Neera Chandhoke
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077978
- eISBN:
- 9780199080977
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077978.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Whereas separatist movements in the developed world have stimulated the interest of normative political theorists, separatism in the postcolonial world tend to fall into the category of ...
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Whereas separatist movements in the developed world have stimulated the interest of normative political theorists, separatism in the postcolonial world tend to fall into the category of identity/civil wars, ethno-nationalism, terrorism, and security. However, the mandate of these studies proscribes the raising of normative issues, such as justice. This work approaches ‘contested secessions’ from a normative vantage point. That is, it seeks to explore the right of secession, analyse whether this right is or is not justified, and investigate what the moral considerations against which this right have to be balanced are. The empirical anchor for this inquiry is the Kashmir case, which illustrates to a nicety the complexities of contested secessions. Whereas no one can deny that the people of the state have been subjected to historical injustice, we also cannot ignore the range of moral considerations that inhibit an outright grant of the right of secession, such as minority rights, the use of extensive violence, and third-party interventions. How do we then deal with the demand for secession in the Kashmir Valley from a normative standpoint? The book attempts to negotiate this question in particular, and the phenomenon of contested secessions in general.Less
Whereas separatist movements in the developed world have stimulated the interest of normative political theorists, separatism in the postcolonial world tend to fall into the category of identity/civil wars, ethno-nationalism, terrorism, and security. However, the mandate of these studies proscribes the raising of normative issues, such as justice. This work approaches ‘contested secessions’ from a normative vantage point. That is, it seeks to explore the right of secession, analyse whether this right is or is not justified, and investigate what the moral considerations against which this right have to be balanced are. The empirical anchor for this inquiry is the Kashmir case, which illustrates to a nicety the complexities of contested secessions. Whereas no one can deny that the people of the state have been subjected to historical injustice, we also cannot ignore the range of moral considerations that inhibit an outright grant of the right of secession, such as minority rights, the use of extensive violence, and third-party interventions. How do we then deal with the demand for secession in the Kashmir Valley from a normative standpoint? The book attempts to negotiate this question in particular, and the phenomenon of contested secessions in general.
Anne Pippin Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277940
- eISBN:
- 9780191707841
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277940.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This book examines choral performance, audience response, and the poetic means used by Greek lyric poet Pindar to control this response. It consists of individual studies of Pindar's eleven odes for ...
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This book examines choral performance, audience response, and the poetic means used by Greek lyric poet Pindar to control this response. It consists of individual studies of Pindar's eleven odes for Aiginetan victors, preceded by a brief survey of the history of the island and the nature of its aristocracy. The discussion focuses in particular on questions of mythic self-presentation in Pindar's choral songs, as exemplified by such non-literary evidence as the pedimental sculptures of the Aphaia Temple, and the parallel ‘narrative’ sections of the odes. The overall concern is with Pindaric techniques for unifying an audience and leading it into a shared experience of inspired success, but there is also a concern with the realities of athletic contest and its celebration.Less
This book examines choral performance, audience response, and the poetic means used by Greek lyric poet Pindar to control this response. It consists of individual studies of Pindar's eleven odes for Aiginetan victors, preceded by a brief survey of the history of the island and the nature of its aristocracy. The discussion focuses in particular on questions of mythic self-presentation in Pindar's choral songs, as exemplified by such non-literary evidence as the pedimental sculptures of the Aphaia Temple, and the parallel ‘narrative’ sections of the odes. The overall concern is with Pindaric techniques for unifying an audience and leading it into a shared experience of inspired success, but there is also a concern with the realities of athletic contest and its celebration.
Rex Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292937
- eISBN:
- 9780191599811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292937.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
It was argued earlier that active civil rights require agencies to formulate, maintain, and harmonize them; the question arises then, whether there are any kinds of governmental agencies that would ...
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It was argued earlier that active civil rights require agencies to formulate, maintain, and harmonize them; the question arises then, whether there are any kinds of governmental agencies that would be apt to produce and enforce rights. It could plausibly be argued that democratic institutions—universal franchise (on a one‐person, one‐vote basis), regular and contested voting operating at two distinct levels (the level of parliament and the level of general elections), and majority rule—can effectively perform this job and thus provide the setting required by civil rights. Democratic procedures are a stable and relatively reliable way of identifying, and then implementing, laws and policies that serve interests common to the voters or to a large number of them, presumably, at least a majority.This key argument is deeply ambiguous; it covers several disparate options. We do not want to eliminate any of them from the list altogether; the best solution, then, would be to try to rank these options in some definite order. The chapter concludes by laying out the idea of a ranking procedure that would be acceptable to all the voters: the theme advanced here is that we should go to the basic practice itself (as outlined in the three democratic institutions and their various rationales, as found in Condorcet and Duncan Black and others) to try to establish an internal ground, one that can be located in the practice itself, for deciding on a ranking; the resultant ranking of options, if it could successfully be achieved, would thereby become part of the very justification for having and relying on democratic institutions.Less
It was argued earlier that active civil rights require agencies to formulate, maintain, and harmonize them; the question arises then, whether there are any kinds of governmental agencies that would be apt to produce and enforce rights. It could plausibly be argued that democratic institutions—universal franchise (on a one‐person, one‐vote basis), regular and contested voting operating at two distinct levels (the level of parliament and the level of general elections), and majority rule—can effectively perform this job and thus provide the setting required by civil rights. Democratic procedures are a stable and relatively reliable way of identifying, and then implementing, laws and policies that serve interests common to the voters or to a large number of them, presumably, at least a majority.
This key argument is deeply ambiguous; it covers several disparate options. We do not want to eliminate any of them from the list altogether; the best solution, then, would be to try to rank these options in some definite order. The chapter concludes by laying out the idea of a ranking procedure that would be acceptable to all the voters: the theme advanced here is that we should go to the basic practice itself (as outlined in the three democratic institutions and their various rationales, as found in Condorcet and Duncan Black and others) to try to establish an internal ground, one that can be located in the practice itself, for deciding on a ranking; the resultant ranking of options, if it could successfully be achieved, would thereby become part of the very justification for having and relying on democratic institutions.
Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199219193
- eISBN:
- 9780191717734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219193.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter presents some final thoughts. It discusses the reasons why legitimacy matters and maps out the history of the gradual shift in normative bases of legitimacy. It concludes that principles ...
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This chapter presents some final thoughts. It discusses the reasons why legitimacy matters and maps out the history of the gradual shift in normative bases of legitimacy. It concludes that principles of legitimacy are integral to the concept of an international society; that the working through of these principles is part of the day-to-day practice of international society; and that because this is a realm of contested politics, there can be no direct appeal to superior international norms at this stage.Less
This chapter presents some final thoughts. It discusses the reasons why legitimacy matters and maps out the history of the gradual shift in normative bases of legitimacy. It concludes that principles of legitimacy are integral to the concept of an international society; that the working through of these principles is part of the day-to-day practice of international society; and that because this is a realm of contested politics, there can be no direct appeal to superior international norms at this stage.
WILLIAM TWINING
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264843
- eISBN:
- 9780191754050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264843.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Methodology and Statistics
This chapter examines critically both the idea of ‘a multidisciplinary field’ or ‘an integrated science’ of evidence, and scepticism about and resistance to this idea from the standpoint of a jurist ...
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This chapter examines critically both the idea of ‘a multidisciplinary field’ or ‘an integrated science’ of evidence, and scepticism about and resistance to this idea from the standpoint of a jurist who has been involved with interdisciplinary work on evidence in law for many years. The chapter is organized as follows. Part I presents an overview of the intellectual history of the academic study of evidence in law in the Anglo‐American tradition and shows how important aspects of the field came to be recognised as inherently multidisciplinary. Part II identifies some limitations of legal perspectives on evidence, especially when the focus is on contested trials. It recounts the story of attempts to move beyond law in the direction of constructing a general field of evidence that formed part of the background of the UCL programme. Part III examines some of the reasons for suspicion of and resistance to the idea of ‘an integrated science of evidence’. Part IV restates the case for recognition and institutionalisation of evidence as a special focus of attention at the present time and puts forward a personal agenda of general questions that still need to be tackled.Less
This chapter examines critically both the idea of ‘a multidisciplinary field’ or ‘an integrated science’ of evidence, and scepticism about and resistance to this idea from the standpoint of a jurist who has been involved with interdisciplinary work on evidence in law for many years. The chapter is organized as follows. Part I presents an overview of the intellectual history of the academic study of evidence in law in the Anglo‐American tradition and shows how important aspects of the field came to be recognised as inherently multidisciplinary. Part II identifies some limitations of legal perspectives on evidence, especially when the focus is on contested trials. It recounts the story of attempts to move beyond law in the direction of constructing a general field of evidence that formed part of the background of the UCL programme. Part III examines some of the reasons for suspicion of and resistance to the idea of ‘an integrated science of evidence’. Part IV restates the case for recognition and institutionalisation of evidence as a special focus of attention at the present time and puts forward a personal agenda of general questions that still need to be tackled.
Chloe Silverman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150468
- eISBN:
- 9781400840397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150468.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This book examines the evolution of the diagnostic category of autism as people have understood it in different places and times, with a particular focus on the importance of affect in biomedical ...
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This book examines the evolution of the diagnostic category of autism as people have understood it in different places and times, with a particular focus on the importance of affect in biomedical research during the second half of the twentieth century and the first few years of the twenty-first. It considers the degree to which representation of autism depends on particular institutional and epistemological arrangements; shifts the focus from psychiatrists, epidemiologists, and geneticists to parents, counselors, diagnosticians, and lawyers, as they try to make sense of and apply systematic, authoritative knowledge in their daily lives and work; and highlights the centrality of love as a way of knowing about bodies, persons, and relationships in biomedicine. This introduction provides an overview of theories of love in biomedicine, the ethics of treating autism and how it relates to the question of moral personhood, the history of diagnosis of autism, biosociality and contested illnesses, and the book's methodology.Less
This book examines the evolution of the diagnostic category of autism as people have understood it in different places and times, with a particular focus on the importance of affect in biomedical research during the second half of the twentieth century and the first few years of the twenty-first. It considers the degree to which representation of autism depends on particular institutional and epistemological arrangements; shifts the focus from psychiatrists, epidemiologists, and geneticists to parents, counselors, diagnosticians, and lawyers, as they try to make sense of and apply systematic, authoritative knowledge in their daily lives and work; and highlights the centrality of love as a way of knowing about bodies, persons, and relationships in biomedicine. This introduction provides an overview of theories of love in biomedicine, the ethics of treating autism and how it relates to the question of moral personhood, the history of diagnosis of autism, biosociality and contested illnesses, and the book's methodology.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter explores the process for determining the validity and priority of claims and for making distributions on those claims. This includes the liquidator's role in investigating and, if ...
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This chapter explores the process for determining the validity and priority of claims and for making distributions on those claims. This includes the liquidator's role in investigating and, if circumstances warrant, filing a claim objection to reduce or disallow the claim. Various bankruptcy concepts involved in this process such as administrative claims, the absolute priority rule, and substantive consolidation are discussed along with the mechanics of making distributions. The chapter concludes with an example of the resolution of a contested IRS tax claim through the negotiation of a reduction.Less
This chapter explores the process for determining the validity and priority of claims and for making distributions on those claims. This includes the liquidator's role in investigating and, if circumstances warrant, filing a claim objection to reduce or disallow the claim. Various bankruptcy concepts involved in this process such as administrative claims, the absolute priority rule, and substantive consolidation are discussed along with the mechanics of making distributions. The chapter concludes with an example of the resolution of a contested IRS tax claim through the negotiation of a reduction.
Patrick Parkinson and Judy Cashmore
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237791
- eISBN:
- 9780191717222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237791.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter explores how children and parents involved in both contested and non-contested matters viewed their own experiences of children's participation, how much say children actually had, how ...
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This chapter explores how children and parents involved in both contested and non-contested matters viewed their own experiences of children's participation, how much say children actually had, how much they wanted, to what extent their parents wanted them to be involved, and what both saw as the benefits and risks. Topics discussed include preconditions for children's participation, children's views regarding participation, parents' views, and voice and choice in children's participation.Less
This chapter explores how children and parents involved in both contested and non-contested matters viewed their own experiences of children's participation, how much say children actually had, how much they wanted, to what extent their parents wanted them to be involved, and what both saw as the benefits and risks. Topics discussed include preconditions for children's participation, children's views regarding participation, parents' views, and voice and choice in children's participation.
Sam Cherribi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199734115
- eISBN:
- 9780199866113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734115.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter focuses on Islam in the aftermath of the killing of Theo van Gogh. The Dutch print media, as well as Dutch public and commercial broadcasters, have openly admired the heirs of the ...
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This chapter focuses on Islam in the aftermath of the killing of Theo van Gogh. The Dutch print media, as well as Dutch public and commercial broadcasters, have openly admired the heirs of the anti-Islam discourse broached by Pim Fortuyn, Hirsi Ali and Geert Wilders. Their respective movies/ documentaries, “Submission” and, more recently, “Fitna” garnered intense media attention, especially in Europe. The prevalent lens of secularism in the media distorts the condition of faithfulness and alienates those who might otherwise be more inclined to seek greater assimilation.Less
This chapter focuses on Islam in the aftermath of the killing of Theo van Gogh. The Dutch print media, as well as Dutch public and commercial broadcasters, have openly admired the heirs of the anti-Islam discourse broached by Pim Fortuyn, Hirsi Ali and Geert Wilders. Their respective movies/ documentaries, “Submission” and, more recently, “Fitna” garnered intense media attention, especially in Europe. The prevalent lens of secularism in the media distorts the condition of faithfulness and alienates those who might otherwise be more inclined to seek greater assimilation.
Susan K. Jacobson, Mallory D. McDuff, and Martha C. Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567714
- eISBN:
- 9780191718311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567714.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Making conservation come alive can mean discovering the natural world around us through a neighborhood scavenger hunt or researching the perspectives of an industry group for a role-play. Many of the ...
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Making conservation come alive can mean discovering the natural world around us through a neighborhood scavenger hunt or researching the perspectives of an industry group for a role-play. Many of the techniques in this chapter emphasize the experiential approach to conservation education, such as hands-on activities, field trips, and wilderness skills. The aim of these techniques is to immerse the participants in exploring the outdoors or an environmental concept. Other techniques bring conservation alive through a minds-on approach, such as storytelling, games, case studies, role-playing, and contests. Planning these techniques involves both research and logistics. This chapter provides helpful hints for implementation, including tips for engaging an audience in a story or developing a role-play. Every technique engages the audience in learning through direct experience.Less
Making conservation come alive can mean discovering the natural world around us through a neighborhood scavenger hunt or researching the perspectives of an industry group for a role-play. Many of the techniques in this chapter emphasize the experiential approach to conservation education, such as hands-on activities, field trips, and wilderness skills. The aim of these techniques is to immerse the participants in exploring the outdoors or an environmental concept. Other techniques bring conservation alive through a minds-on approach, such as storytelling, games, case studies, role-playing, and contests. Planning these techniques involves both research and logistics. This chapter provides helpful hints for implementation, including tips for engaging an audience in a story or developing a role-play. Every technique engages the audience in learning through direct experience.
Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136899
- eISBN:
- 9781400838905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136899.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
The linguistic, genetic, and cultural distances discussed in Chapter 3 have important applications, and many economists have shown that they matter greatly. This chapter focuses on inter-country ...
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The linguistic, genetic, and cultural distances discussed in Chapter 3 have important applications, and many economists have shown that they matter greatly. This chapter focuses on inter-country differences and their impact on trade, migration, translations, and certain aspects of voting behavior. Most applications of intercountry linguistic differences are based on what is now known as the gravity model, whose name comes from its analogy with Newton's 1687 law of universal gravitation. Section 1 is devoted to the best-known and most frequent application of the gravitational analogy: international trade flows. Section 2 discusses migrational flows. Section 3 analyzes the number of translations of literary works into and from various languages, whereas section 4 is devoted to a description of countries' voting patterns in the annual international Eurovision Song Contest.Less
The linguistic, genetic, and cultural distances discussed in Chapter 3 have important applications, and many economists have shown that they matter greatly. This chapter focuses on inter-country differences and their impact on trade, migration, translations, and certain aspects of voting behavior. Most applications of intercountry linguistic differences are based on what is now known as the gravity model, whose name comes from its analogy with Newton's 1687 law of universal gravitation. Section 1 is devoted to the best-known and most frequent application of the gravitational analogy: international trade flows. Section 2 discusses migrational flows. Section 3 analyzes the number of translations of literary works into and from various languages, whereas section 4 is devoted to a description of countries' voting patterns in the annual international Eurovision Song Contest.
Frank Lovett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579419
- eISBN:
- 9780191722837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579419.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the connection between social power and domination. It is argued that an imbalance of social power is a necessary, but not sufficient condition of domination. Social power is ...
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This chapter examines the connection between social power and domination. It is argued that an imbalance of social power is a necessary, but not sufficient condition of domination. Social power is analyzed as the ability of one person or group to change what another person or group would otherwise want to do. The relevance of strategies and rational expectations to a clear conception of power is considered and defended. It is also argued that power is not an essentially contested concept.Less
This chapter examines the connection between social power and domination. It is argued that an imbalance of social power is a necessary, but not sufficient condition of domination. Social power is analyzed as the ability of one person or group to change what another person or group would otherwise want to do. The relevance of strategies and rational expectations to a clear conception of power is considered and defended. It is also argued that power is not an essentially contested concept.
Christopher Harding
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548224
- eISBN:
- 9780191720697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548224.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, History of Religion
This chapter looks at missionary and convert attempts to construct a Christian community life in the wake of the mass movements, including attempted socialization through education, ceremony, and ...
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This chapter looks at missionary and convert attempts to construct a Christian community life in the wake of the mass movements, including attempted socialization through education, ceremony, and general welfare. Frustrations on all sides are highly revealing of the expectations with which mission personnel and converts entered uncertain associations with one another. Contests over the question of ‘what does it mean to be a Christian?’ and attempts by the CMS and the Capuchins to win influence in scattered convert communities are the principal focus, setting the tone as they did for future generations of Punjabi Christians.Less
This chapter looks at missionary and convert attempts to construct a Christian community life in the wake of the mass movements, including attempted socialization through education, ceremony, and general welfare. Frustrations on all sides are highly revealing of the expectations with which mission personnel and converts entered uncertain associations with one another. Contests over the question of ‘what does it mean to be a Christian?’ and attempts by the CMS and the Capuchins to win influence in scattered convert communities are the principal focus, setting the tone as they did for future generations of Punjabi Christians.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804748636
- eISBN:
- 9780804779395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804748636.003.0037
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
A practice in waka was to hold poetry contests (uta awase), when poems were subjected to varying praise and criticism which exposed even their slightest flaws while the poets' names were withheld ...
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A practice in waka was to hold poetry contests (uta awase), when poems were subjected to varying praise and criticism which exposed even their slightest flaws while the poets' names were withheld from the company. While such contents were also held in the case of renga, these were actually hokku or tsukeku arranged by an individual poet into pairs or rounds and submitted for judgment to a famous master or senior poet. An example is the Master Bontō's Renga Match in Fifteen Rounds (Bontōan renga awase jūgoban) convened in 1415. Renga contests could have been rarely held with the degree of formality and ceremony that characterized waka contests, but informally, they were held quite often and, as Shinkei hoped, became part of a renga poet's training. Nevertheless, Shinkei clearly hoped for a higher standard of poetry in renga than was being produced during his time.Less
A practice in waka was to hold poetry contests (uta awase), when poems were subjected to varying praise and criticism which exposed even their slightest flaws while the poets' names were withheld from the company. While such contents were also held in the case of renga, these were actually hokku or tsukeku arranged by an individual poet into pairs or rounds and submitted for judgment to a famous master or senior poet. An example is the Master Bontō's Renga Match in Fifteen Rounds (Bontōan renga awase jūgoban) convened in 1415. Renga contests could have been rarely held with the degree of formality and ceremony that characterized waka contests, but informally, they were held quite often and, as Shinkei hoped, became part of a renga poet's training. Nevertheless, Shinkei clearly hoped for a higher standard of poetry in renga than was being produced during his time.
Tom Scott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199274604
- eISBN:
- 9780191738685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274604.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Europe in 1000 is a vantage‐point, not a starting‐point: the chapter emphasizes continuities in the recovery of urban life, commerce, and population in Europe, especially the Mediterranean. ...
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Europe in 1000 is a vantage‐point, not a starting‐point: the chapter emphasizes continuities in the recovery of urban life, commerce, and population in Europe, especially the Mediterranean. City‐states are an outgrowth of the wider appearance of urban communes throughout Europe. The chapter therefore criticizes customary accounts of the flowering of central and northern Italian communes, pointing to similar developments in the Low Countries or the Upper Rhine. It examines the failure of the south Italian cities to develop into city‐states. In northern Italy, the chapter stresses the role of churchmen in promoting civic life and autonomy, especially during the age of church reform and the Investiture Contest. The chapter also examines the rise of Novgorod.Less
Europe in 1000 is a vantage‐point, not a starting‐point: the chapter emphasizes continuities in the recovery of urban life, commerce, and population in Europe, especially the Mediterranean. City‐states are an outgrowth of the wider appearance of urban communes throughout Europe. The chapter therefore criticizes customary accounts of the flowering of central and northern Italian communes, pointing to similar developments in the Low Countries or the Upper Rhine. It examines the failure of the south Italian cities to develop into city‐states. In northern Italy, the chapter stresses the role of churchmen in promoting civic life and autonomy, especially during the age of church reform and the Investiture Contest. The chapter also examines the rise of Novgorod.
Christine Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195156799
- eISBN:
- 9780199835218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515679X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores the creation and growth of the American Eugenics Society, whose energetic efforts to woo religious supporters met with remarkable success throughout the 1920s. The chapter ...
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This chapter explores the creation and growth of the American Eugenics Society, whose energetic efforts to woo religious supporters met with remarkable success throughout the 1920s. The chapter describes the Society’s Committee on Cooperation with Clergymen, headed by Rev. Henry Strong Huntington, which counted many prominent religious leaders as members, as well as the Society’s multiple “eugenic sermon contests,” which drew enthusiastic entrants from across the country and from a wide denominational spectrum. The chapter traces the participation of religious leaders such as Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Bishop William Lawrence, Rev. Guy Emery Shipler, Rev. Phillips Endecott Osgood, Bishop Francis John McConnell, and Rabbis Louis Mann and David de Sola Pool. It also describes the successful efforts of the society’s most skilled eugenics propagandist, Albert Edward Wiggam.Less
This chapter explores the creation and growth of the American Eugenics Society, whose energetic efforts to woo religious supporters met with remarkable success throughout the 1920s. The chapter describes the Society’s Committee on Cooperation with Clergymen, headed by Rev. Henry Strong Huntington, which counted many prominent religious leaders as members, as well as the Society’s multiple “eugenic sermon contests,” which drew enthusiastic entrants from across the country and from a wide denominational spectrum. The chapter traces the participation of religious leaders such as Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Bishop William Lawrence, Rev. Guy Emery Shipler, Rev. Phillips Endecott Osgood, Bishop Francis John McConnell, and Rabbis Louis Mann and David de Sola Pool. It also describes the successful efforts of the society’s most skilled eugenics propagandist, Albert Edward Wiggam.
Patrick Parkinson and Judy Cashmore
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237791
- eISBN:
- 9780191717222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237791.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter focuses on children's views on talking with judges, taking into account the views of children, parents, as well as those of the judges. It shows that despite the marked reluctance of ...
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This chapter focuses on children's views on talking with judges, taking into account the views of children, parents, as well as those of the judges. It shows that despite the marked reluctance of many of the judges to conduct interviews with children in chambers, there was a surprising degree of congruence in the views of judges, parents, and children about the potential value — and the risks — of judicial conversations with children. Some parents and judges, and a number of the children expressed the view that hearing what children have to say at first-hand provides a useful and often better sense of what is important to children and their experience in the family. It was particularly the children in the contested cases involving protracted disputes who expressed a desire to talk to the judge even though in most cases they had experienced being interviewed by an independent expert, and had a child representative.Less
This chapter focuses on children's views on talking with judges, taking into account the views of children, parents, as well as those of the judges. It shows that despite the marked reluctance of many of the judges to conduct interviews with children in chambers, there was a surprising degree of congruence in the views of judges, parents, and children about the potential value — and the risks — of judicial conversations with children. Some parents and judges, and a number of the children expressed the view that hearing what children have to say at first-hand provides a useful and often better sense of what is important to children and their experience in the family. It was particularly the children in the contested cases involving protracted disputes who expressed a desire to talk to the judge even though in most cases they had experienced being interviewed by an independent expert, and had a child representative.
Mary O'Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244867
- eISBN:
- 9780191596735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244863.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Like its US counterpart, the characteristic features of the post‐war system of corporate governance in the former West Germany have deep roots in the region's history. Section 7.2 of this chapter ...
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Like its US counterpart, the characteristic features of the post‐war system of corporate governance in the former West Germany have deep roots in the region's history. Section 7.2 of this chapter analyses the evolution of managerial control in pre‐war Germany and identifies its central institutional foundations as inter‐company shareholding and bank–industry relations. Section 7.3 describes how these institutions persisted in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) after the war, although through the institution of co‐determination, the post‐war system of corporate governance was transformed beyond its narrow pre‐war confines into a contested form of organizational control; in shaping control over corporate resource allocation, these social conditions were complemented by institutions––especially the dual system of apprenticeship––that supported the organizational integration of resources in German business enterprises. Section 7.3 further discusses how, on the basis of the system of governance that supported organizational control, German companies achieved considerable success in industrial sectors in which high quality was more important than low cost as a basis for competitive advantage; it also analyses how the type of organizational control that emerged in the post‐war period influenced the distribution of wealth in the economy. The last main section, Sect. 7.4, discusses corporate governance in relation to performance.Less
Like its US counterpart, the characteristic features of the post‐war system of corporate governance in the former West Germany have deep roots in the region's history. Section 7.2 of this chapter analyses the evolution of managerial control in pre‐war Germany and identifies its central institutional foundations as inter‐company shareholding and bank–industry relations. Section 7.3 describes how these institutions persisted in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) after the war, although through the institution of co‐determination, the post‐war system of corporate governance was transformed beyond its narrow pre‐war confines into a contested form of organizational control; in shaping control over corporate resource allocation, these social conditions were complemented by institutions––especially the dual system of apprenticeship––that supported the organizational integration of resources in German business enterprises. Section 7.3 further discusses how, on the basis of the system of governance that supported organizational control, German companies achieved considerable success in industrial sectors in which high quality was more important than low cost as a basis for competitive advantage; it also analyses how the type of organizational control that emerged in the post‐war period influenced the distribution of wealth in the economy. The last main section, Sect. 7.4, discusses corporate governance in relation to performance.
Ellen Gruber Garvey
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195108224
- eISBN:
- 9780199855070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195108224.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
By the 1890s, as magazines became economically dependent on advertising rather than on sales of copies or subscriptions, magazine publishers, acting in the interests of advertisers, developed an ...
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By the 1890s, as magazines became economically dependent on advertising rather than on sales of copies or subscriptions, magazine publishers, acting in the interests of advertisers, developed an institutional interest in focusing the attention of readers on advertising. This chapter looks at one strategy magazines pursued both to assure advertisers that their ads were being read and to demonstrate to readers that ads were entertaining, informative, and worth reading. Advertising contests encouraged readers to bring advertising materials into their lives, to incorporate brand names and advertising slogans into their conversation and writing, and to see the world through a new set of categories. Here, advertising figures became their companions, and advertising could be looked to as a reliable source of cheerful, friendly characters. The bright and lively sayings in advertisements were evidently not considered “slang” and therefore not condemned in the middle-class child's household or magazine, in a period in which the language of middle-class children was monitored for such lapses. Advertising therefore became an arena of play and pleasure.Less
By the 1890s, as magazines became economically dependent on advertising rather than on sales of copies or subscriptions, magazine publishers, acting in the interests of advertisers, developed an institutional interest in focusing the attention of readers on advertising. This chapter looks at one strategy magazines pursued both to assure advertisers that their ads were being read and to demonstrate to readers that ads were entertaining, informative, and worth reading. Advertising contests encouraged readers to bring advertising materials into their lives, to incorporate brand names and advertising slogans into their conversation and writing, and to see the world through a new set of categories. Here, advertising figures became their companions, and advertising could be looked to as a reliable source of cheerful, friendly characters. The bright and lively sayings in advertisements were evidently not considered “slang” and therefore not condemned in the middle-class child's household or magazine, in a period in which the language of middle-class children was monitored for such lapses. Advertising therefore became an arena of play and pleasure.
Fernando Vega‐Redondo
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198774723
- eISBN:
- 9780191596971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198774729.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Presents the basic theoretical framework and introduces the key notion of Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS). The chapter addresses the issue of existence of ESS, the relationship of ESS to the ...
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Presents the basic theoretical framework and introduces the key notion of Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS). The chapter addresses the issue of existence of ESS, the relationship of ESS to the standard game‐theoretic equilibrium concepts (such as Nash Equilibrium), the considerations arising in asymmetric contexts, or the implications of finite populations. It closes with an example on the evolution of cheap talk.Less
Presents the basic theoretical framework and introduces the key notion of Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS). The chapter addresses the issue of existence of ESS, the relationship of ESS to the standard game‐theoretic equilibrium concepts (such as Nash Equilibrium), the considerations arising in asymmetric contexts, or the implications of finite populations. It closes with an example on the evolution of cheap talk.
