Carsten Wiuf and Claus L. Andersen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199532872
- eISBN:
- 9780191714467
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532872.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Biostatistics
This book discusses novel advances in informatics and statistics in molecular cancer research. Through eight chapters it discusses specific topics in cancer research, talks about how the topics give ...
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This book discusses novel advances in informatics and statistics in molecular cancer research. Through eight chapters it discusses specific topics in cancer research, talks about how the topics give rise to development of new informatics and statistics tools, and explains how the tools can be applied. The focus of the book is to provide an understanding of key concepts and tools, rather than focusing on technical issues. A main theme is the extensive use of array technologies in modern cancer research — gene expression and exon arrays, SNP and copy number arrays and methylation arrays — to derive quantitative and qualitative statements about cancer, its progression and aetiology, and to understand how these technologies at one hand allow us learn about cancer tissue as a complex system and at the other hand allow us to pinpoint key genes and events as crucial for the development of the disease. Cancer is characterized by genetic and genomic alterations that influence all levels of the cell's machinery and function.Less
This book discusses novel advances in informatics and statistics in molecular cancer research. Through eight chapters it discusses specific topics in cancer research, talks about how the topics give rise to development of new informatics and statistics tools, and explains how the tools can be applied. The focus of the book is to provide an understanding of key concepts and tools, rather than focusing on technical issues. A main theme is the extensive use of array technologies in modern cancer research — gene expression and exon arrays, SNP and copy number arrays and methylation arrays — to derive quantitative and qualitative statements about cancer, its progression and aetiology, and to understand how these technologies at one hand allow us learn about cancer tissue as a complex system and at the other hand allow us to pinpoint key genes and events as crucial for the development of the disease. Cancer is characterized by genetic and genomic alterations that influence all levels of the cell's machinery and function.
Cameron Brennan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199532872
- eISBN:
- 9780191714467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532872.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Biostatistics
Chromosomal aberrations are a common form of mutation in cancer. Copy number profiling of tumour-derived DNA has proven to be a productive starting point for identifying novel cancer-relevant genes ...
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Chromosomal aberrations are a common form of mutation in cancer. Copy number profiling of tumour-derived DNA has proven to be a productive starting point for identifying novel cancer-relevant genes and molecularly-defined tumour subclasses. Generating and interpreting copy number draws on intuitively simple ideas which are complicated when reduced to practice. This chapter presents a range of issues relevant to choosing a profiling platform, designing custom arrays, reducing noise, and identifying artefacts or population polymorphisms which can mimic cancer aberrations. Specific methods and examples highlight the problems of segmentation/change-point determination, multi-sample analysis, hierarchical clustering, and high-resolution mapping of intragenic copy number aberrations.Less
Chromosomal aberrations are a common form of mutation in cancer. Copy number profiling of tumour-derived DNA has proven to be a productive starting point for identifying novel cancer-relevant genes and molecularly-defined tumour subclasses. Generating and interpreting copy number draws on intuitively simple ideas which are complicated when reduced to practice. This chapter presents a range of issues relevant to choosing a profiling platform, designing custom arrays, reducing noise, and identifying artefacts or population polymorphisms which can mimic cancer aberrations. Specific methods and examples highlight the problems of segmentation/change-point determination, multi-sample analysis, hierarchical clustering, and high-resolution mapping of intragenic copy number aberrations.
Ash Asudeh
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199206421
- eISBN:
- 9780191738081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206421.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic ...
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This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic expression is used exactly once in the computation of the meaning of the expression. The hypothesis is tested by the phenomenon of resumption, which constitutes an apparent case of resource surplus, since the resumptive pronoun is saturating an argument slot that must be left open for composition. Two kinds of resumption are introduced: resumption in unbounded dependencies and resumption in copy raising. It is also noted that the semantics of resumption is all the more challenging when seen in light of McCloskey's Generalization, which is the typological observation that resumptive pronouns are cross-linguistically morphologically ordinary pronouns.Less
This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic expression is used exactly once in the computation of the meaning of the expression. The hypothesis is tested by the phenomenon of resumption, which constitutes an apparent case of resource surplus, since the resumptive pronoun is saturating an argument slot that must be left open for composition. Two kinds of resumption are introduced: resumption in unbounded dependencies and resumption in copy raising. It is also noted that the semantics of resumption is all the more challenging when seen in light of McCloskey's Generalization, which is the typological observation that resumptive pronouns are cross-linguistically morphologically ordinary pronouns.
SUSAN BLACKMORE
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264195
- eISBN:
- 9780191734540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264195.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter determines the existence of human imagination and creativity through the concept of human culture and meme. It aims to rebut the two assumptions governing creative imagination in humans. ...
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This chapter determines the existence of human imagination and creativity through the concept of human culture and meme. It aims to rebut the two assumptions governing creative imagination in humans. The first assumption suggests that imagination evolved because humans are biologically adaptive. The second assumption claims that the existence of consciousness is the driving force behind creativity and imagination. In this chapter, it is argued that human creativity is the result of evolutionary processes based on memes rather than genes. This concept suggests that if hominid ancestors of humans are capable of imitation, a new set of replicators are set loose driving human minds to become better at copying, storing, and recombining memes. This coevolution of memes and their copying machinery led to the modern imaginative minds which evolved not because they are biologically adaptive but because they are advantageous for the memes. Hence the driving force behind human imagination is therefore not consciousness but aevolutionary algorithm which function is not biological but memetic.Less
This chapter determines the existence of human imagination and creativity through the concept of human culture and meme. It aims to rebut the two assumptions governing creative imagination in humans. The first assumption suggests that imagination evolved because humans are biologically adaptive. The second assumption claims that the existence of consciousness is the driving force behind creativity and imagination. In this chapter, it is argued that human creativity is the result of evolutionary processes based on memes rather than genes. This concept suggests that if hominid ancestors of humans are capable of imitation, a new set of replicators are set loose driving human minds to become better at copying, storing, and recombining memes. This coevolution of memes and their copying machinery led to the modern imaginative minds which evolved not because they are biologically adaptive but because they are advantageous for the memes. Hence the driving force behind human imagination is therefore not consciousness but aevolutionary algorithm which function is not biological but memetic.
Daniel Oro
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198849834
- eISBN:
- 9780191884368
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198849834.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in ...
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In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.Less
In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.
Mathew Penrose
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506263
- eISBN:
- 9780191707858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506263.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k ...
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This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k vertices and if r is chosen so that the number of copies of γ has mean value approaching a constant, then it is asymptotically Poisson distributed; if its mean tends to infinity, then after scaling and centring it is asymptotically normal. Similar results are given for the number of isolated components of G(n,r) isomorphic to γ. Multivariate extensions are also presented, with explicit formulae for limiting means and covariances.Less
This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k vertices and if r is chosen so that the number of copies of γ has mean value approaching a constant, then it is asymptotically Poisson distributed; if its mean tends to infinity, then after scaling and centring it is asymptotically normal. Similar results are given for the number of isolated components of G(n,r) isomorphic to γ. Multivariate extensions are also presented, with explicit formulae for limiting means and covariances.
Stefan Helmreich, Sophia Roosth, and Michele Friedner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164809
- eISBN:
- 9781400873869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164809.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the project of astrobiology and its object, the “signature of life,” by drawing on the work of Hillel Schwartz, particularly his writing on time in Century's End, on duplication ...
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This chapter examines the project of astrobiology and its object, the “signature of life,” by drawing on the work of Hillel Schwartz, particularly his writing on time in Century's End, on duplication in The Culture of the Copy, and on signification in “De-Signing.” Schwartz's work can provide a fresh angle on the doublings, redoublings, definitions, and redefinitions at the heart of astrobiology's quest for extraterrestrial life. His crabwise approach offers provocative paratactical techniques for traversing the networks of association, acknowledged and unacknowledged, that support the concept of the signature of life. The chapter first considers the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), through the optic of Schwartz's writings on copying and his work on noise before discussing astrobiology's notion of the signature of life. It also offers suggestions for thwarting the overreaching of the theoretical impulse in both life sciences and humanities.Less
This chapter examines the project of astrobiology and its object, the “signature of life,” by drawing on the work of Hillel Schwartz, particularly his writing on time in Century's End, on duplication in The Culture of the Copy, and on signification in “De-Signing.” Schwartz's work can provide a fresh angle on the doublings, redoublings, definitions, and redefinitions at the heart of astrobiology's quest for extraterrestrial life. His crabwise approach offers provocative paratactical techniques for traversing the networks of association, acknowledged and unacknowledged, that support the concept of the signature of life. The chapter first considers the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), through the optic of Schwartz's writings on copying and his work on noise before discussing astrobiology's notion of the signature of life. It also offers suggestions for thwarting the overreaching of the theoretical impulse in both life sciences and humanities.
Nikolas Gisborne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577798
- eISBN:
- 9780191722417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577798.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the ...
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This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.Less
This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.
Beth L. Glixon and Jonathan E. Glixon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154160
- eISBN:
- 9780199868483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154160.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter discusses the composition of opera in mid-17th-century Venice and the production of the score. Nearly all opera composers also pursued other means of employment, but the significant fees ...
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This chapter discusses the composition of opera in mid-17th-century Venice and the production of the score. Nearly all opera composers also pursued other means of employment, but the significant fees that could be earned made the extra work worthwhile. The most highly paid composer was Francesco Cavalli, who managed to negotiate favorable contracts at several different theaters. Pietro Andrea Ziani was another popular composer who continued to supply operas even after he took a job in Vienna. The composer was usually responsible for supplying copies of the score; he often assisted at rehearsals, made revisions to the score (tailoring it to the various singers), and led the orchestra as well. On occasion an older score was mounted, rather than a new one, inevitably saving the impresario money.Less
This chapter discusses the composition of opera in mid-17th-century Venice and the production of the score. Nearly all opera composers also pursued other means of employment, but the significant fees that could be earned made the extra work worthwhile. The most highly paid composer was Francesco Cavalli, who managed to negotiate favorable contracts at several different theaters. Pietro Andrea Ziani was another popular composer who continued to supply operas even after he took a job in Vienna. The composer was usually responsible for supplying copies of the score; he often assisted at rehearsals, made revisions to the score (tailoring it to the various singers), and led the orchestra as well. On occasion an older score was mounted, rather than a new one, inevitably saving the impresario money.
William Hoppitt and Kevin N. Laland
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150703
- eISBN:
- 9781400846504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150703.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter focuses on social learning strategies—functional rules specifying what, when, and who to copy. There are many plausible social learning strategies. Individuals might disproportionately ...
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This chapter focuses on social learning strategies—functional rules specifying what, when, and who to copy. There are many plausible social learning strategies. Individuals might disproportionately copy when asocial learning would be difficult or costly, when they are uncertain of what to do, when the environment changes, when established behavior proves unproductive, and so forth. Likewise, animals might preferentially copy the dominant individual, the most successful individual, or a close relative. This chapter presents evidence for some of the better-studied learning heuristics and describes statistical procedures for identifying which social learning strategies are being deployed in a data set. It examines “who” strategies, which cover frequency-dependent biases, success biases, and kin and age biases, as well as “what” strategies, random copying, and statistical methods for detecting social learning strategies. Finally, it evaluates meta-strategies, best strategies, and hierarchical control.Less
This chapter focuses on social learning strategies—functional rules specifying what, when, and who to copy. There are many plausible social learning strategies. Individuals might disproportionately copy when asocial learning would be difficult or costly, when they are uncertain of what to do, when the environment changes, when established behavior proves unproductive, and so forth. Likewise, animals might preferentially copy the dominant individual, the most successful individual, or a close relative. This chapter presents evidence for some of the better-studied learning heuristics and describes statistical procedures for identifying which social learning strategies are being deployed in a data set. It examines “who” strategies, which cover frequency-dependent biases, success biases, and kin and age biases, as well as “what” strategies, random copying, and statistical methods for detecting social learning strategies. Finally, it evaluates meta-strategies, best strategies, and hierarchical control.
William Hoppitt and Kevin N. Laland
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150703
- eISBN:
- 9781400846504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150703.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter describes a variety of approaches to modeling social learning, cultural evolution, and gene-culture coevolution. The model-building exercise typically starts with a set of assumptions ...
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This chapter describes a variety of approaches to modeling social learning, cultural evolution, and gene-culture coevolution. The model-building exercise typically starts with a set of assumptions about the key processes to be explored, along with the nature of their relations. These assumptions are then translated into the mathematical expressions that constitute the model. The operation of the model is then investigated, normally using a combination of analytical mathematical techniques and simulation, to determine relevant outcomes, such as the equilibrium states or patterns of change over time. The chapter presents examples of the modeling of cultural transmission and considers parallels between cultural and biological evolution. It then discusses theoretical approaches to social learning and cultural evolution, including population-genetic style models of cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution, neutral models and random copying, social foraging theory, spatially explicit models, reaction-diffusion models, agent-based models, and phylogenetic models.Less
This chapter describes a variety of approaches to modeling social learning, cultural evolution, and gene-culture coevolution. The model-building exercise typically starts with a set of assumptions about the key processes to be explored, along with the nature of their relations. These assumptions are then translated into the mathematical expressions that constitute the model. The operation of the model is then investigated, normally using a combination of analytical mathematical techniques and simulation, to determine relevant outcomes, such as the equilibrium states or patterns of change over time. The chapter presents examples of the modeling of cultural transmission and considers parallels between cultural and biological evolution. It then discusses theoretical approaches to social learning and cultural evolution, including population-genetic style models of cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution, neutral models and random copying, social foraging theory, spatially explicit models, reaction-diffusion models, agent-based models, and phylogenetic models.
Bruce Haynes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195189872
- eISBN:
- 9780199864218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189872.003.08
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The Renaissance principle of imitation was two separate concepts. One was the imitation of Nature (Mimesis), the other involved imitating earlier works. The second type is generally known nowadays as ...
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The Renaissance principle of imitation was two separate concepts. One was the imitation of Nature (Mimesis), the other involved imitating earlier works. The second type is generally known nowadays as “the imitation of art.” When a Renaissance artist or writer copied an already-existing work, they might do it in different ways. The most common were: translatio, absolute copying or replication; imitatio, or eclectic borrowing; and emulatio or emulation, copying with improvement or enhancement. This chapter discusses emulation and replication, imitation in the canonic system, style-copying and work-copying, the shelf life of historical evidence regarding music of the past, and anachronisms.Less
The Renaissance principle of imitation was two separate concepts. One was the imitation of Nature (Mimesis), the other involved imitating earlier works. The second type is generally known nowadays as “the imitation of art.” When a Renaissance artist or writer copied an already-existing work, they might do it in different ways. The most common were: translatio, absolute copying or replication; imitatio, or eclectic borrowing; and emulatio or emulation, copying with improvement or enhancement. This chapter discusses emulation and replication, imitation in the canonic system, style-copying and work-copying, the shelf life of historical evidence regarding music of the past, and anachronisms.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0044
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
From Frank Kidson's point of view, all traditional deviations from a printed copy are “corruptions.” Kidson's great knowledge of printed sources enabled him to dispose of such spurious “folk songs” ...
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From Frank Kidson's point of view, all traditional deviations from a printed copy are “corruptions.” Kidson's great knowledge of printed sources enabled him to dispose of such spurious “folk songs” as “Caller Herrin,” and to restore to their true traditional origins tunes such as “The Arethusa,” long supposed to be the compositions of eighteenth-century musicians. It must be remembered that Kidson's collection of 84 traditional tunes was published in 1891, when folk song was an unknown quantity except to a few experts and enthusiasts, and when “educated” musicians, at all events in England, despised everything which could not show its trademark. In his introduction to his collection, Kidson thinks it necessary to apologize to the profession for his “homely ditties.” Nevertheless, we realize all through his preface that he was one of the first to recognize the beauty inherent in our traditional song.Less
From Frank Kidson's point of view, all traditional deviations from a printed copy are “corruptions.” Kidson's great knowledge of printed sources enabled him to dispose of such spurious “folk songs” as “Caller Herrin,” and to restore to their true traditional origins tunes such as “The Arethusa,” long supposed to be the compositions of eighteenth-century musicians. It must be remembered that Kidson's collection of 84 traditional tunes was published in 1891, when folk song was an unknown quantity except to a few experts and enthusiasts, and when “educated” musicians, at all events in England, despised everything which could not show its trademark. In his introduction to his collection, Kidson thinks it necessary to apologize to the profession for his “homely ditties.” Nevertheless, we realize all through his preface that he was one of the first to recognize the beauty inherent in our traditional song.
Stephen Miller
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520258334
- eISBN:
- 9780520943599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520258334.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
This book explores the provenance of the so-called Berkeley Herm of Plato, a sculptural portrait that the author first encountered over thirty years ago in a university storage basement. The head, ...
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This book explores the provenance of the so-called Berkeley Herm of Plato, a sculptural portrait that the author first encountered over thirty years ago in a university storage basement. The head, languishing since its arrival in 1902, had become detached from the body, or herm, and had been labeled a fake. In 2002, while preparing another book, the author—now an experienced archaeologist—needed an illustration of Plato, remembered this piece, and took another look. The marble, he recognized immediately, was from the Greek islands, the inscription appeared ancient, and the ribbons visible on the head were typical of those in Greek athletic scenes. This book tells the story of how the author was able to authenticate this long-dismissed treasure. His conclusion, that it is an ancient Roman copy possibly dating from the time of Hadrian, is further supported by art conservation scientist John Twilley, whose essay appears as an appendix in this book. The author's discovery makes a significant contribution to the worlds of art history, philosophy, archaeology, and sports history and will serve as a starting point for new research in the back rooms of museums.Less
This book explores the provenance of the so-called Berkeley Herm of Plato, a sculptural portrait that the author first encountered over thirty years ago in a university storage basement. The head, languishing since its arrival in 1902, had become detached from the body, or herm, and had been labeled a fake. In 2002, while preparing another book, the author—now an experienced archaeologist—needed an illustration of Plato, remembered this piece, and took another look. The marble, he recognized immediately, was from the Greek islands, the inscription appeared ancient, and the ribbons visible on the head were typical of those in Greek athletic scenes. This book tells the story of how the author was able to authenticate this long-dismissed treasure. His conclusion, that it is an ancient Roman copy possibly dating from the time of Hadrian, is further supported by art conservation scientist John Twilley, whose essay appears as an appendix in this book. The author's discovery makes a significant contribution to the worlds of art history, philosophy, archaeology, and sports history and will serve as a starting point for new research in the back rooms of museums.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
In this chapter submicroscopic structural variation is described with a particular focus on copy number variation. There is a growing body of evidence to show that copy number variation is a common ...
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In this chapter submicroscopic structural variation is described with a particular focus on copy number variation. There is a growing body of evidence to show that copy number variation is a common and important class of genetic variation. Recent technological advances for mapping the extent of copy number variation including microarray based comparative genomic hybridisation are described, together with the results of large scale surveys of copy number variation among healthy individuals. The consequences of such genetic diversity for gene expression are discussed. The important role of copy number variation in susceptibility to a variety of common multifactorial traits is described including infectious and autoimmune disease. Copy number variation is also discussed in relation to evidence for selection in relation to copy number of the gene encoding salivary amylase and a high starch diet, and in relation to drug metabolism with important consequences for pharmacogenomics.Less
In this chapter submicroscopic structural variation is described with a particular focus on copy number variation. There is a growing body of evidence to show that copy number variation is a common and important class of genetic variation. Recent technological advances for mapping the extent of copy number variation including microarray based comparative genomic hybridisation are described, together with the results of large scale surveys of copy number variation among healthy individuals. The consequences of such genetic diversity for gene expression are discussed. The important role of copy number variation in susceptibility to a variety of common multifactorial traits is described including infectious and autoimmune disease. Copy number variation is also discussed in relation to evidence for selection in relation to copy number of the gene encoding salivary amylase and a high starch diet, and in relation to drug metabolism with important consequences for pharmacogenomics.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
In this chapter the basis and nature of genomic disorders are described with examples including DiGeorge Syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot Marie Tooth disease, Prader-Willi, and Angelman ...
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In this chapter the basis and nature of genomic disorders are described with examples including DiGeorge Syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot Marie Tooth disease, Prader-Willi, and Angelman syndromes. The mechanisms whereby chromosomal rearrangements may lead to genomic disorders are described, the nature of reciprocal genomic disorders involving deletion or duplication of particular genomic regions and of genomic disorders involving parent of origin effects are also described. Mechanisms leading to genomic disorders through disruption of control of gene expression are also described. Diseases arising from terminal and subtelomeric deletions are highlighted together with the occurrence of inversions in both healthy individuals and those with diseases such as haemophilia A. The application of array comparative genome hybridisation (arrayCGH) techniques to define submicroscopic structural variation responsible for mental retardation is reviewed to illustrate the clinical utility and application of this approach.Less
In this chapter the basis and nature of genomic disorders are described with examples including DiGeorge Syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot Marie Tooth disease, Prader-Willi, and Angelman syndromes. The mechanisms whereby chromosomal rearrangements may lead to genomic disorders are described, the nature of reciprocal genomic disorders involving deletion or duplication of particular genomic regions and of genomic disorders involving parent of origin effects are also described. Mechanisms leading to genomic disorders through disruption of control of gene expression are also described. Diseases arising from terminal and subtelomeric deletions are highlighted together with the occurrence of inversions in both healthy individuals and those with diseases such as haemophilia A. The application of array comparative genome hybridisation (arrayCGH) techniques to define submicroscopic structural variation responsible for mental retardation is reviewed to illustrate the clinical utility and application of this approach.
Ingrid Tieken‐Boon van Ostade
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199579273
- eISBN:
- 9780191595219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579273.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, English Language
Lowth's social networks at different periods in his life using his collected correspondence as a basis but also other documents, like his lists of presentation copies for Isaiah (1778). An important ...
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Lowth's social networks at different periods in his life using his collected correspondence as a basis but also other documents, like his lists of presentation copies for Isaiah (1778). An important tool for this is Lowth's use of epistolary formulas, which can be employed as an index of politeness.Less
Lowth's social networks at different periods in his life using his collected correspondence as a basis but also other documents, like his lists of presentation copies for Isaiah (1778). An important tool for this is Lowth's use of epistolary formulas, which can be employed as an index of politeness.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
Human genetic variation modulates susceptibility to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through diverse mechanisms ...
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Human genetic variation modulates susceptibility to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through diverse mechanisms including viral entry to cells, barriers to infection within cells, cytokines, cell mediated and innate immunity. Diversity in the chemokine coreceptor genes and their natural ligands are discussed including CCR5, CCR2, CXCR2, CCL5, and SDF-1. The impact of copy number variation in the chemokine gene CCL3L1, a natural ligand of CCR5, in susceptibility to HIV-1 and the rate of disease progression is described. The role of TRIM5 in blocking HIV-1 replication soon after viral entry into cells is also described together with the impact of retroviruses during primate evolution. The role of variation in human leucocyte antigens (HLA) and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) is reviewed including evidence for heterozygote advantage and the role of HLA in determining viral set point prior to onset of AIDS.Less
Human genetic variation modulates susceptibility to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through diverse mechanisms including viral entry to cells, barriers to infection within cells, cytokines, cell mediated and innate immunity. Diversity in the chemokine coreceptor genes and their natural ligands are discussed including CCR5, CCR2, CXCR2, CCL5, and SDF-1. The impact of copy number variation in the chemokine gene CCL3L1, a natural ligand of CCR5, in susceptibility to HIV-1 and the rate of disease progression is described. The role of TRIM5 in blocking HIV-1 replication soon after viral entry into cells is also described together with the impact of retroviruses during primate evolution. The role of variation in human leucocyte antigens (HLA) and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) is reviewed including evidence for heterozygote advantage and the role of HLA in determining viral set point prior to onset of AIDS.
Paul Russell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195110333
- eISBN:
- 9780199872084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195110333.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter argues that Hume's theory of ideas has deep roots in Hobbes's account of the nature and origin of our ideas, as presented in both Human Nature and Leviathan. Although Hume modifies ...
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This chapter argues that Hume's theory of ideas has deep roots in Hobbes's account of the nature and origin of our ideas, as presented in both Human Nature and Leviathan. Although Hume modifies Hobbes's theory in various ways, using material taken from other thinkers, his theory employs the general framework that was provided by Hobbes. The immediate and obvious significance of this, as Hume would well know, is that Hobbes employed his empiricist principles to defend (deep) scepticism about any knowledge of God. Considered from this perspective, Hume's near silence, throughout the Treatise, concerning our idea of God speaks loudly not for his lack of interest in this subject but for his (thinly veiled) irreligious intentions.Less
This chapter argues that Hume's theory of ideas has deep roots in Hobbes's account of the nature and origin of our ideas, as presented in both Human Nature and Leviathan. Although Hume modifies Hobbes's theory in various ways, using material taken from other thinkers, his theory employs the general framework that was provided by Hobbes. The immediate and obvious significance of this, as Hume would well know, is that Hobbes employed his empiricist principles to defend (deep) scepticism about any knowledge of God. Considered from this perspective, Hume's near silence, throughout the Treatise, concerning our idea of God speaks loudly not for his lack of interest in this subject but for his (thinly veiled) irreligious intentions.
Henry E. Allison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532889
- eISBN:
- 9780191714450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532889.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter examines Hume's thesis that perceptions, which is his generic term for mental contents, must be divided into two species: impressions and ideas. The basic issue posed by this division is ...
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This chapter examines Hume's thesis that perceptions, which is his generic term for mental contents, must be divided into two species: impressions and ideas. The basic issue posed by this division is that, while on the one hand Hume seems to treat this as a distinction in kind, comparing it with the contrast between feeling and thinking; on the other hand, he insists that impressions and ideas share the same content, differing only in quantitative features such as force and vivacity. And since Hume thinks it obvious that impressions always precede in time their corresponding ideas, he affirms the so-called ‘Copy Principle’, which he regards as the first principle of his philosophy and uses as a tool for rejecting traditional metaphysical terms such as ‘substance’. In addition to analyzing this distinction, the chapter provides a discussion of Hume's closely related theory of abstract ideas.Less
This chapter examines Hume's thesis that perceptions, which is his generic term for mental contents, must be divided into two species: impressions and ideas. The basic issue posed by this division is that, while on the one hand Hume seems to treat this as a distinction in kind, comparing it with the contrast between feeling and thinking; on the other hand, he insists that impressions and ideas share the same content, differing only in quantitative features such as force and vivacity. And since Hume thinks it obvious that impressions always precede in time their corresponding ideas, he affirms the so-called ‘Copy Principle’, which he regards as the first principle of his philosophy and uses as a tool for rejecting traditional metaphysical terms such as ‘substance’. In addition to analyzing this distinction, the chapter provides a discussion of Hume's closely related theory of abstract ideas.
