Peter J. Burke and Jan E. Stets
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388275
- eISBN:
- 9780199943937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388275.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter summarizes identity theory in its more general formulation as it is viewed in the work of several modern researchers. It begins by identifying the symbolic interaction roots of identity ...
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This chapter summarizes identity theory in its more general formulation as it is viewed in the work of several modern researchers. It begins by identifying the symbolic interaction roots of identity theory, and shows the differences between structural symbolic interaction and traditional symbolic interaction. Next, it reviews all of the theorists who helped develop identity theory and emphasize the social structural version of symbolic interaction. The chapter also presents two theories that have a lot in common with identity theory.Less
This chapter summarizes identity theory in its more general formulation as it is viewed in the work of several modern researchers. It begins by identifying the symbolic interaction roots of identity theory, and shows the differences between structural symbolic interaction and traditional symbolic interaction. Next, it reviews all of the theorists who helped develop identity theory and emphasize the social structural version of symbolic interaction. The chapter also presents two theories that have a lot in common with identity theory.
Mary O'Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244867
- eISBN:
- 9780191596735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244863.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The Anglo‐American debates on corporate governance that have taken place over the last two decades have been largely confined to shareholder theory, which is the dominant perspective, and stakeholder ...
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The Anglo‐American debates on corporate governance that have taken place over the last two decades have been largely confined to shareholder theory, which is the dominant perspective, and stakeholder theory, which is its main challenger. The shareholder theory of corporate governance is discussed in Sect. 2.2 of the chapter, which argues that the theory precludes an understanding of the nature of corporate governance required for innovation as a result of its failure to incorporate a systematic analysis of innovation, and more generally, of production, in its conceptual framework. Rather, taking its lead from neoclassical economics (as discussed in Sect. 2.3), it regards economic activity as synonymous with exchange and, as a result, conceives of resource allocation as a transaction that is reversible, individual, and optimal. In the academic arena, one of the most sophisticated proponents of the stakeholder argument is Margaret Blair, an economist at the Brookings Institution, and her arguments are addressed in the discussion of the stakeholder theory of corporate governance in Section 2.3. The last main section of the chapter, Sect. 2.4, discusses organizational control theory––its logic, the theory in relation to innovation, and its institutional foundations.Less
The Anglo‐American debates on corporate governance that have taken place over the last two decades have been largely confined to shareholder theory, which is the dominant perspective, and stakeholder theory, which is its main challenger. The shareholder theory of corporate governance is discussed in Sect. 2.2 of the chapter, which argues that the theory precludes an understanding of the nature of corporate governance required for innovation as a result of its failure to incorporate a systematic analysis of innovation, and more generally, of production, in its conceptual framework. Rather, taking its lead from neoclassical economics (as discussed in Sect. 2.3), it regards economic activity as synonymous with exchange and, as a result, conceives of resource allocation as a transaction that is reversible, individual, and optimal. In the academic arena, one of the most sophisticated proponents of the stakeholder argument is Margaret Blair, an economist at the Brookings Institution, and her arguments are addressed in the discussion of the stakeholder theory of corporate governance in Section 2.3. The last main section of the chapter, Sect. 2.4, discusses organizational control theory––its logic, the theory in relation to innovation, and its institutional foundations.
Peter J. Burke and Jan E. Stets
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388275
- eISBN:
- 9780199943937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388275.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of ...
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This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of George Herbert Mead. The chapter also studies other important ideas from earlier writers that have been included in identity theory.Less
This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of George Herbert Mead. The chapter also studies other important ideas from earlier writers that have been included in identity theory.
Travis C. Pratt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Since its arrival on the criminological scene, an impressive roster of studies has emerged supporting Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) core theoretical proposition—that criminal behavior is caused by ...
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Since its arrival on the criminological scene, an impressive roster of studies has emerged supporting Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) core theoretical proposition—that criminal behavior is caused by individuals' deficiencies in levels of self-control. Nevertheless, empirical evidence has emerged indicating that the processes assumed to establish individuals' levels of self-control are more complex than those specified by Gottfredson and Hirschi. This chapter addresses this issue by presenting an explanatory model of the development of self-control that pulls together micro- (i.e., neuropsychological, family context) and macro-level (community and institutional contexts) criminogenic influences. The purpose of this revised model is to demonstrate how self-control can be integrated into a more comprehensive—and empirically robust—theoretical framework for explaining between-individual variation in offending, within-individual variation in criminal behavior over the life course, and the spatial distribution of crime.Less
Since its arrival on the criminological scene, an impressive roster of studies has emerged supporting Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) core theoretical proposition—that criminal behavior is caused by individuals' deficiencies in levels of self-control. Nevertheless, empirical evidence has emerged indicating that the processes assumed to establish individuals' levels of self-control are more complex than those specified by Gottfredson and Hirschi. This chapter addresses this issue by presenting an explanatory model of the development of self-control that pulls together micro- (i.e., neuropsychological, family context) and macro-level (community and institutional contexts) criminogenic influences. The purpose of this revised model is to demonstrate how self-control can be integrated into a more comprehensive—and empirically robust—theoretical framework for explaining between-individual variation in offending, within-individual variation in criminal behavior over the life course, and the spatial distribution of crime.
Domitilla Del Vecchio and Richard M. Murray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161532
- eISBN:
- 9781400850501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161532.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter provides a brief introduction to concepts from systems biology; tools from differential equations and control theory; and approaches to the modeling, analysis, and design of biomolecular ...
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This chapter provides a brief introduction to concepts from systems biology; tools from differential equations and control theory; and approaches to the modeling, analysis, and design of biomolecular feedback systems. It begins with a discussion of the role of modeling, analysis, and feedback in biological systems. This is followed by a short review of key concepts and tools from control and dynamical systems theory, which is intended to provide insight into the main methodology described in this volume. Finally, this chapter gives another brief introduction—this time to the field of synthetic biology, which is the primary topic of the latter portion of this book.Less
This chapter provides a brief introduction to concepts from systems biology; tools from differential equations and control theory; and approaches to the modeling, analysis, and design of biomolecular feedback systems. It begins with a discussion of the role of modeling, analysis, and feedback in biological systems. This is followed by a short review of key concepts and tools from control and dynamical systems theory, which is intended to provide insight into the main methodology described in this volume. Finally, this chapter gives another brief introduction—this time to the field of synthetic biology, which is the primary topic of the latter portion of this book.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
The final part of the book addresses two issues: modeling of synergies and possible synergic organization of non-motor functions such as the language and the sensory function. Within the first issue, ...
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The final part of the book addresses two issues: modeling of synergies and possible synergic organization of non-motor functions such as the language and the sensory function. Within the first issue, relations of synergies to the control theory is discussed with a brief overview of the central issues of the control theory such as open-loop and closed-loop control, and optimal control. Two models of synergies are described in more detail. One of them offers a neural network with back-coupling loops as the mechanism for multi-digit synergies. The other one suggests a scheme within which synergies emerge without any explicit feedback mechanisms. Further, the focus shifts to two aspects of synergies within the equilibrium-point hypothesis. One of them suggests that the principle of equilibrium-point control can by itself lead to synergies. The other deals with possible synergies in the hierarchy of control variables within the reference configuration hypothesis. The next two sections in this Part develop the notion of synergies for the sensory systems and for the production of human language. Multi-sensory interactions and synesthesia are described as possible reflections of sensory synergies. The book ends with an overview of its main points and a list of unsolved problems.Less
The final part of the book addresses two issues: modeling of synergies and possible synergic organization of non-motor functions such as the language and the sensory function. Within the first issue, relations of synergies to the control theory is discussed with a brief overview of the central issues of the control theory such as open-loop and closed-loop control, and optimal control. Two models of synergies are described in more detail. One of them offers a neural network with back-coupling loops as the mechanism for multi-digit synergies. The other one suggests a scheme within which synergies emerge without any explicit feedback mechanisms. Further, the focus shifts to two aspects of synergies within the equilibrium-point hypothesis. One of them suggests that the principle of equilibrium-point control can by itself lead to synergies. The other deals with possible synergies in the hierarchy of control variables within the reference configuration hypothesis. The next two sections in this Part develop the notion of synergies for the sensory systems and for the production of human language. Multi-sensory interactions and synesthesia are described as possible reflections of sensory synergies. The book ends with an overview of its main points and a list of unsolved problems.
Partha P. Mitra and Hemant Bokil
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195178081
- eISBN:
- 9780199864829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178081.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter presents the major components of engineering theory in the context of the nervous system. The treatment of engineering theories is included because these are essential aids to thinking ...
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This chapter presents the major components of engineering theory in the context of the nervous system. The treatment of engineering theories is included because these are essential aids to thinking about brain function, yet it is difficult to find a suitably elementary account of these theories in a condensed form. The chapter attempts to clarify concepts such as information and computation that have become common currency in discussing the nervous system and have influenced the signal processing methods used to analyze neurobiological signals. These concepts are placed in context to help judge proper and improper usage of the associated techniques.Less
This chapter presents the major components of engineering theory in the context of the nervous system. The treatment of engineering theories is included because these are essential aids to thinking about brain function, yet it is difficult to find a suitably elementary account of these theories in a condensed form. The chapter attempts to clarify concepts such as information and computation that have become common currency in discussing the nervous system and have influenced the signal processing methods used to analyze neurobiological signals. These concepts are placed in context to help judge proper and improper usage of the associated techniques.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Many psychophysical and analytic procedures have been used to investigate the visual perception of depth. This chapter provides a general introduction to these procedures. Topics discussed include ...
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Many psychophysical and analytic procedures have been used to investigate the visual perception of depth. This chapter provides a general introduction to these procedures. Topics discussed include psychophysics; the applications of psychophysics; an analysis of linear and nonlinear systems; control theory; time series; Bayesian inference; and concepts of geometry.Less
Many psychophysical and analytic procedures have been used to investigate the visual perception of depth. This chapter provides a general introduction to these procedures. Topics discussed include psychophysics; the applications of psychophysics; an analysis of linear and nonlinear systems; control theory; time series; Bayesian inference; and concepts of geometry.
PAUL WINDOLF
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199256976
- eISBN:
- 9780191719639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256976.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
Theories explaining the meaning of corporate networks can be divided into two categories: functionalist theories explain networks by way of the economic and social functions they fulfill, while power ...
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Theories explaining the meaning of corporate networks can be divided into two categories: functionalist theories explain networks by way of the economic and social functions they fulfill, while power or control theories view networks as instruments used to monopolize markets or to exclude potential competitors from these markets. Examples of functionalist theories are transaction cost theory, information theories, and resource dependency. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of corporate networks between major firms in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In this introductory chapter, market regulation in the United States is discussed, along with cartels in Germany, network theories, institutional and cultural contingency, dependent and independent variables of corporate networks, and networks as institutions. The opportunities created by interlocking directorates and capital networks among large firms are also considered.Less
Theories explaining the meaning of corporate networks can be divided into two categories: functionalist theories explain networks by way of the economic and social functions they fulfill, while power or control theories view networks as instruments used to monopolize markets or to exclude potential competitors from these markets. Examples of functionalist theories are transaction cost theory, information theories, and resource dependency. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of corporate networks between major firms in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In this introductory chapter, market regulation in the United States is discussed, along with cartels in Germany, network theories, institutional and cultural contingency, dependent and independent variables of corporate networks, and networks as institutions. The opportunities created by interlocking directorates and capital networks among large firms are also considered.
Domitilla Del Vecchio and Richard M. Murray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161532
- eISBN:
- 9781400850501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161532.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter turns to some of the tools from dynamical systems and feedback control theory that will be used in the rest of the text to analyze and design biological circuits. It first models the ...
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This chapter turns to some of the tools from dynamical systems and feedback control theory that will be used in the rest of the text to analyze and design biological circuits. It first models the dynamics of a system using the input/output modeling formalism described in Chapter 1 and then studies the “robustness” of the system of a given function of the circuit. The chapter then discusses some of the underlying ideas for how to model biological oscillatory behavior, focusing on those types of oscillations that are most common in biomolecular systems. Hereafter, the chapter explores how the location of equilibrium points, their stability, their regions of attraction, and other dynamic phenomena vary based on the values of the parameters in a model. Finally, methods for reducing the complexity of the models that are introduced in this chapter are reviewed.Less
This chapter turns to some of the tools from dynamical systems and feedback control theory that will be used in the rest of the text to analyze and design biological circuits. It first models the dynamics of a system using the input/output modeling formalism described in Chapter 1 and then studies the “robustness” of the system of a given function of the circuit. The chapter then discusses some of the underlying ideas for how to model biological oscillatory behavior, focusing on those types of oscillations that are most common in biomolecular systems. Hereafter, the chapter explores how the location of equilibrium points, their stability, their regions of attraction, and other dynamic phenomena vary based on the values of the parameters in a model. Finally, methods for reducing the complexity of the models that are introduced in this chapter are reviewed.
Robert C. Merton
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199298839
- eISBN:
- 9780191711480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298839.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter's appraisal places models of time and uncertainty in household allocation of resources at the center of the Samuelson Contribution. It assesses Samuelson's contributions to the areas of ...
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This chapter's appraisal places models of time and uncertainty in household allocation of resources at the center of the Samuelson Contribution. It assesses Samuelson's contributions to the areas of efficient market theory and risk analysis, portfolio selection, and option and warrant pricing. Samuelson found that efficient markets do not allocate resources the way casinos do. Rather, asset prices vary randomly around an optimal path that can be discerned mathematically. The theory links spot price with future prices in order to forge a solution where spot prices are determined by optimal control theory. Samuelson's work in warrants and option pricing provides a bridge between early and later option pricing models, thanks to his insights on hedging and mathematical analysis that were incorporated into subsequent theories.Less
This chapter's appraisal places models of time and uncertainty in household allocation of resources at the center of the Samuelson Contribution. It assesses Samuelson's contributions to the areas of efficient market theory and risk analysis, portfolio selection, and option and warrant pricing. Samuelson found that efficient markets do not allocate resources the way casinos do. Rather, asset prices vary randomly around an optimal path that can be discerned mathematically. The theory links spot price with future prices in order to forge a solution where spot prices are determined by optimal control theory. Samuelson's work in warrants and option pricing provides a bridge between early and later option pricing models, thanks to his insights on hedging and mathematical analysis that were incorporated into subsequent theories.
Milton J. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195175486
- eISBN:
- 9780199999903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175486.003.0006
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter discusses pain control. The phenomenon of pain is found at the juncture of human biology and culture, and the prevailing theory—the gate control theory—of how pain operates allows for a ...
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This chapter discusses pain control. The phenomenon of pain is found at the juncture of human biology and culture, and the prevailing theory—the gate control theory—of how pain operates allows for a modifying role for culture in one's experience of pain. The chapter shows that modern palliative care cannot function without effective pain control.Less
This chapter discusses pain control. The phenomenon of pain is found at the juncture of human biology and culture, and the prevailing theory—the gate control theory—of how pain operates allows for a modifying role for culture in one's experience of pain. The chapter shows that modern palliative care cannot function without effective pain control.
Michael E. Ezell and Lawrence E. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199273812
- eISBN:
- 9780191699702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273812.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter discusses the general population heterogeneity, state dependence, and ‘mixed’ explanations of criminal behaviour. Three specific theoretical perspectives are considered: Gottfredson and ...
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This chapter discusses the general population heterogeneity, state dependence, and ‘mixed’ explanations of criminal behaviour. Three specific theoretical perspectives are considered: Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self-control theory of crime, Sampson and Laub's (1993) age-graded theory of informal social control, and Moffitt's dual taxonomy theory (1993). The focus is on how each theoretical perspective accounts for the processes of continuity and discontinuity in criminal offending patterns, the relationship between age and crime, and the relationship between past and subsequent criminal activity. The age-crime curve is also examined.Less
This chapter discusses the general population heterogeneity, state dependence, and ‘mixed’ explanations of criminal behaviour. Three specific theoretical perspectives are considered: Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self-control theory of crime, Sampson and Laub's (1993) age-graded theory of informal social control, and Moffitt's dual taxonomy theory (1993). The focus is on how each theoretical perspective accounts for the processes of continuity and discontinuity in criminal offending patterns, the relationship between age and crime, and the relationship between past and subsequent criminal activity. The age-crime curve is also examined.
Jason Stanley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695362
- eISBN:
- 9780191729768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695362.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Language
Sentences that ascribe knowing how contain the unpronounced pronoun PRO, which has a de se, or first-personal meaning, in such sentences. On the account of knowing how defended in the book, then, ...
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Sentences that ascribe knowing how contain the unpronounced pronoun PRO, which has a de se, or first-personal meaning, in such sentences. On the account of knowing how defended in the book, then, knowing how to do something is a kind of first-personal, or de se knowledge. This chapter presents a novel account of the meaning of such uses of PRO, connecting the account of PRO in the theory of controlled PRO to a broader account of the nature of propositions according to which they contain ways of thinking of objects, including first-personal ways of thinking of objects. The propositional view of the de se is defended against the predicational view advocated by David Lewis and others. Various arguments for the predicational theory, for example from the phenomenon of immunity to error through misidentification, are considered and rejected.Less
Sentences that ascribe knowing how contain the unpronounced pronoun PRO, which has a de se, or first-personal meaning, in such sentences. On the account of knowing how defended in the book, then, knowing how to do something is a kind of first-personal, or de se knowledge. This chapter presents a novel account of the meaning of such uses of PRO, connecting the account of PRO in the theory of controlled PRO to a broader account of the nature of propositions according to which they contain ways of thinking of objects, including first-personal ways of thinking of objects. The propositional view of the de se is defended against the predicational view advocated by David Lewis and others. Various arguments for the predicational theory, for example from the phenomenon of immunity to error through misidentification, are considered and rejected.
Anthony Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195130027
- eISBN:
- 9780199893874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130027.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
Criminological theories may be complemented and extended by incorporating biosocial concepts into them. Evolutionary psychology emphasizes that individuals pursue their self-interest in a variety of ...
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Criminological theories may be complemented and extended by incorporating biosocial concepts into them. Evolutionary psychology emphasizes that individuals pursue their self-interest in a variety of ways that are dependent upon environmental contingencies. It agrees with mainstream sociology that we are social beings who desire to follow social rules, but it does not romanticize us as inherently good beings who only commit bad acts when forced into them by evil social institutions. We are nepotistic reciprocal altruists who know that we can realize our self-interests more often by cooperating (following rules) than by not cooperating, but our very desire to cooperate generates deviance by providing opportunities for non-cooperators. For both evolutionary psychologists and most mainstream criminological theories, the individuals most likely to commit antisocial acts are those who are disadvantaged in the competition for wealth, power, and status, the evolutionary precursors of reproductive success.Less
Criminological theories may be complemented and extended by incorporating biosocial concepts into them. Evolutionary psychology emphasizes that individuals pursue their self-interest in a variety of ways that are dependent upon environmental contingencies. It agrees with mainstream sociology that we are social beings who desire to follow social rules, but it does not romanticize us as inherently good beings who only commit bad acts when forced into them by evil social institutions. We are nepotistic reciprocal altruists who know that we can realize our self-interests more often by cooperating (following rules) than by not cooperating, but our very desire to cooperate generates deviance by providing opportunities for non-cooperators. For both evolutionary psychologists and most mainstream criminological theories, the individuals most likely to commit antisocial acts are those who are disadvantaged in the competition for wealth, power, and status, the evolutionary precursors of reproductive success.
Zoltán Dienes
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646739
- eISBN:
- 9780191745867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646739.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
According to the ‘cold control theory’ of Dienes and Perner (2007) hypnotic responding is intimately linked to metacognition. Specifically, we proposed that what makes a hypnotic response hypnotic is ...
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According to the ‘cold control theory’ of Dienes and Perner (2007) hypnotic responding is intimately linked to metacognition. Specifically, we proposed that what makes a hypnotic response hypnotic is the intentional performance of a (physical or mental) action while having inaccurate higher-order thoughts to the effect that one was not intending the action. That is, the essence of hypnosis is a strategic lack of metacognition. This chapter explores this idea in three ways. First, the chapter argues that individual differences in first-order abilities, e.g. ability to attend to the world or inhibit information, are unrelated to hypnotizability; however, the tendency to be aware of one’s mental states while performing a simple task is related to hypnotizability. Second, the chapter argues that impairing the brain region involved in metacognition (specifically the brain region involved in maintaining accurate higher-order thoughts) enhances hypnotizability. Third, the chapter argues that hypnotized subjects have no abilities they don’t have anyway; the essence of hypnosis is not the existence of any first-order abilities but the fact one‘s actions feel involuntary. Overcoming pain seems a counter-example, but debatably, the only quality that hypnosis adds to one’s ability to overcome pain is the feeling that the pain goes away by itself.Less
According to the ‘cold control theory’ of Dienes and Perner (2007) hypnotic responding is intimately linked to metacognition. Specifically, we proposed that what makes a hypnotic response hypnotic is the intentional performance of a (physical or mental) action while having inaccurate higher-order thoughts to the effect that one was not intending the action. That is, the essence of hypnosis is a strategic lack of metacognition. This chapter explores this idea in three ways. First, the chapter argues that individual differences in first-order abilities, e.g. ability to attend to the world or inhibit information, are unrelated to hypnotizability; however, the tendency to be aware of one’s mental states while performing a simple task is related to hypnotizability. Second, the chapter argues that impairing the brain region involved in metacognition (specifically the brain region involved in maintaining accurate higher-order thoughts) enhances hypnotizability. Third, the chapter argues that hypnotized subjects have no abilities they don’t have anyway; the essence of hypnosis is not the existence of any first-order abilities but the fact one‘s actions feel involuntary. Overcoming pain seems a counter-example, but debatably, the only quality that hypnosis adds to one’s ability to overcome pain is the feeling that the pain goes away by itself.
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190069797
- eISBN:
- 9780190069834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190069797.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Gerontology and Ageing
Self control is a consistent, robust, and substantial cause of crime, and the foundational facts and other dimensions of the self-control theory of crime have found remarkable support in behavioral ...
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Self control is a consistent, robust, and substantial cause of crime, and the foundational facts and other dimensions of the self-control theory of crime have found remarkable support in behavioral science. However, not all scholars view the evidence in the same way, and there have been several challenges to the expectations of the theory that merit consideration. Some of these challenges are important for what they say about the limits and contours of the theory; others are important for what they say about the process of theory testing in modern criminology. This chapter discusses methodological issues in testing general theories in criminology. This is followed by a discussion on how to conceptualize control variables and antecedent causes for research. Next, the scope and domain of a theory as relevant to its validity are discussed. In addition, the importance of the definitions of self control and crime is presented. The roles of prior record and of versatility in theory testing are then examined. Finally, a discussion of the tautology issue in self-control theory is presented.Less
Self control is a consistent, robust, and substantial cause of crime, and the foundational facts and other dimensions of the self-control theory of crime have found remarkable support in behavioral science. However, not all scholars view the evidence in the same way, and there have been several challenges to the expectations of the theory that merit consideration. Some of these challenges are important for what they say about the limits and contours of the theory; others are important for what they say about the process of theory testing in modern criminology. This chapter discusses methodological issues in testing general theories in criminology. This is followed by a discussion on how to conceptualize control variables and antecedent causes for research. Next, the scope and domain of a theory as relevant to its validity are discussed. In addition, the importance of the definitions of self control and crime is presented. The roles of prior record and of versatility in theory testing are then examined. Finally, a discussion of the tautology issue in self-control theory is presented.
Lawrence R. Klein
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195057720
- eISBN:
- 9780199854967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195057720.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Econometrics, as a total subject, is older than macroeconometric model building and deserves a separate historical inquiry. Early investigations of demand–supply functions, income distributions, ...
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Econometrics, as a total subject, is older than macroeconometric model building and deserves a separate historical inquiry. Early investigations of demand–supply functions, income distributions, family budgets, cost, and production functions have been the subject of historical study. The joint founding of the Econometric Society and the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics represented the beginnings of major steps forward from the 1930s. In addition to some of the papers presented at the Cowles Foundation anniversary party, there have been some separate studies by scholars from the group. More than ten years ago, a seminar was organized to compare models to appreciate their differences and to look for commonalities. In a first phase, the Model Comparison Seminar looked at distributions of multipliers across macroeconomic models, and the outcome of common applications of control theory. This chapter reviews briefly the focal points of interest during the historical period of macroeconometric model development.Less
Econometrics, as a total subject, is older than macroeconometric model building and deserves a separate historical inquiry. Early investigations of demand–supply functions, income distributions, family budgets, cost, and production functions have been the subject of historical study. The joint founding of the Econometric Society and the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics represented the beginnings of major steps forward from the 1930s. In addition to some of the papers presented at the Cowles Foundation anniversary party, there have been some separate studies by scholars from the group. More than ten years ago, a seminar was organized to compare models to appreciate their differences and to look for commonalities. In a first phase, the Model Comparison Seminar looked at distributions of multipliers across macroeconomic models, and the outcome of common applications of control theory. This chapter reviews briefly the focal points of interest during the historical period of macroeconometric model development.
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190069797
- eISBN:
- 9780190069834
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190069797.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Gerontology and Ageing
Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice updates and extends the authors’ classic general theory of crime (sometimes referred to as “self-control theory”). In Part I, contemporary ...
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Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice updates and extends the authors’ classic general theory of crime (sometimes referred to as “self-control theory”). In Part I, contemporary evidence about the theory is summarized. Research from criminology, psychology, economics, education, and public health substantially supports the lifelong influence of self control as a significant cause of problem behaviors, including delinquency and crime, substance abuse, school problems, many forms of accidents, employment instability, and many poor health outcomes. Contemporary evidence is supportive of the theory’s focus on early socialization for creation of higher levels of self control and other dimensions of the theory, including the roles of self control, age and the generality or versatility of problem behaviors, as well as the connections between self control and later teen and adult problem behaviors. The book provides methodological assessments of research on the theory, contrasting the control theory perspective with other developmental perspectives in criminology. The role of opportunity, the relationship between self and social control theory, and the role of motivation are addressed. In Part II, control theory is taken to be a valid theory and is used to explore the role of criminal sanctions, especially policing and prisons, and policies about immigration, as methods to impact crime. Modern control theory provides an explanation for the general lack of effectiveness of formal, state sanctions on crime and instead provides substantial justification for prevention of delinquency and crime by a focus on childhood. The theory effectively demonstrates the limits of criminal sanctions and the connection between higher levels of self control and positive life-course outcomes.Less
Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice updates and extends the authors’ classic general theory of crime (sometimes referred to as “self-control theory”). In Part I, contemporary evidence about the theory is summarized. Research from criminology, psychology, economics, education, and public health substantially supports the lifelong influence of self control as a significant cause of problem behaviors, including delinquency and crime, substance abuse, school problems, many forms of accidents, employment instability, and many poor health outcomes. Contemporary evidence is supportive of the theory’s focus on early socialization for creation of higher levels of self control and other dimensions of the theory, including the roles of self control, age and the generality or versatility of problem behaviors, as well as the connections between self control and later teen and adult problem behaviors. The book provides methodological assessments of research on the theory, contrasting the control theory perspective with other developmental perspectives in criminology. The role of opportunity, the relationship between self and social control theory, and the role of motivation are addressed. In Part II, control theory is taken to be a valid theory and is used to explore the role of criminal sanctions, especially policing and prisons, and policies about immigration, as methods to impact crime. Modern control theory provides an explanation for the general lack of effectiveness of formal, state sanctions on crime and instead provides substantial justification for prevention of delinquency and crime by a focus on childhood. The theory effectively demonstrates the limits of criminal sanctions and the connection between higher levels of self control and positive life-course outcomes.
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190069797
- eISBN:
- 9780190069834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190069797.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Gerontology and Ageing
This chapter provides an overview of the self-control theory of crime and delinquency, including a critical review of research literature bearing on the validity of the theory. It discusses research ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the self-control theory of crime and delinquency, including a critical review of research literature bearing on the validity of the theory. It discusses research on the origins of self control in the family and the relationships between levels of self control and delinquency and crime, school performance and misconduct, and other problem behaviors. General reviews of the theory in the literature and meta-analyses for self control, parenting and crime, and prevention studies focused on childhood are also discussed. In addition, the chapter reviews research on age and crime, generality effects, and self control over the life course. There is substantial research support for self-control theory and for the predictions it makes for the criminal justice system and for prevention of crime. Implications for global criminology, micro/macro integration of crime theory, and measurement of self control are discussed.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the self-control theory of crime and delinquency, including a critical review of research literature bearing on the validity of the theory. It discusses research on the origins of self control in the family and the relationships between levels of self control and delinquency and crime, school performance and misconduct, and other problem behaviors. General reviews of the theory in the literature and meta-analyses for self control, parenting and crime, and prevention studies focused on childhood are also discussed. In addition, the chapter reviews research on age and crime, generality effects, and self control over the life course. There is substantial research support for self-control theory and for the predictions it makes for the criminal justice system and for prevention of crime. Implications for global criminology, micro/macro integration of crime theory, and measurement of self control are discussed.
