Maurizio Ferrera, Anton Hemerijck, and Martin Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0020
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the ...
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The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the challenges that still confront them. The first section examines welfare state performance thematically, focusing on employment, the scale and shape of social security systems, and distributive outcomes. The second section takes Europe’s four welfare regimes (those of Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Southern Europe) and analyses their respective strengths and vulnerabilities. The conclusion considers where the literature on welfare states is likely to go in the future.Less
The chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the challenges that still confront them. The first section examines welfare state performance thematically, focusing on employment, the scale and shape of social security systems, and distributive outcomes. The second section takes Europe’s four welfare regimes (those of Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Southern Europe) and analyses their respective strengths and vulnerabilities. The conclusion considers where the literature on welfare states is likely to go in the future.
Mark J. Joe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199205301
- eISBN:
- 9780191695612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205301.003.0022
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Business History
This chapter examines political change in continental Europe. The recent demand for more pro-shareholder corporate governance in continental Europe and for legal structures that facilitate ownership ...
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This chapter examines political change in continental Europe. The recent demand for more pro-shareholder corporate governance in continental Europe and for legal structures that facilitate ownership separation follows European politics' move rightward, away from its late 20th-century history of strong social democratic politics. Politics, product markets, efforts to improve corporate law's institutions, and new capital-raising methods are all moving simultaneously.Less
This chapter examines political change in continental Europe. The recent demand for more pro-shareholder corporate governance in continental Europe and for legal structures that facilitate ownership separation follows European politics' move rightward, away from its late 20th-century history of strong social democratic politics. Politics, product markets, efforts to improve corporate law's institutions, and new capital-raising methods are all moving simultaneously.
S. Ravi Rajan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This book contributes to the debate regarding the origins, institutionalization, and politics of the sciences and systems of knowledge underlying colonial frameworks of environmental management. It ...
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This book contributes to the debate regarding the origins, institutionalization, and politics of the sciences and systems of knowledge underlying colonial frameworks of environmental management. It departs from the widely prevalent scholarly perspective that colonial science can be understood predominantly as a handmaiden of imperialism. Instead, it argues that the myriad colonial sciences had ideological and interventionist traditions distinct from each other and from the colonial bureaucracy, and that these tensions better explain environmental politics and policy dilemmas in the post-colonial era. The author argues that tropical forestry in the 19th century consisted of at least two distinct approaches towards nature, resource, and people; and what won out in the end was the Continental European forestry paradigm. He also shows that science and scientists were relatively marginal until the First World War. It was the acute scientific and resource crisis felt during the War, along with the rise of experts and expertise in Britain during that period and the lobby-politics of an organized empire-wide scientific community, that resulted in resource management regimes such as forestry beginning to get serious state backing. Over time, considerable differences in approach and outlook towards policy emerged between different colonial scientific communities, such as foresters and agriculturists. These different colonial sciences represented different situated knowledges, with different visions of nature, people, and empire, and in different configurations of power. Finally, in a panoramic overview of post-colonial developments, the author argues that the hegemony of these state-scientific regimes of resource management during the period 1950-1990 engendered not just social revolt, as recent historical work has shown, but also intellectual protest. Consequently, the discipline of forestry became systematically re-conceptualized, with new approaches to sylviculture, economics, law, and crucially, new visions of modernity. This disciplinary change constitutes nothing short of a cognitive revolution, one that has been brought about by a clearly articulated political perspective on the orientation of the discipline of forestry by its practitioners.Less
This book contributes to the debate regarding the origins, institutionalization, and politics of the sciences and systems of knowledge underlying colonial frameworks of environmental management. It departs from the widely prevalent scholarly perspective that colonial science can be understood predominantly as a handmaiden of imperialism. Instead, it argues that the myriad colonial sciences had ideological and interventionist traditions distinct from each other and from the colonial bureaucracy, and that these tensions better explain environmental politics and policy dilemmas in the post-colonial era. The author argues that tropical forestry in the 19th century consisted of at least two distinct approaches towards nature, resource, and people; and what won out in the end was the Continental European forestry paradigm. He also shows that science and scientists were relatively marginal until the First World War. It was the acute scientific and resource crisis felt during the War, along with the rise of experts and expertise in Britain during that period and the lobby-politics of an organized empire-wide scientific community, that resulted in resource management regimes such as forestry beginning to get serious state backing. Over time, considerable differences in approach and outlook towards policy emerged between different colonial scientific communities, such as foresters and agriculturists. These different colonial sciences represented different situated knowledges, with different visions of nature, people, and empire, and in different configurations of power. Finally, in a panoramic overview of post-colonial developments, the author argues that the hegemony of these state-scientific regimes of resource management during the period 1950-1990 engendered not just social revolt, as recent historical work has shown, but also intellectual protest. Consequently, the discipline of forestry became systematically re-conceptualized, with new approaches to sylviculture, economics, law, and crucially, new visions of modernity. This disciplinary change constitutes nothing short of a cognitive revolution, one that has been brought about by a clearly articulated political perspective on the orientation of the discipline of forestry by its practitioners.
Martin Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between ...
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This is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Here Rhodes explores the implications for welfare states of nationally negotiated social pacts in bridging and making innovative linkages between social security systems and employment rules and wage bargaining. The essential argument of Sect. 1 is that the emergence of social pacts is linked to common domestic and external pressures for welfare state reform in the European Union, and that contrary to the expectations of many commentators, these pressures are neither ‘disorganizing’ European capitalism nor neutralizing the power of the state; furthermore, rather than fragmenting political‐economic structures, pressures for reform have in many instances modified or even bolstered efforts at coordination via bargaining. Section 2 introduces the notion of ‘competitive corporatism’, and shows that underpinning these social pacts are varying degrees of associational cohesion, and two types of coalition — seeking distributional deals and productivity gains — which have complex linkages and overlaps. In ideal typical terms, it can be suggested that competitive corporatism is successfully achieved if underpinned by a close but flexible interlocking of these two types of coalition, although in practice it is not always possible, as has been demonstrated in various continental European countries.Less
This is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Here Rhodes explores the implications for welfare states of nationally negotiated social pacts in bridging and making innovative linkages between social security systems and employment rules and wage bargaining. The essential argument of Sect. 1 is that the emergence of social pacts is linked to common domestic and external pressures for welfare state reform in the European Union, and that contrary to the expectations of many commentators, these pressures are neither ‘disorganizing’ European capitalism nor neutralizing the power of the state; furthermore, rather than fragmenting political‐economic structures, pressures for reform have in many instances modified or even bolstered efforts at coordination via bargaining. Section 2 introduces the notion of ‘competitive corporatism’, and shows that underpinning these social pacts are varying degrees of associational cohesion, and two types of coalition — seeking distributional deals and productivity gains — which have complex linkages and overlaps. In ideal typical terms, it can be suggested that competitive corporatism is successfully achieved if underpinned by a close but flexible interlocking of these two types of coalition, although in practice it is not always possible, as has been demonstrated in various continental European countries.
S. RAVI RAJAN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277964
- eISBN:
- 9780191707827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277964.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter provides an overarching account of the emergence of the idea of forest conservation in continental Europe from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries. The first part traces the emergence ...
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This chapter provides an overarching account of the emergence of the idea of forest conservation in continental Europe from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries. The first part traces the emergence of the idea that forests offered physical or indirect climatic benefits. The second explores the evolution of the idea of direct utility, with particular reference to some of the traditions of political economy and state making co-terminous with the rise of scientific forestry in Europe.Less
This chapter provides an overarching account of the emergence of the idea of forest conservation in continental Europe from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries. The first part traces the emergence of the idea that forests offered physical or indirect climatic benefits. The second explores the evolution of the idea of direct utility, with particular reference to some of the traditions of political economy and state making co-terminous with the rise of scientific forestry in Europe.
Carlo Guarnieri
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198298359
- eISBN:
- 9780191685422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298359.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
The judicial structure can vary considerably from country to country, but instead of reviewing those differences in detail, the focus here is on the variations likely to have a direct or indirect ...
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The judicial structure can vary considerably from country to country, but instead of reviewing those differences in detail, the focus here is on the variations likely to have a direct or indirect influence on the political significance of courts. Although the importance of jurisdiction is highlighted by authoritarian experiences, it is also relevant in democratic regimes, especially in continental Europe where the judicial system tends to be fragmented. A political system can use two different but not mutually exclusive sets of instruments to exert influence on courts.Less
The judicial structure can vary considerably from country to country, but instead of reviewing those differences in detail, the focus here is on the variations likely to have a direct or indirect influence on the political significance of courts. Although the importance of jurisdiction is highlighted by authoritarian experiences, it is also relevant in democratic regimes, especially in continental Europe where the judicial system tends to be fragmented. A political system can use two different but not mutually exclusive sets of instruments to exert influence on courts.
Clegg Daniel
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346704
- eISBN:
- 9781447303442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346704.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter looks at the impact of 1997, given a General Election in May 2003. It reviews the successes and the failures of continental Europe, before turning to New Labour. It is revealed that ...
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This chapter looks at the impact of 1997, given a General Election in May 2003. It reviews the successes and the failures of continental Europe, before turning to New Labour. It is revealed that social policy is more centralist and state-led under New Labour, reinforcing British exceptionalism. The chapter also introduces the concept of ‘progressive dilemma’.Less
This chapter looks at the impact of 1997, given a General Election in May 2003. It reviews the successes and the failures of continental Europe, before turning to New Labour. It is revealed that social policy is more centralist and state-led under New Labour, reinforcing British exceptionalism. The chapter also introduces the concept of ‘progressive dilemma’.
RICHARD WHITTINGTON and MICHAEL MAYER
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199251049
- eISBN:
- 9780191714382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251049.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter reviews what the unfolding story of European big business can tell us about the three important questions in this study. It begins with the issue of effective strategies and structures. ...
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This chapter reviews what the unfolding story of European big business can tell us about the three important questions in this study. It begins with the issue of effective strategies and structures. It explains that despite the rise and alleged fall of the conglomerate and notwithstanding claims for a new networked, N-form economy, it discovers that the Chandlerian model holds more or less true. It adds that it must amend and renew the original model, yet its essential principles endure. It clarifies that there has been less of a managerial revolution in Continental Europe than the original Harvard scholars might have expected, yet corporations of all sorts have steadily been adopting the common business school model. It notes that it can accept the Chandlerian model as a provisional and adaptive conception of the firm, while leaving behind the modernistic, universalism of Chandlerism.Less
This chapter reviews what the unfolding story of European big business can tell us about the three important questions in this study. It begins with the issue of effective strategies and structures. It explains that despite the rise and alleged fall of the conglomerate and notwithstanding claims for a new networked, N-form economy, it discovers that the Chandlerian model holds more or less true. It adds that it must amend and renew the original model, yet its essential principles endure. It clarifies that there has been less of a managerial revolution in Continental Europe than the original Harvard scholars might have expected, yet corporations of all sorts have steadily been adopting the common business school model. It notes that it can accept the Chandlerian model as a provisional and adaptive conception of the firm, while leaving behind the modernistic, universalism of Chandlerism.
Stephen Conway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199210855
- eISBN:
- 9780191725111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210855.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The concluding remarks consider again similarities, connections, and identities — the organizing framework for the book — summarizing and highlighting earlier findings and addressing at some length ...
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The concluding remarks consider again similarities, connections, and identities — the organizing framework for the book — summarizing and highlighting earlier findings and addressing at some length the question of whether there were distinct phases in Britain and Ireland's eighteenth-century relationship with the Continent.Less
The concluding remarks consider again similarities, connections, and identities — the organizing framework for the book — summarizing and highlighting earlier findings and addressing at some length the question of whether there were distinct phases in Britain and Ireland's eighteenth-century relationship with the Continent.
Stephen Conway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199210855
- eISBN:
- 9780191725111
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210855.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Britain’s separateness from the rest of Europe is often taken as read. For generations, historians have presented Britain as exceptional and different. In recent years, an emphasis on the Atlantic ...
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Britain’s separateness from the rest of Europe is often taken as read. For generations, historians have presented Britain as exceptional and different. In recent years, an emphasis on the Atlantic and imperial aspects of British history, and on the importance of the nation and national identity, has made Britain and Ireland seem even more distant from the neighbouring Continent. This study offers a different perspective on eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland’s relationship with continental Europe. It acknowledges areas of difference and distinctiveness, but points to areas of similarity. It accepts that both Britain and Ireland were part of an Atlantic and wider imperial world, but highlights their under-recognized connections with the rest of Europe. And, perhaps most ambitiously of all, it suggests that if the British and Irish thought and acted in national terms, they were also able, in the appropriate circumstances, to see themselves as Europeans. Some of the chapters say more about British and Irish similarities to the Continent, others stress connections, and still others illustrate European identities. But, taken together, they present a case for our regarding eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland as integral parts of Europe, and for our appreciating that this was the perspective of many of the British and Irish at the time. Other historians have opended up parts of this subject, presenting a more rounded picture than exceptionalist narratives allow, stressing convergence rather than divergence, establishing important connections and exploring their ramifications; but none has attempted such a panoramic view.Less
Britain’s separateness from the rest of Europe is often taken as read. For generations, historians have presented Britain as exceptional and different. In recent years, an emphasis on the Atlantic and imperial aspects of British history, and on the importance of the nation and national identity, has made Britain and Ireland seem even more distant from the neighbouring Continent. This study offers a different perspective on eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland’s relationship with continental Europe. It acknowledges areas of difference and distinctiveness, but points to areas of similarity. It accepts that both Britain and Ireland were part of an Atlantic and wider imperial world, but highlights their under-recognized connections with the rest of Europe. And, perhaps most ambitiously of all, it suggests that if the British and Irish thought and acted in national terms, they were also able, in the appropriate circumstances, to see themselves as Europeans. Some of the chapters say more about British and Irish similarities to the Continent, others stress connections, and still others illustrate European identities. But, taken together, they present a case for our regarding eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland as integral parts of Europe, and for our appreciating that this was the perspective of many of the British and Irish at the time. Other historians have opended up parts of this subject, presenting a more rounded picture than exceptionalist narratives allow, stressing convergence rather than divergence, establishing important connections and exploring their ramifications; but none has attempted such a panoramic view.
Diana Cooper-Richet
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781474424882
- eISBN:
- 9781399502177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424882.003.0014
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
During the nineteenth century, the English-language press thrived in Continental Europe in areas where no English was spoken locally, notably in France, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Expatriate ...
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During the nineteenth century, the English-language press thrived in Continental Europe in areas where no English was spoken locally, notably in France, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Expatriate British, whether residing or visiting Paris, Rome, Florence or Constantinople, were eager to be kept informed on international politics and culture through locally available English language press outputs.They were served with a wide spectrum of periodicals – ranging from general information newspapers, literary reviews, parish bulletins, to specialised publications focusing on fashion, medicine, sports and entertainment. A good example was the well-known Galignani’s Messenger, a Paris based daily, dominant across Europe from 1814 through to 1890. The English-language press, published abroad, formed a somewhat transnational cultural space. Neglected until recently by academic researchers, its study provides valuable insights into the history of the cultural and social habits of the British abroad.Less
During the nineteenth century, the English-language press thrived in Continental Europe in areas where no English was spoken locally, notably in France, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Expatriate British, whether residing or visiting Paris, Rome, Florence or Constantinople, were eager to be kept informed on international politics and culture through locally available English language press outputs.They were served with a wide spectrum of periodicals – ranging from general information newspapers, literary reviews, parish bulletins, to specialised publications focusing on fashion, medicine, sports and entertainment. A good example was the well-known Galignani’s Messenger, a Paris based daily, dominant across Europe from 1814 through to 1890. The English-language press, published abroad, formed a somewhat transnational cultural space. Neglected until recently by academic researchers, its study provides valuable insights into the history of the cultural and social habits of the British abroad.
Edmund S. Phelps and Hans-Werner Sinn
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015318
- eISBN:
- 9780262295413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015318.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This introductory chapter begins with a review of the current state of Europe’s economies, which raises issues that economists continue to disagree on. It then considers available evidence to verify ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a review of the current state of Europe’s economies, which raises issues that economists continue to disagree on. It then considers available evidence to verify the perception of experts that most, if not all, of the economies in continental western Europe have performance characteristics that are worse on the whole than other western economies. The discussions then turn to the market forces affecting the economies of continental western Europe; the conviction that the continental economies’ root problem is a dearth of economic dynamism; the role of European economic institutions; entitlements of the welfare state; and the role of economic culture.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a review of the current state of Europe’s economies, which raises issues that economists continue to disagree on. It then considers available evidence to verify the perception of experts that most, if not all, of the economies in continental western Europe have performance characteristics that are worse on the whole than other western economies. The discussions then turn to the market forces affecting the economies of continental western Europe; the conviction that the continental economies’ root problem is a dearth of economic dynamism; the role of European economic institutions; entitlements of the welfare state; and the role of economic culture.
A. B. Atkinson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532438
- eISBN:
- 9780191714559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532438.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
This chapter discusses the evolution of the distribution of earnings in recent decades in the US, Canada, and eastern and western Europe. The data show that the late 1960s and 1970s were a period of ...
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This chapter discusses the evolution of the distribution of earnings in recent decades in the US, Canada, and eastern and western Europe. The data show that the late 1960s and 1970s were a period of earnings compression in a number of countries (Finland, France, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom); there was not a lull before the storm, and the falls in the bottom decile after 1980 can be seen as a part reversal of the 1970s compression. In many countries, there has been a steady upward movement since 1980 in the top decile (Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The finding of a fanning out at the top is evident for Australia, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The three Eastern European countries all showed a move towards increased earnings dispersion with the transition to a market economy, but there are differences, with dispersion being less, and more stable, in the Czech Republic than in Hungary and Poland.Less
This chapter discusses the evolution of the distribution of earnings in recent decades in the US, Canada, and eastern and western Europe. The data show that the late 1960s and 1970s were a period of earnings compression in a number of countries (Finland, France, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom); there was not a lull before the storm, and the falls in the bottom decile after 1980 can be seen as a part reversal of the 1970s compression. In many countries, there has been a steady upward movement since 1980 in the top decile (Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The finding of a fanning out at the top is evident for Australia, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The three Eastern European countries all showed a move towards increased earnings dispersion with the transition to a market economy, but there are differences, with dispersion being less, and more stable, in the Czech Republic than in Hungary and Poland.
Edmund S. Phelps and Hans-Werner Sinn (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015318
- eISBN:
- 9780262295413
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015318.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Economists disagree on what ails the economies of continental western Europe, which are widely perceived to be underperforming in terms of productivity and other metrics. Is it some deficiency in ...
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Economists disagree on what ails the economies of continental western Europe, which are widely perceived to be underperforming in terms of productivity and other metrics. Is it some deficiency in their economic system—in economic institutions or cultural attitudes? Is it some effect of their welfare systems of social insurance and assistance? Or are these systems healthy enough but weighed down by adverse market conditions? In this book, economists test out various explanations for Europe’s economic underperformance against real-world data. The chapters, written from widely varying perspectives, demonstrate the shortcomings and strengths of some methods of economics as much as they do the shortcomings and strengths of some economies of western continental Europe. Some chapters address only income per head or per worker; others look at efficiency and distortions of national choices such as that between labor and leisure; still others look at job satisfaction, fulfillment, and rates of indigenous innovation. Many offer policy recommendations, which range from developing institutions that promote entrepreneurship to using early education to increase human capital.Less
Economists disagree on what ails the economies of continental western Europe, which are widely perceived to be underperforming in terms of productivity and other metrics. Is it some deficiency in their economic system—in economic institutions or cultural attitudes? Is it some effect of their welfare systems of social insurance and assistance? Or are these systems healthy enough but weighed down by adverse market conditions? In this book, economists test out various explanations for Europe’s economic underperformance against real-world data. The chapters, written from widely varying perspectives, demonstrate the shortcomings and strengths of some methods of economics as much as they do the shortcomings and strengths of some economies of western continental Europe. Some chapters address only income per head or per worker; others look at efficiency and distortions of national choices such as that between labor and leisure; still others look at job satisfaction, fulfillment, and rates of indigenous innovation. Many offer policy recommendations, which range from developing institutions that promote entrepreneurship to using early education to increase human capital.
Robert Holland
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300235920
- eISBN:
- 9780300240870
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300235920.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1800 to 1830. As Napoleon's grip extended across Continental Europe, the restrictions on Continental travel for British citizens ...
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This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1800 to 1830. As Napoleon's grip extended across Continental Europe, the restrictions on Continental travel for British citizens led to an enhanced bias towards the Mediterranean, circuitously approached through northern routes such as the German states or even Russia, or by sea via Gibraltar. Once Napoleon took control of Corfu from a Russo-Turkish occupation of that island as a springboard for further French expansion, the British tentatively began to experiment with a counter-stake of their own in western Greece. This meant establishing a relationship with Ali Pasha, the warlord with a local empire based in Yannina in northwestern Greece. From this flowed the sinuous part played by the British government in the fate of the Orthodox Christian community of the Souliotes in Epirus.Less
This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1800 to 1830. As Napoleon's grip extended across Continental Europe, the restrictions on Continental travel for British citizens led to an enhanced bias towards the Mediterranean, circuitously approached through northern routes such as the German states or even Russia, or by sea via Gibraltar. Once Napoleon took control of Corfu from a Russo-Turkish occupation of that island as a springboard for further French expansion, the British tentatively began to experiment with a counter-stake of their own in western Greece. This meant establishing a relationship with Ali Pasha, the warlord with a local empire based in Yannina in northwestern Greece. From this flowed the sinuous part played by the British government in the fate of the Orthodox Christian community of the Souliotes in Epirus.
Ellen M. Immergut
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- August 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198860525
- eISBN:
- 9780191892561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198860525.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The Continental Europe regional outlook presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for Austria, ...
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The Continental Europe regional outlook presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In terms of health financing, these countries rely on the compulsory contributory insurance and corporatist administrative practices characteristic of Bismarckian health systems, to which the Netherlands and Switzerland have added mandated private insurance. Health outcomes are very positive, with high life expectancy, low infant mortality, and comparatively low levels of health inequality. Unmet need is the lowest in Europe, and satisfaction is among the highest. Since at least 2002, healthcare has tended to be a highly salient issue for Germany and the Netherlands, but not so for Belgium and Luxembourg, the two countries with the highest levels of public satisfaction with the health system. The key issues in Continental Europe have been cost containment, patient rights, and the introduction of long-term care, as well as some discussion of the role of private insurance and the efficiency of corporatist institutions.Less
The Continental Europe regional outlook presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In terms of health financing, these countries rely on the compulsory contributory insurance and corporatist administrative practices characteristic of Bismarckian health systems, to which the Netherlands and Switzerland have added mandated private insurance. Health outcomes are very positive, with high life expectancy, low infant mortality, and comparatively low levels of health inequality. Unmet need is the lowest in Europe, and satisfaction is among the highest. Since at least 2002, healthcare has tended to be a highly salient issue for Germany and the Netherlands, but not so for Belgium and Luxembourg, the two countries with the highest levels of public satisfaction with the health system. The key issues in Continental Europe have been cost containment, patient rights, and the introduction of long-term care, as well as some discussion of the role of private insurance and the efficiency of corporatist institutions.
Yaron Matras
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639045
- eISBN:
- 9780748671526
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639045.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Romani is one of Britain's oldest and most established minority languages. Brought to the country by Romani immigrants from continental Europe in the sixteenth century or even earlier, it was spoken ...
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Romani is one of Britain's oldest and most established minority languages. Brought to the country by Romani immigrants from continental Europe in the sixteenth century or even earlier, it was spoken in its old, inflected form as a family and community language until the second half of the nineteenth century, when it yielded to English. But even after its decline as the everyday language of English and Welsh Gypsies, Romani continues to survive in the form of a vocabulary that is used to express an ‘emotive mode’ of communication among group members. This book examines British Romani in its historical context and in its present-day form, drawing on recordings and interviews with speakers. It documents the Romani vocabulary and its usage patterns in conversation, offering insight into the processes of language death and language revitalization. The book includes an extensive lexicon of Angloromani as a reference.Less
Romani is one of Britain's oldest and most established minority languages. Brought to the country by Romani immigrants from continental Europe in the sixteenth century or even earlier, it was spoken in its old, inflected form as a family and community language until the second half of the nineteenth century, when it yielded to English. But even after its decline as the everyday language of English and Welsh Gypsies, Romani continues to survive in the form of a vocabulary that is used to express an ‘emotive mode’ of communication among group members. This book examines British Romani in its historical context and in its present-day form, drawing on recordings and interviews with speakers. It documents the Romani vocabulary and its usage patterns in conversation, offering insight into the processes of language death and language revitalization. The book includes an extensive lexicon of Angloromani as a reference.
Ian Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195328943
- eISBN:
- 9780199851256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328943.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of professional performances of Gilbert and Sullivan since 1961, rather, it offers a decade-by-decade survey of the most significant ...
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This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of professional performances of Gilbert and Sullivan since 1961, rather, it offers a decade-by-decade survey of the most significant productions and trends, not just in the United Kingdom and the United States but also in Australasia and Continental Europe. Competitors lost no time in challenging the D'Oyly Carte monopoly in the United Kingdom once the copyright restrictions ended. The complementary approaches of two companies, with Opera della Luna providing a postmodern minimalist and irreverent approach to G & S and Carl Rosa a lavish elegance and big operatic sound, have made the dawning of the 21st century an exciting time for professional G & S performance in Britain. Meanwhile, the year 2003 also saw the first known professional performance of a Savoy opera in central Asia when HMS Pinafore was staged in the opera theatre at Samarkand in Uzbekistan.Less
This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of professional performances of Gilbert and Sullivan since 1961, rather, it offers a decade-by-decade survey of the most significant productions and trends, not just in the United Kingdom and the United States but also in Australasia and Continental Europe. Competitors lost no time in challenging the D'Oyly Carte monopoly in the United Kingdom once the copyright restrictions ended. The complementary approaches of two companies, with Opera della Luna providing a postmodern minimalist and irreverent approach to G & S and Carl Rosa a lavish elegance and big operatic sound, have made the dawning of the 21st century an exciting time for professional G & S performance in Britain. Meanwhile, the year 2003 also saw the first known professional performance of a Savoy opera in central Asia when HMS Pinafore was staged in the opera theatre at Samarkand in Uzbekistan.
Donald R. Kelley
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300120622
- eISBN:
- 9780300135091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300120622.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter examines changes in historical inquiry and historical writing during World War II. It explains that disillusionment with history was not uncommon among intellectuals of the 1914 ...
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This chapter examines changes in historical inquiry and historical writing during World War II. It explains that disillusionment with history was not uncommon among intellectuals of the 1914 generation and that the “new history” in America and continental Europe was conceived along national lines. It also discusses the decline of new history in Great Britain, the turn to anthropology in France, and the emergence of new economic and social histories in the U.S. paralleled by the reception of Americanized literary turn.Less
This chapter examines changes in historical inquiry and historical writing during World War II. It explains that disillusionment with history was not uncommon among intellectuals of the 1914 generation and that the “new history” in America and continental Europe was conceived along national lines. It also discusses the decline of new history in Great Britain, the turn to anthropology in France, and the emergence of new economic and social histories in the U.S. paralleled by the reception of Americanized literary turn.
Hanna Schwander
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198807971
- eISBN:
- 9780191845765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807971.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
This chapter studies the effect of changing electoral demand and party competition on parties’ family policy orientation in two continental and two southern European countries. Changes in the ...
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This chapter studies the effect of changing electoral demand and party competition on parties’ family policy orientation in two continental and two southern European countries. Changes in the electoral landscapes represent a necessary but not sufficient condition that provides parties with an incentive to reform their family policy position. As the electoral relevance of the core constituency of both center-right and center-left parties is declining, both center-left and center-right parties are prompted to use progressive family policies to attract new voter groups. Yet, the chapter shows that the strategic configuration of parties influences the extent to which center-right parties modernize their family policy positions. The arguments are tested using data on attitudes toward gender roles and family policy from the European and World Values Survey and a new database on party positions on family policy in two continental and two southern European countries in the last two decades.Less
This chapter studies the effect of changing electoral demand and party competition on parties’ family policy orientation in two continental and two southern European countries. Changes in the electoral landscapes represent a necessary but not sufficient condition that provides parties with an incentive to reform their family policy position. As the electoral relevance of the core constituency of both center-right and center-left parties is declining, both center-left and center-right parties are prompted to use progressive family policies to attract new voter groups. Yet, the chapter shows that the strategic configuration of parties influences the extent to which center-right parties modernize their family policy positions. The arguments are tested using data on attitudes toward gender roles and family policy from the European and World Values Survey and a new database on party positions on family policy in two continental and two southern European countries in the last two decades.
