking marital relationships to cortisol production are reviewed, as well as how family relationships impact children’s cortisol; the chapter focuses primarily on key findings from the past five years. The final section covers cutting-edge work that attempts to answer critical mechanistic questions of how family relationships “get under the skin” to affect cortisol production and, ultimately, physical health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of emerging research that seeks to investigate family relationships, stress physiology, and health outcomes in concert in order to clarify stress–health links.
Tony W. Buchanan and Stephanie D. Preston
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199977925
- eISBN:
- 9780190608972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977925.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
The spontaneous way in which people often come to feel the emotions of others is largely thought to explain empathy, including the ability to understand others, feel their emotions, and be motivated ...
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The spontaneous way in which people often come to feel the emotions of others is largely thought to explain empathy, including the ability to understand others, feel their emotions, and be motivated to help them. However, there are many occasions in which people feel empathy but do not help. Moreover, people sometimes report an urge to help that is not preceded by feelings of empathy or sympathy. Our work seeks to resolve this empathy–altruism divide by dissociating the neural mechanisms for recognizing and resonating with another’s state from the mechanisms that motivate us to act. Our integrative theory and data predict that people will feel with and help others when they attend to their state as long as their own needs are not compromised in so doing. However, overwhelming emotion or a fear for one’s own safety or effectiveness will inhibit helping while physiological arousal and activation can actually motivate aid in situations of immediate need without passing through any feelings of empathy or sympathy. Here we outline a research agenda that is theoretically grounded in interdisciplinary models of empathy and altruism.Less
The spontaneous way in which people often come to feel the emotions of others is largely thought to explain empathy, including the ability to understand others, feel their emotions, and be motivated to help them. However, there are many occasions in which people feel empathy but do not help. Moreover, people sometimes report an urge to help that is not preceded by feelings of empathy or sympathy. Our work seeks to resolve this empathy–altruism divide by dissociating the neural mechanisms for recognizing and resonating with another’s state from the mechanisms that motivate us to act. Our integrative theory and data predict that people will feel with and help others when they attend to their state as long as their own needs are not compromised in so doing. However, overwhelming emotion or a fear for one’s own safety or effectiveness will inhibit helping while physiological arousal and activation can actually motivate aid in situations of immediate need without passing through any feelings of empathy or sympathy. Here we outline a research agenda that is theoretically grounded in interdisciplinary models of empathy and altruism.
Benedetti Fabrizio
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198705086
- eISBN:
- 9780191789151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198705086.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune ...
More
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune mediators, like interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Some negative allergic reactions may be induced by the administration of nocebos. The responses of some hormones, like insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, have been successfully conditioned. In addition, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis may represent an important system in placebo and nocebo responsiveness. Overall, the findings within the domain of the immune and endocrine system provide compelling evidence that conscious expectation is not always necessary for a placebo response to occur, and unconscious Pavlovian conditioning may represent the main mechanism.Less
The placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is basically a conditioned response, whereby classical conditioning plays a key role. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune mediators, like interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Some negative allergic reactions may be induced by the administration of nocebos. The responses of some hormones, like insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, have been successfully conditioned. In addition, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis may represent an important system in placebo and nocebo responsiveness. Overall, the findings within the domain of the immune and endocrine system provide compelling evidence that conscious expectation is not always necessary for a placebo response to occur, and unconscious Pavlovian conditioning may represent the main mechanism.
James J. McKenna
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199964253
- eISBN:
- 9780199366828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199964253.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
By virtue of more problem driven rather than discipline driven, integrated research methods and theories both anthropologists and psychologists are elucidating the neuro-hormonal processes underlying ...
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By virtue of more problem driven rather than discipline driven, integrated research methods and theories both anthropologists and psychologists are elucidating the neuro-hormonal processes underlying brain architecture and the degree to which breastmilk constituents and the conditions, circumstances and social contexts within which primate infants are raised influences their cognition and temperament.Less
By virtue of more problem driven rather than discipline driven, integrated research methods and theories both anthropologists and psychologists are elucidating the neuro-hormonal processes underlying brain architecture and the degree to which breastmilk constituents and the conditions, circumstances and social contexts within which primate infants are raised influences their cognition and temperament.
Tatjana van Strien
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198793014
- eISBN:
- 9780191834745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198793014.003.0024
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
Distress is associated with both increased and decreased food intake, with eating less being the typical and predominant response. Distress is normally associated with physiological reactions that ...
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Distress is associated with both increased and decreased food intake, with eating less being the typical and predominant response. Distress is normally associated with physiological reactions that are designed to prepare the individual for a fight or flight response, thereby suppressing feelings of hunger. However, so-called emotional eaters show the atypical response to distress of eating similar or larger amounts of food. The present chapter explores possible causes of distress-induced emotional eating in terms of mechanisms and etiology. Possible mechanisms that are discussed are stress-induced hunger, interoceptive awareness, alexithymia, and changes in the stress responses of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (cortisol). Etiology, that is, the emergence of emotional eating in adolescence will be examined by presenting studies on increases in emotional eating in association with inadequate parenting and depressive feelings in interaction with genetic vulnerability (the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) or serotonin transporter gene (SCL6A4/5-HTT)). Finally, emotional eating as a mediator between depression and both body mass index and weight gain will be examined and suggestions for obesity interventions and future research will be given.Less
Distress is associated with both increased and decreased food intake, with eating less being the typical and predominant response. Distress is normally associated with physiological reactions that are designed to prepare the individual for a fight or flight response, thereby suppressing feelings of hunger. However, so-called emotional eaters show the atypical response to distress of eating similar or larger amounts of food. The present chapter explores possible causes of distress-induced emotional eating in terms of mechanisms and etiology. Possible mechanisms that are discussed are stress-induced hunger, interoceptive awareness, alexithymia, and changes in the stress responses of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (cortisol). Etiology, that is, the emergence of emotional eating in adolescence will be examined by presenting studies on increases in emotional eating in association with inadequate parenting and depressive feelings in interaction with genetic vulnerability (the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) or serotonin transporter gene (SCL6A4/5-HTT)). Finally, emotional eating as a mediator between depression and both body mass index and weight gain will be examined and suggestions for obesity interventions and future research will be given.
Dianna Murray-Close, Nicole L. Breslend, and Leigh Ann Holterman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190491826
- eISBN:
- 9780190491840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Mounting evidence implicates psychophysiological processes in the development of relational aggression. This review discusses the state of the field regarding associations between physiological ...
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Mounting evidence implicates psychophysiological processes in the development of relational aggression. This review discusses the state of the field regarding associations between physiological stress systems—including the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis—and relational aggression. The theoretical significance of these processes is discussed, and potential moderators of associations, such as functions of relational aggression, contextual risk, and gender, are considered. Finally, critical next steps in this research area, including the incorporation of additional physiological indicators, are reviewed. This research has the potential to advance our understanding of many of the significant questions in relational aggression research, such as who engages in relational aggression and why, and whether these behaviors result in negative or positive developmental outcomes.Less
Mounting evidence implicates psychophysiological processes in the development of relational aggression. This review discusses the state of the field regarding associations between physiological stress systems—including the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis—and relational aggression. The theoretical significance of these processes is discussed, and potential moderators of associations, such as functions of relational aggression, contextual risk, and gender, are considered. Finally, critical next steps in this research area, including the incorporation of additional physiological indicators, are reviewed. This research has the potential to advance our understanding of many of the significant questions in relational aggression research, such as who engages in relational aggression and why, and whether these behaviors result in negative or positive developmental outcomes.
