Pushpa Prasad
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195684476
- eISBN:
- 9780199082100
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195684476.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
The Lekhapaddhati, whose translation with full annotation is offered in this volume, is unique in the whole body of ancient Sanskrit texts. It is a collection of actual or specimen documents (lekhas) ...
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The Lekhapaddhati, whose translation with full annotation is offered in this volume, is unique in the whole body of ancient Sanskrit texts. It is a collection of actual or specimen documents (lekhas) by unknown compiler, in use for public transactions, administration, rules for drafting land grants, treaties between kings, credit and banking system, mortgage deeds, creditor (dhanika/vyavahāraka) and debtor’s relations, judicial disputes, and private letters. Presumably, written as a guide for official scribes and professional letter writers, it is the sole non-epigraphic repository of grants and other public and private documents from early medieval India. These cover the eighth to the thirteenth centuries and relate to pre-Sultanate period of Gujarat. Their genuineness is shown by the fact that the texts of the royal grants or charter (patra) in this collection match closely with the texts from copper-plates. The large compass of other documents reveal many aspects of daily life, social customs which otherwise would remain obscure. Remarkable, for example, are the slavery deeds which show how much were girl slaves under the control of their masters and how caste taboos were utterly set aside where work by, or treatment of, female slaves was concerned. On what has been called ‘Indian feudalism’, the Lekhapaddhati’s evidence has been extensively used by the propounder’s of the theory as well as its critics. But it has to be remembered that the Lekhapaddhati has also much on trade, bills and drafts, land grants as a gift, and affairs of private life. Here we meet the lordly rulers, the stern officials, the gentlemen in town, the merchant, the slave master, the careless wife, and the forgetful husband. The book should appeal to those who want to look beyond the dynastic history, to the history of everyday life, private and official.Less
The Lekhapaddhati, whose translation with full annotation is offered in this volume, is unique in the whole body of ancient Sanskrit texts. It is a collection of actual or specimen documents (lekhas) by unknown compiler, in use for public transactions, administration, rules for drafting land grants, treaties between kings, credit and banking system, mortgage deeds, creditor (dhanika/vyavahāraka) and debtor’s relations, judicial disputes, and private letters. Presumably, written as a guide for official scribes and professional letter writers, it is the sole non-epigraphic repository of grants and other public and private documents from early medieval India. These cover the eighth to the thirteenth centuries and relate to pre-Sultanate period of Gujarat. Their genuineness is shown by the fact that the texts of the royal grants or charter (patra) in this collection match closely with the texts from copper-plates. The large compass of other documents reveal many aspects of daily life, social customs which otherwise would remain obscure. Remarkable, for example, are the slavery deeds which show how much were girl slaves under the control of their masters and how caste taboos were utterly set aside where work by, or treatment of, female slaves was concerned. On what has been called ‘Indian feudalism’, the Lekhapaddhati’s evidence has been extensively used by the propounder’s of the theory as well as its critics. But it has to be remembered that the Lekhapaddhati has also much on trade, bills and drafts, land grants as a gift, and affairs of private life. Here we meet the lordly rulers, the stern officials, the gentlemen in town, the merchant, the slave master, the careless wife, and the forgetful husband. The book should appeal to those who want to look beyond the dynastic history, to the history of everyday life, private and official.
Michael Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313871
- eISBN:
- 9780199871964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313871.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Venus and Aphrodite in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength, and in the poetry of Charles Williams. Complexity of signification. The donegality of The Magician's Nephew. ...
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Venus and Aphrodite in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength, and in the poetry of Charles Williams. Complexity of signification. The donegality of The Magician's Nephew. Venus Infernal, the Morning Star, apples in the Garden of the Hesperides, mirrors, mothers, copper, laughter, fertility, sweetness. How to rank human love with respect to divine love.Less
Venus and Aphrodite in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength, and in the poetry of Charles Williams. Complexity of signification. The donegality of The Magician's Nephew. Venus Infernal, the Morning Star, apples in the Garden of the Hesperides, mirrors, mothers, copper, laughter, fertility, sweetness. How to rank human love with respect to divine love.
Leslie Hannah
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199226009
- eISBN:
- 9780191710315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226009.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The many errors and misjudgments in Alfred D. Chandler's Scale and Scope derive from its framing in an established Anglo-American Whig-Progressive misinterpretation of business and technological ...
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The many errors and misjudgments in Alfred D. Chandler's Scale and Scope derive from its framing in an established Anglo-American Whig-Progressive misinterpretation of business and technological history. Case studies of copper and tobacco show that his narratives of global oligopolistic competition in these industries require complete inversion: his alleged successes are more appropriately cast as failures and vice-versa. Such cases are not unique, but representative. His central propositions — that the British were rarely capable of building efficient managerial hierarchies, distinctively preferred family to professional management and headquartered proportionately fewer persistent global industrial oligopolists than both Germany and the United States — have all been comprehensively falsified. Further progress in internationally comparative business history requires a return to the higher standards of Chandler's earlier work and more disciplined quantification of comparisons conceived without the bias of hindsight.Less
The many errors and misjudgments in Alfred D. Chandler's Scale and Scope derive from its framing in an established Anglo-American Whig-Progressive misinterpretation of business and technological history. Case studies of copper and tobacco show that his narratives of global oligopolistic competition in these industries require complete inversion: his alleged successes are more appropriately cast as failures and vice-versa. Such cases are not unique, but representative. His central propositions — that the British were rarely capable of building efficient managerial hierarchies, distinctively preferred family to professional management and headquartered proportionately fewer persistent global industrial oligopolists than both Germany and the United States — have all been comprehensively falsified. Further progress in internationally comparative business history requires a return to the higher standards of Chandler's earlier work and more disciplined quantification of comparisons conceived without the bias of hindsight.
Bernard A. Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237371
- eISBN:
- 9780191717208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter considers, first, various archaeological ‘constructions’ that have guided as well as constrained the study of Cypriot archaeology. Until the 1980s, for example, most archaeologists ...
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This chapter considers, first, various archaeological ‘constructions’ that have guided as well as constrained the study of Cypriot archaeology. Until the 1980s, for example, most archaeologists working on the island, including native Cypriotes, were trained as specialists in Aegean, Levantine, or Anatolian archaeology, only secondarily in the archaeology of Cyprus. In contrast, and from a decidedly internal perspective, this chapter focuses on the material record of Prehistoric Bronze Age (PreBA) Cyprus (ca. 2700–1700/1650 BC), a time marked by major shifts in traditional materials and lifeways. Crucial social changes are considered through detailed examination of spatial organization and cultural sequences at several archaeological sites (landscapes), production and trade (copper, imports, the ‘secondary products revolution’), material culture (architecture, pottery) and mortuary practices, representations (‘genre scenes’, figurines), individuals (figurines, burials, jewellery), migration, and hybridization (architecture, pottery, cooking and weaving items, metal goods, jewellery). By about 1700 BC, the intensification of metallurgical and agricultural production precipitated the emergence of new island identities and a new social order, structurally very different from that which had characterized earlier periods, but one still solidly Cypriot in origin, outlook and makeup.Less
This chapter considers, first, various archaeological ‘constructions’ that have guided as well as constrained the study of Cypriot archaeology. Until the 1980s, for example, most archaeologists working on the island, including native Cypriotes, were trained as specialists in Aegean, Levantine, or Anatolian archaeology, only secondarily in the archaeology of Cyprus. In contrast, and from a decidedly internal perspective, this chapter focuses on the material record of Prehistoric Bronze Age (PreBA) Cyprus (ca. 2700–1700/1650 BC), a time marked by major shifts in traditional materials and lifeways. Crucial social changes are considered through detailed examination of spatial organization and cultural sequences at several archaeological sites (landscapes), production and trade (copper, imports, the ‘secondary products revolution’), material culture (architecture, pottery) and mortuary practices, representations (‘genre scenes’, figurines), individuals (figurines, burials, jewellery), migration, and hybridization (architecture, pottery, cooking and weaving items, metal goods, jewellery). By about 1700 BC, the intensification of metallurgical and agricultural production precipitated the emergence of new island identities and a new social order, structurally very different from that which had characterized earlier periods, but one still solidly Cypriot in origin, outlook and makeup.
Michael Burawoy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520259003
- eISBN:
- 9780520943384
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520259003.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This book develops the extended case method by connecting personal experiences among workers of the world to the great transformations of the twentieth century—the rise and fall of the Soviet Union ...
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This book develops the extended case method by connecting personal experiences among workers of the world to the great transformations of the twentieth century—the rise and fall of the Soviet Union and its satellites, the reconstruction of U.S. capitalism, and the African transition to post-colonialism in Zambia. The author's odyssey began in 1968 in the Zambian copper mines and proceeded to Chicago's South Side, where he worked as a machine operator and enjoyed a unique perspective on the stability of advanced capitalism. In the 1980s, this perspective was deepened by contrast with his work in diverse Hungarian factories. Surprised by the collapse of socialism in Hungary in 1989, he journeyed in 1991 to the Soviet Union, which by the end of the year had unexpectedly dissolved. He then spent the next decade studying how the working class survived the catastrophic collapse of the Soviet economy. These chapters, presented with a perspective that has benefited from time and rich experience, offer a theory and a method for developing novel understandings of epochal change.Less
This book develops the extended case method by connecting personal experiences among workers of the world to the great transformations of the twentieth century—the rise and fall of the Soviet Union and its satellites, the reconstruction of U.S. capitalism, and the African transition to post-colonialism in Zambia. The author's odyssey began in 1968 in the Zambian copper mines and proceeded to Chicago's South Side, where he worked as a machine operator and enjoyed a unique perspective on the stability of advanced capitalism. In the 1980s, this perspective was deepened by contrast with his work in diverse Hungarian factories. Surprised by the collapse of socialism in Hungary in 1989, he journeyed in 1991 to the Soviet Union, which by the end of the year had unexpectedly dissolved. He then spent the next decade studying how the working class survived the catastrophic collapse of the Soviet economy. These chapters, presented with a perspective that has benefited from time and rich experience, offer a theory and a method for developing novel understandings of epochal change.
Jill Edwards
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198228714
- eISBN:
- 9780191678813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198228714.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The historiography of Hispano-United States relations during the Cold War has been dominated for the past thirty years by studies of the latter's negotiations for, and signing of, base agreements ...
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The historiography of Hispano-United States relations during the Cold War has been dominated for the past thirty years by studies of the latter's negotiations for, and signing of, base agreements with Spain in September 1953. In the post-Cold War era, the significance of the 1953 agreements lies as much in the light that they cast on Spain's role in the global rivalry between Western powers, and shifting power patterns, as in the impact these had on Spain itself. Striking differences in attitude of the United States and Britain towards Spain illuminate their changing roles in the Western Mediterranean, as the gateway to the Middle East to which the Straits of Gibraltar were the key. The question of the western Mediterranean was always closely bound to Spain's Iberian neighbours, Gibraltar and Portugal. The Rock of Gibraltar was the fortress which had long ensured Britain's access to the Mediterranean. Aside from its celebrated rich resources of mercury, copper, and other minerals, the Spanish potential for uranium bearing ores was also of interest to other countries.Less
The historiography of Hispano-United States relations during the Cold War has been dominated for the past thirty years by studies of the latter's negotiations for, and signing of, base agreements with Spain in September 1953. In the post-Cold War era, the significance of the 1953 agreements lies as much in the light that they cast on Spain's role in the global rivalry between Western powers, and shifting power patterns, as in the impact these had on Spain itself. Striking differences in attitude of the United States and Britain towards Spain illuminate their changing roles in the Western Mediterranean, as the gateway to the Middle East to which the Straits of Gibraltar were the key. The question of the western Mediterranean was always closely bound to Spain's Iberian neighbours, Gibraltar and Portugal. The Rock of Gibraltar was the fortress which had long ensured Britain's access to the Mediterranean. Aside from its celebrated rich resources of mercury, copper, and other minerals, the Spanish potential for uranium bearing ores was also of interest to other countries.
Himanshu Prabha Ray
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195305326
- eISBN:
- 9780199850884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305326.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter is an attempt at defining the social milieu of trade in peninsular India between the 4th century bce and the 4th century ce, the objective being to highlight the social factors that ...
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This chapter is an attempt at defining the social milieu of trade in peninsular India between the 4th century bce and the 4th century ce, the objective being to highlight the social factors that determined economic activity. It is suggested here that in the historical period, one significant use of writing was for trading activity. The chapter primarily focuses on patterns of use and the distribution of written records in an attempt to highlight both temporal and spatial variations. The use of copper plates for recording marks another turning point in the history of writing and is dated in the peninsula to the middle of the 4th century. These inscriptions have been studied with reference to the emergence of the feudal order and patterns of patronage and notions of kingship. The attempt here is to utilize these as social markers of literate groups, which included religious clergy and trading communities, and for defining transformations in trading networks.Less
This chapter is an attempt at defining the social milieu of trade in peninsular India between the 4th century bce and the 4th century ce, the objective being to highlight the social factors that determined economic activity. It is suggested here that in the historical period, one significant use of writing was for trading activity. The chapter primarily focuses on patterns of use and the distribution of written records in an attempt to highlight both temporal and spatial variations. The use of copper plates for recording marks another turning point in the history of writing and is dated in the peninsula to the middle of the 4th century. These inscriptions have been studied with reference to the emergence of the feudal order and patterns of patronage and notions of kingship. The attempt here is to utilize these as social markers of literate groups, which included religious clergy and trading communities, and for defining transformations in trading networks.
Andrew Lincoln
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183143
- eISBN:
- 9780191673948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183143.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Between 1795 and 1797, Blake worked as an illustrator of Edward Young's long meditative poem Night Thoughts. This is the largest commission he ever received as an artist, and, had the worked been a ...
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Between 1795 and 1797, Blake worked as an illustrator of Edward Young's long meditative poem Night Thoughts. This is the largest commission he ever received as an artist, and, had the worked been a commercial success, it would have enhanced Blake's reputation. The hope of gaining recognition from this work was presumably the rationale behind Blake's ambition to write and illustrate a poem of his own. And it was supposed that during these years, Blake' The Four Zoas began to take shape. This chapter discusses Blake's poem on copper plates with primary concern about the surviving copperplate texts. Like Young's poem, Blake divided his poem into nine nights wherein the first three nights were transcribed on paper supplied for the Night Thoughts design. The basic text here was in Blake's copperplate hand and some of the pages have drawings that were relatively finished. However, the copperplate texts ended on page 42, with Blake's normal handwriting dominating the page from 42 and beyond. This break in the manuscript is simultaneous with the transition in the narrative. While the text up to 42 narrates the progress from primitive condition to civil order, the latter pages chronicles where this order begins to collapse.Less
Between 1795 and 1797, Blake worked as an illustrator of Edward Young's long meditative poem Night Thoughts. This is the largest commission he ever received as an artist, and, had the worked been a commercial success, it would have enhanced Blake's reputation. The hope of gaining recognition from this work was presumably the rationale behind Blake's ambition to write and illustrate a poem of his own. And it was supposed that during these years, Blake' The Four Zoas began to take shape. This chapter discusses Blake's poem on copper plates with primary concern about the surviving copperplate texts. Like Young's poem, Blake divided his poem into nine nights wherein the first three nights were transcribed on paper supplied for the Night Thoughts design. The basic text here was in Blake's copperplate hand and some of the pages have drawings that were relatively finished. However, the copperplate texts ended on page 42, with Blake's normal handwriting dominating the page from 42 and beyond. This break in the manuscript is simultaneous with the transition in the narrative. While the text up to 42 narrates the progress from primitive condition to civil order, the latter pages chronicles where this order begins to collapse.
Larry Lankton
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083576
- eISBN:
- 9780199854158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083576.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The Copper Country was not immune to the troubles that rocked many mining communities across the United States. The copper mines suffered many social tremors, and a schism widened between management ...
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The Copper Country was not immune to the troubles that rocked many mining communities across the United States. The copper mines suffered many social tremors, and a schism widened between management and labor, and between the mining companies' interests and the interests of the public at large. At Calumet and Hecla, Alexander Agassiz did not let outsiders—either radicals or reformers—tell him how to run his company. Calumet and Hecla had an advantage over all other mines in the Copper Country. It had the first pick of men form the available labor pool. Calumet and Hecla lost its battle with the Houghton Country Traction Company. The chief architect of C&H paternalism sensed that his company's dominance was eroding and that company benevolence alone could not cement workers' loyalties and prevent trouble.Less
The Copper Country was not immune to the troubles that rocked many mining communities across the United States. The copper mines suffered many social tremors, and a schism widened between management and labor, and between the mining companies' interests and the interests of the public at large. At Calumet and Hecla, Alexander Agassiz did not let outsiders—either radicals or reformers—tell him how to run his company. Calumet and Hecla had an advantage over all other mines in the Copper Country. It had the first pick of men form the available labor pool. Calumet and Hecla lost its battle with the Houghton Country Traction Company. The chief architect of C&H paternalism sensed that his company's dominance was eroding and that company benevolence alone could not cement workers' loyalties and prevent trouble.
Larry Lankton
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083576
- eISBN:
- 9780199854158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083576.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The Price Fixing Committee of the War Industries Board started setting the price of copper to be paid by the American government and manufacturers. The price of copper declined, and the Lake mines ...
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The Price Fixing Committee of the War Industries Board started setting the price of copper to be paid by the American government and manufacturers. The price of copper declined, and the Lake mines cut back their production. Inflation and increased labor costs ate into their profitability. The United States market for new copper had declined, and American mines found themselves with excess production capacity. The major copper producers in Arizona, Montana, and Utah took about three years to come to terms with postwar conditions and the 1921 market collapse. For decades, mine superintendents had coped with managing growth. The costs of economic decline were everywhere apparent. But any benefits of sharp contraction of mining were fewer and harder to find. The Copper Country is such a place, and it has been for the last seventy years.Less
The Price Fixing Committee of the War Industries Board started setting the price of copper to be paid by the American government and manufacturers. The price of copper declined, and the Lake mines cut back their production. Inflation and increased labor costs ate into their profitability. The United States market for new copper had declined, and American mines found themselves with excess production capacity. The major copper producers in Arizona, Montana, and Utah took about three years to come to terms with postwar conditions and the 1921 market collapse. For decades, mine superintendents had coped with managing growth. The costs of economic decline were everywhere apparent. But any benefits of sharp contraction of mining were fewer and harder to find. The Copper Country is such a place, and it has been for the last seventy years.
Larry Lankton
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083576
- eISBN:
- 9780199854158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083576.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Social critics have blamed Americans for homogenizing our culture. When travelers leave the interstates and head down the smaller highways and byways, they can still find curious survivals, pockets ...
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Social critics have blamed Americans for homogenizing our culture. When travelers leave the interstates and head down the smaller highways and byways, they can still find curious survivals, pockets of culture rendered unique, colorful, and interesting by their setting and story. Many of the people in Keweenaw work for Michigan Technological University. The fact that Keweenaw was held as the world's largest deposit of native copper made this place so unusual. Located on the western end of Upper Michigan, Keweenaw is a narrow, jagged finger of land about 70 miles long. It extends northeastward into Lake Superior, the greatest body of fresh water in the world. The Lake Superior basin provided almost all the copper used by prehistoric American Indians in the eastern portion of the United States. This copper urged the rise of an industry whose fortunes were tied back to the copper.Less
Social critics have blamed Americans for homogenizing our culture. When travelers leave the interstates and head down the smaller highways and byways, they can still find curious survivals, pockets of culture rendered unique, colorful, and interesting by their setting and story. Many of the people in Keweenaw work for Michigan Technological University. The fact that Keweenaw was held as the world's largest deposit of native copper made this place so unusual. Located on the western end of Upper Michigan, Keweenaw is a narrow, jagged finger of land about 70 miles long. It extends northeastward into Lake Superior, the greatest body of fresh water in the world. The Lake Superior basin provided almost all the copper used by prehistoric American Indians in the eastern portion of the United States. This copper urged the rise of an industry whose fortunes were tied back to the copper.
Larry Lankton
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083576
- eISBN:
- 9780199854158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083576.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Mining techniques and the underground environment changed in many fundamental ways. Mining tended to be one of the more traditional industries and change in the underground was never continuous or ...
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Mining techniques and the underground environment changed in many fundamental ways. Mining tended to be one of the more traditional industries and change in the underground was never continuous or all encompassing. Miners sank shafts that usually ran down through the copper lode itself. These shafts were multipurpose thoroughfares. Miners often produced some good copper rock while drifting, but a drift's main purpose was not to recover copper but to open up underground roadways. In the Copper Country, the term “miner” did not apply to all underground workers, but was reserved for shaft-sinkers, drifters, and stoppers who drilled and blasted rock. The successful adoption of nitroglycerine dynamite and the machine rock drill allowed miners to bring down far more rock per shift.Less
Mining techniques and the underground environment changed in many fundamental ways. Mining tended to be one of the more traditional industries and change in the underground was never continuous or all encompassing. Miners sank shafts that usually ran down through the copper lode itself. These shafts were multipurpose thoroughfares. Miners often produced some good copper rock while drifting, but a drift's main purpose was not to recover copper but to open up underground roadways. In the Copper Country, the term “miner” did not apply to all underground workers, but was reserved for shaft-sinkers, drifters, and stoppers who drilled and blasted rock. The successful adoption of nitroglycerine dynamite and the machine rock drill allowed miners to bring down far more rock per shift.
SIDNEY POLLARD
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206385
- eISBN:
- 9780191677106
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206385.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter deals with the mining areas of central Europe in the boom period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, particularly those engaged in silver and copper mining and metallurgy. Mining ...
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This chapter deals with the mining areas of central Europe in the boom period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, particularly those engaged in silver and copper mining and metallurgy. Mining revived in central Europe in the mid-fifteenth century. The causes for the revival lay in both supply and demand conditions. As far as supply is concerned, two factors in particular favoured expansion: new kinds of metal ores, and technological innovations.Less
This chapter deals with the mining areas of central Europe in the boom period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, particularly those engaged in silver and copper mining and metallurgy. Mining revived in central Europe in the mid-fifteenth century. The causes for the revival lay in both supply and demand conditions. As far as supply is concerned, two factors in particular favoured expansion: new kinds of metal ores, and technological innovations.
William R. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691174877
- eISBN:
- 9780691185033
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174877.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses Newton's attempt to purify his antimonial sublimate of copper vitriol from excess antimony and sal ammoniac to obtain a material that he calls “our Venus.” The project of ...
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This chapter discusses Newton's attempt to purify his antimonial sublimate of copper vitriol from excess antimony and sal ammoniac to obtain a material that he calls “our Venus.” The project of “extracting our Venus” can be tracked from its origins up until February 1695/6, the last date in CU Add. 3973. It is possible that Newton's goal was to arrive not merely at a salt of copper in the modern sense, where the metal combines with other elements to yield a compound, but rather in the traditional alchemical sense whereby the copper is decomposed and its internal, constituent salt is released. Whether “our Venus” meant an internal constituent of the metal copper, or rather a compound of the metal, Newton spent years of effort trying to arrive at the substance in pure form.Less
This chapter discusses Newton's attempt to purify his antimonial sublimate of copper vitriol from excess antimony and sal ammoniac to obtain a material that he calls “our Venus.” The project of “extracting our Venus” can be tracked from its origins up until February 1695/6, the last date in CU Add. 3973. It is possible that Newton's goal was to arrive not merely at a salt of copper in the modern sense, where the metal combines with other elements to yield a compound, but rather in the traditional alchemical sense whereby the copper is decomposed and its internal, constituent salt is released. Whether “our Venus” meant an internal constituent of the metal copper, or rather a compound of the metal, Newton spent years of effort trying to arrive at the substance in pure form.
CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198299530
- eISBN:
- 9780191708107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299530.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter discusses three related contact phenomena: lexical borrowing, mixed (split) languages, and creole formation. They all show the effects of the universal split in languages between the ...
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This chapter discusses three related contact phenomena: lexical borrowing, mixed (split) languages, and creole formation. They all show the effects of the universal split in languages between the grammatical and lexical features. Lexical borrowing typically affects only lexical elements. In contrast, mixed languages include grammatical elements from more than one language. The Matrix Language Turnover hypothesis explains how mixed languages arise, such as Mednyj Aleut (Copper Island Aleut). Creole formation is marked by an unusual interaction between lexical and grammatical elements: words from one language (the lexifier) become grammatical elements in the developing Creole.Less
This chapter discusses three related contact phenomena: lexical borrowing, mixed (split) languages, and creole formation. They all show the effects of the universal split in languages between the grammatical and lexical features. Lexical borrowing typically affects only lexical elements. In contrast, mixed languages include grammatical elements from more than one language. The Matrix Language Turnover hypothesis explains how mixed languages arise, such as Mednyj Aleut (Copper Island Aleut). Creole formation is marked by an unusual interaction between lexical and grammatical elements: words from one language (the lexifier) become grammatical elements in the developing Creole.
Ignacio Briones
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231158633
- eISBN:
- 9780231530286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231158633.003.0051
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses Chile's Social and Economic Stabilization Fund, which provides a hedge against the volatility of copper prices. Mining (copper) accounts for 15 percent of the country's GDP, ...
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This chapter discusses Chile's Social and Economic Stabilization Fund, which provides a hedge against the volatility of copper prices. Mining (copper) accounts for 15 percent of the country's GDP, and it has been as high as 25 percent of GDP during the 1920s. It represents between 40 percent and 50 percent of Chilean exports, and represents 15 percent of fiscal revenues. The Chilean Social and Economic Stabilization Fund serves as a buffer to counteract fiscal deficits, especially during situations of financial distress. Chile has a clear objective for that fund, and sticks with it. Any withdrawal from the fund must go through Congress. Two inputs are involved in the spending calculation: long-term growth perspective and the long-term copper price.Less
This chapter discusses Chile's Social and Economic Stabilization Fund, which provides a hedge against the volatility of copper prices. Mining (copper) accounts for 15 percent of the country's GDP, and it has been as high as 25 percent of GDP during the 1920s. It represents between 40 percent and 50 percent of Chilean exports, and represents 15 percent of fiscal revenues. The Chilean Social and Economic Stabilization Fund serves as a buffer to counteract fiscal deficits, especially during situations of financial distress. Chile has a clear objective for that fund, and sticks with it. Any withdrawal from the fund must go through Congress. Two inputs are involved in the spending calculation: long-term growth perspective and the long-term copper price.
Duncan Maysilles
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834596
- eISBN:
- 9781469603155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807877937_maysilles.11
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter discusses how Attorney General John C. Hart negotiated the 1904 settlement agreement with the Tennessee Copper Company (TCC) and the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (DSC I) in ...
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This chapter discusses how Attorney General John C. Hart negotiated the 1904 settlement agreement with the Tennessee Copper Company (TCC) and the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (DSC I) in the belief that adoption of the new pyritic method of smelting sulfide copper ore would end the damage to vegetation caused by smoke from the old method of open heap roasting. Events soon proved otherwise: smelter smoke generated by the new method was just as thick and toxic to budding fruit and early ears of corn as before. Because the new method was much faster than the old, the copper companies could now process much larger quantities of ore, and more sulfur fumes entered the atmosphere. Conditions deteriorated still further in 1906 after completion of a giant 325-foot smokestack for the Tennessee Copper Company at its Copperhill complex.Less
This chapter discusses how Attorney General John C. Hart negotiated the 1904 settlement agreement with the Tennessee Copper Company (TCC) and the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (DSC I) in the belief that adoption of the new pyritic method of smelting sulfide copper ore would end the damage to vegetation caused by smoke from the old method of open heap roasting. Events soon proved otherwise: smelter smoke generated by the new method was just as thick and toxic to budding fruit and early ears of corn as before. Because the new method was much faster than the old, the copper companies could now process much larger quantities of ore, and more sulfur fumes entered the atmosphere. Conditions deteriorated still further in 1906 after completion of a giant 325-foot smokestack for the Tennessee Copper Company at its Copperhill complex.
Robin Craig
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973007343
- eISBN:
- 9781786944702
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007343.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This study explores the history of tramp-shipping in the United Kingdom, between 1750 and 1914. It defines ‘tramp’ as steamships exclusively hulled with iron or steel. The purpose of the journal is ...
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This study explores the history of tramp-shipping in the United Kingdom, between 1750 and 1914. It defines ‘tramp’ as steamships exclusively hulled with iron or steel. The purpose of the journal is to keep the history of tramp-shipping from fading into obscurity, as the author believes the tramp steamer does not invoke sentimentality nor provide enough glamour to sustain the same level of maritime interest enjoyed by sailing ships or ocean liners. The study is split into four major sections, the first concerning tramp-shipping, ownership, and capital formation; the second concerning trade, specifically copper ore and African guano; the third studies tramp seamen - particularly sea masters; and the final and largest section considers individual tramp-shipping regions, further subdivided by region - Wales, the Northwest, the West Country, the Northeast, the Southeast, and Canada. The volume is punctuated with statistics, tables, charts, glossaries, and concludes with a bibliography of author Robin Craig’s further maritime writing.Less
This study explores the history of tramp-shipping in the United Kingdom, between 1750 and 1914. It defines ‘tramp’ as steamships exclusively hulled with iron or steel. The purpose of the journal is to keep the history of tramp-shipping from fading into obscurity, as the author believes the tramp steamer does not invoke sentimentality nor provide enough glamour to sustain the same level of maritime interest enjoyed by sailing ships or ocean liners. The study is split into four major sections, the first concerning tramp-shipping, ownership, and capital formation; the second concerning trade, specifically copper ore and African guano; the third studies tramp seamen - particularly sea masters; and the final and largest section considers individual tramp-shipping regions, further subdivided by region - Wales, the Northwest, the West Country, the Northeast, the Southeast, and Canada. The volume is punctuated with statistics, tables, charts, glossaries, and concludes with a bibliography of author Robin Craig’s further maritime writing.
Daniel C. O'Neill
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888455966
- eISBN:
- 9789888455461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888455966.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the effects of the evolution of political institutions in Myanmar on Sino-Burmese relations. The chapter argues that this case stands as particularly powerful evidence for the ...
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This chapter examines the effects of the evolution of political institutions in Myanmar on Sino-Burmese relations. The chapter argues that this case stands as particularly powerful evidence for the book’s thesis; as the Burmese regime liberalized, opposition to Chinese influence, previously boiling under a lid of authoritarianism, bubbled to the surface. This has resulted in a weakening of the bonds between governments that had long been “blood brothers.” The chapter shows that under the ruling SPDC, the Chinese could rely on close government-to-government ties to gain support on important issues, such as China’s South China Sea claims, and Chinese firms could rely on politically-connected Burmese “cronies” to secure approval for and protection of their investments. Political reforms beginning in 2011 that witnessed the end to decades-long military rule saw a concomitant plunge in Chinese investment in Myanmar and delays and even cancellations of major projects by Chinese SOEs in Myanmar, such as the Letpadaung Copper Mine and the Myitsone Hydropower Project. The chapter concludes that the Myanmar case illustrates that the evolution of the political “rules of the game” in China’s bilateral partner are a form of political risk for China and its firms.Less
This chapter examines the effects of the evolution of political institutions in Myanmar on Sino-Burmese relations. The chapter argues that this case stands as particularly powerful evidence for the book’s thesis; as the Burmese regime liberalized, opposition to Chinese influence, previously boiling under a lid of authoritarianism, bubbled to the surface. This has resulted in a weakening of the bonds between governments that had long been “blood brothers.” The chapter shows that under the ruling SPDC, the Chinese could rely on close government-to-government ties to gain support on important issues, such as China’s South China Sea claims, and Chinese firms could rely on politically-connected Burmese “cronies” to secure approval for and protection of their investments. Political reforms beginning in 2011 that witnessed the end to decades-long military rule saw a concomitant plunge in Chinese investment in Myanmar and delays and even cancellations of major projects by Chinese SOEs in Myanmar, such as the Letpadaung Copper Mine and the Myitsone Hydropower Project. The chapter concludes that the Myanmar case illustrates that the evolution of the political “rules of the game” in China’s bilateral partner are a form of political risk for China and its firms.
C. Anne Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198152484
- eISBN:
- 9780191710049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152484.003.0017
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
A large collection of chemical recipe texts dating from the end of the first century BC to the Byzantine period appear to describe actual chemical experiments and reactions carried out in ancient ...
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A large collection of chemical recipe texts dating from the end of the first century BC to the Byzantine period appear to describe actual chemical experiments and reactions carried out in ancient Greece with the object of transforming the outward appearance of copper first to silver, then to gold. However, the gold was not a realistic imitation designed to deceive the unwary, like the adulterated or imitation gold and silver of the recipes in the Egyptian goldsmiths' notebooks of the third century AD. To determine the experimenters' real aims, this chapter examines the experiments' theoretical background as well as the role of distillation (evaporation of liquids and collection of the recondensed vapour) and sublimation (the heating of minerals within a sealed vessel to release gases which can react with other substances placed in the vessel). It argues that metalworkers already skilled in those technologies were among the founders of the chemical art, and discusses the significance of Democritus to them.Less
A large collection of chemical recipe texts dating from the end of the first century BC to the Byzantine period appear to describe actual chemical experiments and reactions carried out in ancient Greece with the object of transforming the outward appearance of copper first to silver, then to gold. However, the gold was not a realistic imitation designed to deceive the unwary, like the adulterated or imitation gold and silver of the recipes in the Egyptian goldsmiths' notebooks of the third century AD. To determine the experimenters' real aims, this chapter examines the experiments' theoretical background as well as the role of distillation (evaporation of liquids and collection of the recondensed vapour) and sublimation (the heating of minerals within a sealed vessel to release gases which can react with other substances placed in the vessel). It argues that metalworkers already skilled in those technologies were among the founders of the chemical art, and discusses the significance of Democritus to them.
