Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter examines in detail the methods of contraception used from the 1890s to the 1950s, including abstaining from sexual intercourse. These include spermicides, condoms, diaphragms and other ...
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This chapter examines in detail the methods of contraception used from the 1890s to the 1950s, including abstaining from sexual intercourse. These include spermicides, condoms, diaphragms and other contraceptive devices, abortion, anal sex, and breastfeeding. The impact of poor quality rubber and the absence of quality control are considered along with the limited evidence on contraceptive effectiveness. The chapter concludes with comment on the diminished sexual pleasure that resulted from use of the methods, especially for women.Less
This chapter examines in detail the methods of contraception used from the 1890s to the 1950s, including abstaining from sexual intercourse. These include spermicides, condoms, diaphragms and other contraceptive devices, abortion, anal sex, and breastfeeding. The impact of poor quality rubber and the absence of quality control are considered along with the limited evidence on contraceptive effectiveness. The chapter concludes with comment on the diminished sexual pleasure that resulted from use of the methods, especially for women.
John Firor and Judith Jacobsen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300093209
- eISBN:
- 9780300133448
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300093209.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This book presents the strongest possible arguments about human population, climate change, and the relationship between Earth and human beings, discussing how people on Earth should act to stabilize ...
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This book presents the strongest possible arguments about human population, climate change, and the relationship between Earth and human beings, discussing how people on Earth should act to stabilize human population, and why and how they should act to stabilize the composition of the atmosphere. Three arguments are offered in service of the ultimate goal that is to strike a new balance in which the scale of human activities is in keeping with the scale of natural systems. The book describes the approach to population issues that prevailed from the time population became a widespread public concern in the 1960s, and the shift in approach which took place as women's health organizations and other feminist groups weighed in on population at the Cairo conference in 1994. It outlines the current knowledge about the science of climate change, recapitulates the development of the science in the past hundred years, and describes the history and content of the negotiations, including the Rio and Berlin meetings and the Kyoto Protocol. The book explains the difficult equity issues involved, continued resistance to the negotiations, and the economic models on which much of this resistance is based. It focuses on the policy agenda that is believed to be most powerful for stemming climate change: a revenue-neutral tax shift. The book also covers the scale of emission reductions required to stabilize the climate, and the importance of energy and materials efficiency.Less
This book presents the strongest possible arguments about human population, climate change, and the relationship between Earth and human beings, discussing how people on Earth should act to stabilize human population, and why and how they should act to stabilize the composition of the atmosphere. Three arguments are offered in service of the ultimate goal that is to strike a new balance in which the scale of human activities is in keeping with the scale of natural systems. The book describes the approach to population issues that prevailed from the time population became a widespread public concern in the 1960s, and the shift in approach which took place as women's health organizations and other feminist groups weighed in on population at the Cairo conference in 1994. It outlines the current knowledge about the science of climate change, recapitulates the development of the science in the past hundred years, and describes the history and content of the negotiations, including the Rio and Berlin meetings and the Kyoto Protocol. The book explains the difficult equity issues involved, continued resistance to the negotiations, and the economic models on which much of this resistance is based. It focuses on the policy agenda that is believed to be most powerful for stemming climate change: a revenue-neutral tax shift. The book also covers the scale of emission reductions required to stabilize the climate, and the importance of energy and materials efficiency.
C. Y. Cyrus Chu and Ruoh‐Rong Yu
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578092
- eISBN:
- 9780191722424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578092.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter studies various aspects of family fertility in Taiwan and China, including the age of marriage, the duration from marriage to the first birth, mandatory vs. voluntary family planning, ...
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This chapter studies various aspects of family fertility in Taiwan and China, including the age of marriage, the duration from marriage to the first birth, mandatory vs. voluntary family planning, the contraceptive practices, the preferences for sons, the newborn sex ratio, and the quantity‐quality tradeoffs. With respect to basic statistics, various measures against the degree of urbanization and the educational level of wives are cross‐tabulated. Concerning quantity‐quality tradeoffs, the instrumental variable method was applied and it was found that there does not exist a negative relationship between sibship size and educational attainment, for both Taiwan and China. Finally, the analysis on birth duration shows that co‐residing with the husband's parents shortens the first two birth durations in Taiwan.Less
This chapter studies various aspects of family fertility in Taiwan and China, including the age of marriage, the duration from marriage to the first birth, mandatory vs. voluntary family planning, the contraceptive practices, the preferences for sons, the newborn sex ratio, and the quantity‐quality tradeoffs. With respect to basic statistics, various measures against the degree of urbanization and the educational level of wives are cross‐tabulated. Concerning quantity‐quality tradeoffs, the instrumental variable method was applied and it was found that there does not exist a negative relationship between sibship size and educational attainment, for both Taiwan and China. Finally, the analysis on birth duration shows that co‐residing with the husband's parents shortens the first two birth durations in Taiwan.
GLORIA H. ALBRECHT
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195160017
- eISBN:
- 9780199849611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160017.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter discusses the issues of contraception and abortion within Protestant Christianity. It argues that Protestantism has moved in the direction of accepting the importance of family planning ...
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This chapter discusses the issues of contraception and abortion within Protestant Christianity. It argues that Protestantism has moved in the direction of accepting the importance of family planning and the use of contraceptives, and support for legal access to abortion. It begins with a discussion of the history and spread of Protestant Christianity. It then examines the development of Protestant positions on contraception during the Reformation and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.Less
This chapter discusses the issues of contraception and abortion within Protestant Christianity. It argues that Protestantism has moved in the direction of accepting the importance of family planning and the use of contraceptives, and support for legal access to abortion. It begins with a discussion of the history and spread of Protestant Christianity. It then examines the development of Protestant positions on contraception during the Reformation and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
George Anastaplo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125336
- eISBN:
- 9780813135243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125336.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the most influential [United States] Supreme Court decisions of the latter part of the twentieth century in “Griswold v. Connecticut (1965).” It notes that under attack on that ...
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This chapter examines the most influential [United States] Supreme Court decisions of the latter part of the twentieth century in “Griswold v. Connecticut (1965).” It notes that under attack on that occasion was a Connecticut law forbidding the use of contraceptive devices to prevent pregnancies. It provides that in Griswold, the Supreme Court, by a vote of 7-2, held the law invalid after “operators of a birth control clinic had been prosecuted for aiding married couples to violate the law, furnishing them advice on contraceptive devices.”Less
This chapter examines the most influential [United States] Supreme Court decisions of the latter part of the twentieth century in “Griswold v. Connecticut (1965).” It notes that under attack on that occasion was a Connecticut law forbidding the use of contraceptive devices to prevent pregnancies. It provides that in Griswold, the Supreme Court, by a vote of 7-2, held the law invalid after “operators of a birth control clinic had been prosecuted for aiding married couples to violate the law, furnishing them advice on contraceptive devices.”
G.I.T. Machin
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198217800
- eISBN:
- 9780191678271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217800.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Religion
Within a century in which the Christian Churches had to face and adapt to an unprecedented amount of social change in Britain, the 1960s provided the most intense concentration of innovation and ...
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Within a century in which the Christian Churches had to face and adapt to an unprecedented amount of social change in Britain, the 1960s provided the most intense concentration of innovation and challenge. The new morality found supporters and opponents in the Churches, as well as some who were undecided. On the one hand, it found a champion in Bishop John Robinson. Widely differing approaches were seen in reaction to all the practical manifestations of the moral changes — the relaxation of censorship and the licence shown in publications, films, plays, and television broadcasts; the legalization of abortion and homosexual ads; a notable liberalization of the divorce law; and the growth of premarital and extramarital sexual activity through the adoption of the contraceptive pill, among other reasons. The controversy over the treatment of coloured immigrants had involved Church leaders as much as any other members of society. These developments all happened in the 1960s, but their effects remained to be worked out over many years.Less
Within a century in which the Christian Churches had to face and adapt to an unprecedented amount of social change in Britain, the 1960s provided the most intense concentration of innovation and challenge. The new morality found supporters and opponents in the Churches, as well as some who were undecided. On the one hand, it found a champion in Bishop John Robinson. Widely differing approaches were seen in reaction to all the practical manifestations of the moral changes — the relaxation of censorship and the licence shown in publications, films, plays, and television broadcasts; the legalization of abortion and homosexual ads; a notable liberalization of the divorce law; and the growth of premarital and extramarital sexual activity through the adoption of the contraceptive pill, among other reasons. The controversy over the treatment of coloured immigrants had involved Church leaders as much as any other members of society. These developments all happened in the 1960s, but their effects remained to be worked out over many years.
Jacqueline E. Darroch
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.12
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
As the 20th century dawned, American women typically became biologically capable of conceiving children at age fifteen, were married at age twenty-two, and had an average of 3.6 children during their ...
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As the 20th century dawned, American women typically became biologically capable of conceiving children at age fifteen, were married at age twenty-two, and had an average of 3.6 children during their reproductive lives. In contrast, for women born during the last third of the 1900s experienced menarche at age thirteen, first engaged in sexual intercourse at age seventeen, and had an average of 2.1 children. These changes during the 20th century reflect the technologic changes in family-planning methods available to American women and men increasing couples' ability to successfully control the number and timing of children, increased women's control over fertility, and gave rise to alternative medical provider networks for women's reproductive-health care. This chapter summarizes key changes in family planning over the last century and provides an overview of changes in contraceptive technology and in the provision of reproductive health and contraceptive services.Less
As the 20th century dawned, American women typically became biologically capable of conceiving children at age fifteen, were married at age twenty-two, and had an average of 3.6 children during their reproductive lives. In contrast, for women born during the last third of the 1900s experienced menarche at age thirteen, first engaged in sexual intercourse at age seventeen, and had an average of 2.1 children. These changes during the 20th century reflect the technologic changes in family-planning methods available to American women and men increasing couples' ability to successfully control the number and timing of children, increased women's control over fertility, and gave rise to alternative medical provider networks for women's reproductive-health care. This chapter summarizes key changes in family planning over the last century and provides an overview of changes in contraceptive technology and in the provision of reproductive health and contraceptive services.
Johanna Schoen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.13
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In the 1930s, public health professionals launched birth control programs as part of their infant and maternal health measures. In addition to reducing infant and maternal mortality rates, offering ...
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In the 1930s, public health professionals launched birth control programs as part of their infant and maternal health measures. In addition to reducing infant and maternal mortality rates, offering birth control to poor women also seemed attractive for economic and eugenic reasons. Public health birth control services simultaneously offered women reproductive control and provided control over poor women's reproduction. Although clients recognized the race and class prejudices behind many family planning programs, they took advantage of the services offered, and bargained with authorities over the conditions of contraceptive advice. Women's lack of access to contraceptive services, their poverty, their race, and gender significantly influenced their decision to participate in contraceptive field trials or take advantage of birth control programs.Less
In the 1930s, public health professionals launched birth control programs as part of their infant and maternal health measures. In addition to reducing infant and maternal mortality rates, offering birth control to poor women also seemed attractive for economic and eugenic reasons. Public health birth control services simultaneously offered women reproductive control and provided control over poor women's reproduction. Although clients recognized the race and class prejudices behind many family planning programs, they took advantage of the services offered, and bargained with authorities over the conditions of contraceptive advice. Women's lack of access to contraceptive services, their poverty, their race, and gender significantly influenced their decision to participate in contraceptive field trials or take advantage of birth control programs.
JAMES V. LACEY, GRAHAM A. COLDITZ, and DAVID SCHOTTENFELD
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0024
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the link between exogenous hormones and cancer. It focuses on estrogen and progesterone effects on tissues of the breast, endometrium, uterine cervix, ovary, and colon. All ...
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This chapter discusses the link between exogenous hormones and cancer. It focuses on estrogen and progesterone effects on tissues of the breast, endometrium, uterine cervix, ovary, and colon. All measures of association (odds ratios (ORs), relative risks (RRs), and hazard ratios (HRs)) for oral contraceptives (OCs) include women who never used OCs as the referent group. Similarly, associations for hormone therapy reflect no menopausal hormone use as the referent group.Less
This chapter discusses the link between exogenous hormones and cancer. It focuses on estrogen and progesterone effects on tissues of the breast, endometrium, uterine cervix, ovary, and colon. All measures of association (odds ratios (ORs), relative risks (RRs), and hazard ratios (HRs)) for oral contraceptives (OCs) include women who never used OCs as the referent group. Similarly, associations for hormone therapy reflect no menopausal hormone use as the referent group.
Alison Blenkinsopp, Rhona Panton, and Claire Anderson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192630445
- eISBN:
- 9780191723575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630445.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The pharmacy has always been a major outlet for the sale and supply of contraceptives. Given privacy concerns, the number of people who ask directly for advice about contraception is small. However, ...
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The pharmacy has always been a major outlet for the sale and supply of contraceptives. Given privacy concerns, the number of people who ask directly for advice about contraception is small. However, the pharmacy is a good point from which to distribute information, in the form of leaflets, about contraceptives and safe sex. Thus, pharmacists need to be well informed about contraceptive methods, and about pregnancy and ovulation testing. This chapter considers the main methods of contraception, and the type of questions that pharmacy customers may ask about them.Less
The pharmacy has always been a major outlet for the sale and supply of contraceptives. Given privacy concerns, the number of people who ask directly for advice about contraception is small. However, the pharmacy is a good point from which to distribute information, in the form of leaflets, about contraceptives and safe sex. Thus, pharmacists need to be well informed about contraceptive methods, and about pregnancy and ovulation testing. This chapter considers the main methods of contraception, and the type of questions that pharmacy customers may ask about them.
Nathalie Ylitalo, Sherri Stuver, and Hans-Olov Adami
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311174
- eISBN:
- 9780199865093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311174.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
A persistent infection with an oncogenic HPV type is today considered a causal factor for the occurrences of cervical cancer. A number of cofactors have been identified as possible modifiers of HPV ...
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A persistent infection with an oncogenic HPV type is today considered a causal factor for the occurrences of cervical cancer. A number of cofactors have been identified as possible modifiers of HPV during the development of cervical cancer, including tobacco smoking, multiparity, OC use, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Because many of these factors are strongly correlated with HPV infection, it has been difficult to characterize their role in the development and progression of cervical neoplasia, as well as in the acquisition and persistence of HPV infection. Host immune control of the infection, including factors that would affect it, also may be important in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. Through a combination of public education about transmission of HPV, early detection of precursor lesions to cervical carcinoma by regular cytological screening with the incorporation of HPV testing and vaccination against certain high-risk types of HPV, carcinoma of the cervix may become one of the major forms of cancer that is most preventable on a global scale.Less
A persistent infection with an oncogenic HPV type is today considered a causal factor for the occurrences of cervical cancer. A number of cofactors have been identified as possible modifiers of HPV during the development of cervical cancer, including tobacco smoking, multiparity, OC use, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Because many of these factors are strongly correlated with HPV infection, it has been difficult to characterize their role in the development and progression of cervical neoplasia, as well as in the acquisition and persistence of HPV infection. Host immune control of the infection, including factors that would affect it, also may be important in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. Through a combination of public education about transmission of HPV, early detection of precursor lesions to cervical carcinoma by regular cytological screening with the incorporation of HPV testing and vaccination against certain high-risk types of HPV, carcinoma of the cervix may become one of the major forms of cancer that is most preventable on a global scale.
Immaculata Devivo, Ingemar Persson, and Hans-Olov Adami
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311174
- eISBN:
- 9780199865093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311174.003.0018
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Endometrial cancer occurs mostly after the menopause and has an excellent prognosis. The age-standardized incidence varies at least ten-fold across countries, suggesting the strong influence of ...
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Endometrial cancer occurs mostly after the menopause and has an excellent prognosis. The age-standardized incidence varies at least ten-fold across countries, suggesting the strong influence of modifiable risk factors. Risk reduction is conferred by current smoking, past oral contraceptive use, childbearing, lower weight and, tentatively, physical activity. The most compelling evidence that hormones determine the risk of endometrial cancer comes from studies of hormone therapy following menopause. Use of estrogens alone for ten years or more increases the risk about ten-fold. This excess risk may be counteracted substantially by combined use of estrogens and progestins. Hence, it should be possible to prevent a substantial fraction of all endometrial cancers through modification of lifestyle, maintaining normal weight, optimal use of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormones.Less
Endometrial cancer occurs mostly after the menopause and has an excellent prognosis. The age-standardized incidence varies at least ten-fold across countries, suggesting the strong influence of modifiable risk factors. Risk reduction is conferred by current smoking, past oral contraceptive use, childbearing, lower weight and, tentatively, physical activity. The most compelling evidence that hormones determine the risk of endometrial cancer comes from studies of hormone therapy following menopause. Use of estrogens alone for ten years or more increases the risk about ten-fold. This excess risk may be counteracted substantially by combined use of estrogens and progestins. Hence, it should be possible to prevent a substantial fraction of all endometrial cancers through modification of lifestyle, maintaining normal weight, optimal use of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormones.
Penelope Webb, Dorota Gertig, and David Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311174
- eISBN:
- 9780199865093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311174.003.0019
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Older age and family history have strong positive associations with risk of ovarian cancer, while oral contraceptive use, increased parity, breastfeeding, and tubal ligation are inversely associated ...
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Older age and family history have strong positive associations with risk of ovarian cancer, while oral contraceptive use, increased parity, breastfeeding, and tubal ligation are inversely associated with risk. Ovarian tumors are histologically heterogeneous, resembling different epithelial surfaces of the reproductive tract. Different histologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer may thus have different etiologies. The inability of many studies to stratify tumors by subtype due to insufficient numbers of cases of the less common subtypes may explain the lack of consistent findings for some risk factors among studies. There is contradictory evidence for a possible increase in risk with lactose consumption, saturated fat, and talc use and for a decrease in risk with vegetable intake, while smoking appears to increase risk of mucinous ovarian tumors only. It is unclear whether obesity and/or physical activity influence ovarian cancer risk.Less
Older age and family history have strong positive associations with risk of ovarian cancer, while oral contraceptive use, increased parity, breastfeeding, and tubal ligation are inversely associated with risk. Ovarian tumors are histologically heterogeneous, resembling different epithelial surfaces of the reproductive tract. Different histologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer may thus have different etiologies. The inability of many studies to stratify tumors by subtype due to insufficient numbers of cases of the less common subtypes may explain the lack of consistent findings for some risk factors among studies. There is contradictory evidence for a possible increase in risk with lactose consumption, saturated fat, and talc use and for a decrease in risk with vegetable intake, while smoking appears to increase risk of mucinous ovarian tumors only. It is unclear whether obesity and/or physical activity influence ovarian cancer risk.
Nona Willis Aronowitz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816681204
- eISBN:
- 9781452949048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816681204.003.0023
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter focuses on the debate over sex education and whether it promotes teenage sex. The liberals argue that we should concentrate on preventing pregnancy and venereal disease by giving teens ...
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This chapter focuses on the debate over sex education and whether it promotes teenage sex. The liberals argue that we should concentrate on preventing pregnancy and venereal disease by giving teens sex education, birth control, even counseling to help them “manage sex responsibly” and “have good relationships.” They assure us that giving out contraceptives “tends to make youngsters less promiscuous and not more promiscuous.” Conservatives, on the other hand, blather on about the need to provide kids with moral values. They want schools to give lectures on chastity. This chapter suggests an alternative strategy it calls “benign terrorism,” which aims to make the very idea of sex so frightening that no sane teenager could enjoy it, and offers twelve ways of implementing it.Less
This chapter focuses on the debate over sex education and whether it promotes teenage sex. The liberals argue that we should concentrate on preventing pregnancy and venereal disease by giving teens sex education, birth control, even counseling to help them “manage sex responsibly” and “have good relationships.” They assure us that giving out contraceptives “tends to make youngsters less promiscuous and not more promiscuous.” Conservatives, on the other hand, blather on about the need to provide kids with moral values. They want schools to give lectures on chastity. This chapter suggests an alternative strategy it calls “benign terrorism,” which aims to make the very idea of sex so frightening that no sane teenager could enjoy it, and offers twelve ways of implementing it.
Simone M. Caron
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813031996
- eISBN:
- 9780813039220
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813031996.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Government subsidies and population control advocacy of contraception and sterilization continued through the end of the twentieth century. By the year 2000 female sterilization was the most common ...
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Government subsidies and population control advocacy of contraception and sterilization continued through the end of the twentieth century. By the year 2000 female sterilization was the most common contraceptive, especially among women of color and lower economic means. The use of public funds for abortion, on the other hand, came under increasing attack. The battleground shifted from efforts to legalize abortion to organized and sometimes violent attempts to recriminalize or restrict access to it. The modern antichoice campaign resembles nineteenth-century efforts to undermine women's demands for equal rights by forcing them to revert to the traditional role of mother. While both campaigns portrayed aborting women as selfish and unnatural, few in the nineteenth century debated the legal status or personhood of the fetus. The post-Roe opposition, on the other hand, prioritized the legal and constitutional protection of the fetus over the mother. The vocal antiabortion camp led population controllers to emphasize instead sterilization and long-acting contraceptives, especially Depo Provera (DP) and Norplant, as the answer to perceived population problems. As abortion became too politically charged to promote as a cost-saving method for governments, state and federal funding dried up. Funds for sterilization and long-acting contraceptives, on the other hand, remained intact. These methods better suit the population control agenda as they are permanent, or semipermanent, and thus avoid any accidental pregnancies that indigent women could not afford to abort.Less
Government subsidies and population control advocacy of contraception and sterilization continued through the end of the twentieth century. By the year 2000 female sterilization was the most common contraceptive, especially among women of color and lower economic means. The use of public funds for abortion, on the other hand, came under increasing attack. The battleground shifted from efforts to legalize abortion to organized and sometimes violent attempts to recriminalize or restrict access to it. The modern antichoice campaign resembles nineteenth-century efforts to undermine women's demands for equal rights by forcing them to revert to the traditional role of mother. While both campaigns portrayed aborting women as selfish and unnatural, few in the nineteenth century debated the legal status or personhood of the fetus. The post-Roe opposition, on the other hand, prioritized the legal and constitutional protection of the fetus over the mother. The vocal antiabortion camp led population controllers to emphasize instead sterilization and long-acting contraceptives, especially Depo Provera (DP) and Norplant, as the answer to perceived population problems. As abortion became too politically charged to promote as a cost-saving method for governments, state and federal funding dried up. Funds for sterilization and long-acting contraceptives, on the other hand, remained intact. These methods better suit the population control agenda as they are permanent, or semipermanent, and thus avoid any accidental pregnancies that indigent women could not afford to abort.
Susan Franceschet
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034751
- eISBN:
- 9780813038186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034751.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter outlines the trajectory of three campaign promises: electoral reform and gender quotas, violence against women, and reproductive rights. The central tenet of this chapter is that ...
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This chapter outlines the trajectory of three campaign promises: electoral reform and gender quotas, violence against women, and reproductive rights. The central tenet of this chapter is that Bachelet has been ineffective in areas where the administration needs congressional approval, such as electoral reform and gender quotas, because the need to seek consensus acts as a constraint which results in policy paralysis. On the other hand, the administration has been effective in areas where the executive has the capacity to act independently, such as regulating access to contraceptives, or in areas where there is not much of a political controversy, such as in the case of violence against women. In regard to political reform, the chapter highlights the underrepresentation of women, which is due not only to long-standing political traditions, but also to the nature of the binomial electoral system.Less
This chapter outlines the trajectory of three campaign promises: electoral reform and gender quotas, violence against women, and reproductive rights. The central tenet of this chapter is that Bachelet has been ineffective in areas where the administration needs congressional approval, such as electoral reform and gender quotas, because the need to seek consensus acts as a constraint which results in policy paralysis. On the other hand, the administration has been effective in areas where the executive has the capacity to act independently, such as regulating access to contraceptives, or in areas where there is not much of a political controversy, such as in the case of violence against women. In regard to political reform, the chapter highlights the underrepresentation of women, which is due not only to long-standing political traditions, but also to the nature of the binomial electoral system.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226443058
- eISBN:
- 9780226443072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226443072.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter analyzes the 1983 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Board of Inquiry hearing held to determine whether Depo-Provera should be approved for use as a hormonal contraceptive in the United ...
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This chapter analyzes the 1983 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Board of Inquiry hearing held to determine whether Depo-Provera should be approved for use as a hormonal contraceptive in the United States. It highlights the role of women's health advocates in restructuring scientific inquiry and contraceptive regulation, and their frustration in not being able to use the individual testimonials of women who had been injected with Depo-Provera in the hearing. Their stories reveal the enormous complexity of regulating reproduction in the late twentieth century and help to explain why the women's health movement was not ultimately more successful in revolutionizing reproductive health care despite huge gains.Less
This chapter analyzes the 1983 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Board of Inquiry hearing held to determine whether Depo-Provera should be approved for use as a hormonal contraceptive in the United States. It highlights the role of women's health advocates in restructuring scientific inquiry and contraceptive regulation, and their frustration in not being able to use the individual testimonials of women who had been injected with Depo-Provera in the hearing. Their stories reveal the enormous complexity of regulating reproduction in the late twentieth century and help to explain why the women's health movement was not ultimately more successful in revolutionizing reproductive health care despite huge gains.
Lucas A. Powe Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520297807
- eISBN:
- 9780520970014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520297807.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines Supreme Court cases that were filed over the issue of abortion in Texas. Texas figured in two of the three major decisions on abortion laws in the United States: Roe v. Wade and ...
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This chapter examines Supreme Court cases that were filed over the issue of abortion in Texas. Texas figured in two of the three major decisions on abortion laws in the United States: Roe v. Wade and Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt. The late 1960s witnessed the introduction of various legislative measures to reform abortion laws. Reform measures based on the American Law Institute proposal were initiated in thirty state legislatures, including Texas in 1967. The same year the American Medical Association backed abortion liberalization, abortions were first mentioned at the Supreme Court. The chapter first discusses the case about the right of married couples to obtain contraceptives, which an 1879 Connecticut law severely restricted, and another case, Griswold v. Connecticut, the third attempt at the Court to kill the Connecticut law. It also considers cases involving Roy Lucas, Texas's mandatory sonogram bill, and Texas Senate HB 2.Less
This chapter examines Supreme Court cases that were filed over the issue of abortion in Texas. Texas figured in two of the three major decisions on abortion laws in the United States: Roe v. Wade and Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt. The late 1960s witnessed the introduction of various legislative measures to reform abortion laws. Reform measures based on the American Law Institute proposal were initiated in thirty state legislatures, including Texas in 1967. The same year the American Medical Association backed abortion liberalization, abortions were first mentioned at the Supreme Court. The chapter first discusses the case about the right of married couples to obtain contraceptives, which an 1879 Connecticut law severely restricted, and another case, Griswold v. Connecticut, the third attempt at the Court to kill the Connecticut law. It also considers cases involving Roy Lucas, Texas's mandatory sonogram bill, and Texas Senate HB 2.
Chikako Takeshita
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262016582
- eISBN:
- 9780262298452
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016582.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
The intrauterine device (IUD) is used by 150 million women around the world. It is the second most prevalent method of female fertility control in the global South and the third most prevalent in the ...
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The intrauterine device (IUD) is used by 150 million women around the world. It is the second most prevalent method of female fertility control in the global South and the third most prevalent in the global North. Over its five decades of use, the IUD has been viewed both as a means for women’s reproductive autonomy and as coercive tool of state-imposed population control, as a convenient form of birth control on a par with the pill and as a threat to women’s health. This book investigates the development, marketing, and use of the IUD since the 1960s. The book offers a biography of a multifaceted technological object through a feminist science studies lens, tracing the transformations of the scientific discourse around it over time and across different geographies. It describes how developers of the IUD adapted to different social interests in their research and how changing assumptions about race, class, and female sexuality often guided scientific inquiries. The IUD, the book argues, became a “politically versatile technology,” adaptable to both feminist and nonfeminist reproductive politics because of researchers’ attempts to maintain the device’s suitability for women in both the developing and the developed world. The book traces the evolution of scientists’ concerns—from contraceptive efficacy and product safety to the politics of abortion—and describes the most recent, hormone-releasing, menstruation-suppressing iteration of the IUD.Less
The intrauterine device (IUD) is used by 150 million women around the world. It is the second most prevalent method of female fertility control in the global South and the third most prevalent in the global North. Over its five decades of use, the IUD has been viewed both as a means for women’s reproductive autonomy and as coercive tool of state-imposed population control, as a convenient form of birth control on a par with the pill and as a threat to women’s health. This book investigates the development, marketing, and use of the IUD since the 1960s. The book offers a biography of a multifaceted technological object through a feminist science studies lens, tracing the transformations of the scientific discourse around it over time and across different geographies. It describes how developers of the IUD adapted to different social interests in their research and how changing assumptions about race, class, and female sexuality often guided scientific inquiries. The IUD, the book argues, became a “politically versatile technology,” adaptable to both feminist and nonfeminist reproductive politics because of researchers’ attempts to maintain the device’s suitability for women in both the developing and the developed world. The book traces the evolution of scientists’ concerns—from contraceptive efficacy and product safety to the politics of abortion—and describes the most recent, hormone-releasing, menstruation-suppressing iteration of the IUD.
Amy T. Schalet
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226736181
- eISBN:
- 9780226736204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226736204.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
For American parents, teenage sex is something to be feared and forbidden: most would never consider allowing their children to have sex at home, and sex is a frequent source of family conflict. In ...
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For American parents, teenage sex is something to be feared and forbidden: most would never consider allowing their children to have sex at home, and sex is a frequent source of family conflict. In the Netherlands, where teenage pregnancies are far less frequent than in the United States, parents aim above all for family cohesiveness, often permitting young couples to sleep together and providing them with contraceptives. Drawing on extensive interviews with parents and teens, this book offers an intimate account of the different ways that girls and boys in both countries negotiate love, lust, and growing up. Tracing the roots of the parents' divergent attitudes, it reveals how they grow out of their respective conceptions of the self, relationships, gender, autonomy, and authority. The book provides a probing analysis of the way family culture shapes not just sex but also alcohol consumption and parent-teen relationships. Avoiding caricatures of permissive Europeans and puritanical Americans, it shows that the Dutch require self-control from teens and parents, while Americans guide their children toward autonomous adulthood at the expense of the family bond.Less
For American parents, teenage sex is something to be feared and forbidden: most would never consider allowing their children to have sex at home, and sex is a frequent source of family conflict. In the Netherlands, where teenage pregnancies are far less frequent than in the United States, parents aim above all for family cohesiveness, often permitting young couples to sleep together and providing them with contraceptives. Drawing on extensive interviews with parents and teens, this book offers an intimate account of the different ways that girls and boys in both countries negotiate love, lust, and growing up. Tracing the roots of the parents' divergent attitudes, it reveals how they grow out of their respective conceptions of the self, relationships, gender, autonomy, and authority. The book provides a probing analysis of the way family culture shapes not just sex but also alcohol consumption and parent-teen relationships. Avoiding caricatures of permissive Europeans and puritanical Americans, it shows that the Dutch require self-control from teens and parents, while Americans guide their children toward autonomous adulthood at the expense of the family bond.
