William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
If the purpose of bioterrorism is social and economic disruption, and the spread of fear and uncertainty across as many people as possible, for as long as possible, disruption of food and water ...
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If the purpose of bioterrorism is social and economic disruption, and the spread of fear and uncertainty across as many people as possible, for as long as possible, disruption of food and water supplies – agroterrorism - can be a major weapon. People dying of thirst or starvation is actually a rather low-probability outcome of an agroterrorism attack. The US is a major supplier of food to the world, and agricultural exports account for a sizeable portion of America's trade income – about fifty billion dollars per year. Pathogenic contamination of American food supplies, which feed a sizeable portion of the world community, could bring about economic disaster the likes of which have not been seen since the Great Depression. It would affect not just farmers and agribusinesses who grow food for export: the collateral damage stemming from interference with this sector of our nation's business would ripple through the rest of our economy like a hot knife through butter.Less
If the purpose of bioterrorism is social and economic disruption, and the spread of fear and uncertainty across as many people as possible, for as long as possible, disruption of food and water supplies – agroterrorism - can be a major weapon. People dying of thirst or starvation is actually a rather low-probability outcome of an agroterrorism attack. The US is a major supplier of food to the world, and agricultural exports account for a sizeable portion of America's trade income – about fifty billion dollars per year. Pathogenic contamination of American food supplies, which feed a sizeable portion of the world community, could bring about economic disaster the likes of which have not been seen since the Great Depression. It would affect not just farmers and agribusinesses who grow food for export: the collateral damage stemming from interference with this sector of our nation's business would ripple through the rest of our economy like a hot knife through butter.
Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195181661
- eISBN:
- 9780199788477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181661.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
In a successful drug sting operation against Paul Manziel’s brother, Bobby Joe Manziel, one tape recording gave law enforcement a clue that Paul may be involved in an unrelated bribery event. The ...
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In a successful drug sting operation against Paul Manziel’s brother, Bobby Joe Manziel, one tape recording gave law enforcement a clue that Paul may be involved in an unrelated bribery event. The undercover cooperating witness then turned his attention to Paul, using recording strategies in which he manipulated the tape recorder and otherwise contaminated the evidence to the extent that the case had to be dismissed before trial.Less
In a successful drug sting operation against Paul Manziel’s brother, Bobby Joe Manziel, one tape recording gave law enforcement a clue that Paul may be involved in an unrelated bribery event. The undercover cooperating witness then turned his attention to Paul, using recording strategies in which he manipulated the tape recorder and otherwise contaminated the evidence to the extent that the case had to be dismissed before trial.
Dan P. McAdams
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176933
- eISBN:
- 9780199786787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176933.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter considers the life stories of American adults who score low on psychological tests measuring generativity. Research suggests that less generative adults tend to construct life stories ...
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This chapter considers the life stories of American adults who score low on psychological tests measuring generativity. Research suggests that less generative adults tend to construct life stories that feature contamination sequences — scenes that begin very good but become irrevocably ruined or spoiled — and circular plots wherein protagonists fail to show progress or growth over time. The chapter traces the ideas of contamination sequences and circular narratives in the theoretical writings of Freud and Silvan Tomkins, and describes efforts to undo contamination in life stories of recovery, rehabilitation, and reform. Among the most powerful redemptive narratives in contemporary American culture are those associated with Alcoholics Anonymous and criminals' efforts to reform their lives.Less
This chapter considers the life stories of American adults who score low on psychological tests measuring generativity. Research suggests that less generative adults tend to construct life stories that feature contamination sequences — scenes that begin very good but become irrevocably ruined or spoiled — and circular plots wherein protagonists fail to show progress or growth over time. The chapter traces the ideas of contamination sequences and circular narratives in the theoretical writings of Freud and Silvan Tomkins, and describes efforts to undo contamination in life stories of recovery, rehabilitation, and reform. Among the most powerful redemptive narratives in contemporary American culture are those associated with Alcoholics Anonymous and criminals' efforts to reform their lives.
Geoffrey Cubitt
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198228684
- eISBN:
- 9780191678790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198228684.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, History of Religion
This chapter discusses the anti-Jesuits' historical and ethical attacks surrounding the Jesuit organization. For the anti-Jesuits, the theories and teachings of the Jesuits were instruments of ...
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This chapter discusses the anti-Jesuits' historical and ethical attacks surrounding the Jesuit organization. For the anti-Jesuits, the theories and teachings of the Jesuits were instruments of corruption. The influence of the Jesuits themselves and of their affiliates, the confessional and the Jesuit schools were all deemed poisonous corruptions. The Jesuitical notions of Jesuit subversion was also seen as corruption in the most dangerous manner. This chapter focuses on the two dominant Jesuit contamination of the intellect which caught the attention of the anti-Jesuits during the 19th century. These two are the falsification of history primarily in schoolbooks and the propagation of a corrupt and corrupting body of moral discipline through the confessional.Less
This chapter discusses the anti-Jesuits' historical and ethical attacks surrounding the Jesuit organization. For the anti-Jesuits, the theories and teachings of the Jesuits were instruments of corruption. The influence of the Jesuits themselves and of their affiliates, the confessional and the Jesuit schools were all deemed poisonous corruptions. The Jesuitical notions of Jesuit subversion was also seen as corruption in the most dangerous manner. This chapter focuses on the two dominant Jesuit contamination of the intellect which caught the attention of the anti-Jesuits during the 19th century. These two are the falsification of history primarily in schoolbooks and the propagation of a corrupt and corrupting body of moral discipline through the confessional.
Paul Friedland
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592692
- eISBN:
- 9780191741852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592692.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, European Early Modern History
Far from being mere conduits of the king's wrath, executioners were extraordinary beings in their own right. More a race of outcasts than a profession (they suffered profound prejudice and ostracism, ...
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Far from being mere conduits of the king's wrath, executioners were extraordinary beings in their own right. More a race of outcasts than a profession (they suffered profound prejudice and ostracism, and consequently married largely within the executioner community), they nevertheless possessed extraordinary privileges such as havage, which entitled them to seize a percentage of goods from every vendor in the marketplace with a tin spoon (so as not to subject the remaining produce to contamination). They also collected tribute from their fellow pariahs, lepers and prostitutes. Reviled in every aspect of their daily life, many executioners, particularly those from France's largest cities, led lives of significant material comfort and privilege. Their fate was inextricably linked to that of the spectacular punishments they executed, however, and their fortunes rose and fell along with them.Less
Far from being mere conduits of the king's wrath, executioners were extraordinary beings in their own right. More a race of outcasts than a profession (they suffered profound prejudice and ostracism, and consequently married largely within the executioner community), they nevertheless possessed extraordinary privileges such as havage, which entitled them to seize a percentage of goods from every vendor in the marketplace with a tin spoon (so as not to subject the remaining produce to contamination). They also collected tribute from their fellow pariahs, lepers and prostitutes. Reviled in every aspect of their daily life, many executioners, particularly those from France's largest cities, led lives of significant material comfort and privilege. Their fate was inextricably linked to that of the spectacular punishments they executed, however, and their fortunes rose and fell along with them.
Samuel K. Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574025
- eISBN:
- 9780191722530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574025.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter explores the psychological ramifications of plague that provoked social conflict and mass fear, which doctors and others in 1575–8 now saw as adding significantly to plague mortalities. ...
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This chapter explores the psychological ramifications of plague that provoked social conflict and mass fear, which doctors and others in 1575–8 now saw as adding significantly to plague mortalities. This turn to the psychological and moral ramifications of plague did not mean that the crisis of 1575–8 was fought under the dark cloud of Counter‐Reformation piety and authority, a return to apocalyptic notions of plague and a rejection of medical ‘realism’. Instead of a Church–State conflict embracing two fundamentally different views of the plague's cause, the chapter shows mutual respect and cooperation in combating the pan‐Italian plague of 1575–8: both passed ordinances steeped in the realisation that plague spread because of human contagion and the contamination of goods.Less
This chapter explores the psychological ramifications of plague that provoked social conflict and mass fear, which doctors and others in 1575–8 now saw as adding significantly to plague mortalities. This turn to the psychological and moral ramifications of plague did not mean that the crisis of 1575–8 was fought under the dark cloud of Counter‐Reformation piety and authority, a return to apocalyptic notions of plague and a rejection of medical ‘realism’. Instead of a Church–State conflict embracing two fundamentally different views of the plague's cause, the chapter shows mutual respect and cooperation in combating the pan‐Italian plague of 1575–8: both passed ordinances steeped in the realisation that plague spread because of human contagion and the contamination of goods.
William M Alley and Rosemarie Alley
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300220384
- eISBN:
- 9780300227550
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300220384.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water for half of the world’s population and is critical for global food security. Simultaneously, groundwater provides enormous environmental benefits ...
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Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water for half of the world’s population and is critical for global food security. Simultaneously, groundwater provides enormous environmental benefits by sustaining rivers, lakes, and wetlands, especially during droughts. A growing global population, widespread use of industrial chemicals, and climate change now threaten this vital resource. Groundwater depletion and contamination has spread from isolated areas to many countries throughout the world.
Groundwater is shared among many users and effective groundwater governance is hard to achieve. Solutions require active community engagement and collaboration of diverse stakeholders. External pressure is usually also required to achieve necessary changes and accountability. Groundwater depletion and contamination are prime examples of how many of the world’s most pressing environmental problems require cooperation and collective action.
Drawing on examples from around the world, this book examines groundwater from key scientific and socioeconomic perspectives. Major themes woven throughout the book are: (1) the importance of integrating groundwater into overall water and land management, (2) how to achieve sustainable long-term yields from aquifers, (3) protection of groundwater quality, (4) groundwater and surface water as a single resource, (5) preservation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, (6) measures to address the delayed effects of groundwater pumping, and (7) the role of groundwater in the face of climate change. While addressing the serious nature of groundwater problems, the book includes stories of people who are making a difference in protecting this critical resource.Less
Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water for half of the world’s population and is critical for global food security. Simultaneously, groundwater provides enormous environmental benefits by sustaining rivers, lakes, and wetlands, especially during droughts. A growing global population, widespread use of industrial chemicals, and climate change now threaten this vital resource. Groundwater depletion and contamination has spread from isolated areas to many countries throughout the world.
Groundwater is shared among many users and effective groundwater governance is hard to achieve. Solutions require active community engagement and collaboration of diverse stakeholders. External pressure is usually also required to achieve necessary changes and accountability. Groundwater depletion and contamination are prime examples of how many of the world’s most pressing environmental problems require cooperation and collective action.
Drawing on examples from around the world, this book examines groundwater from key scientific and socioeconomic perspectives. Major themes woven throughout the book are: (1) the importance of integrating groundwater into overall water and land management, (2) how to achieve sustainable long-term yields from aquifers, (3) protection of groundwater quality, (4) groundwater and surface water as a single resource, (5) preservation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, (6) measures to address the delayed effects of groundwater pumping, and (7) the role of groundwater in the face of climate change. While addressing the serious nature of groundwater problems, the book includes stories of people who are making a difference in protecting this critical resource.
Frank H. Durgin, Anna J. Ruff, and Robert C. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199597277
- eISBN:
- 9780191741883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199597277.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
This chapter argues that whereas perceptual experience is underconstant in one sense, it is virtually constant insofar as it is functionally stable and predictable. The possibility of distinguishing ...
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This chapter argues that whereas perceptual experience is underconstant in one sense, it is virtually constant insofar as it is functionally stable and predictable. The possibility of distinguishing perception and cognition is explored in experiments on the perception of surface orientation. These experiments are related to the study of self-motion perception and space perception. An experiment comparing monocular and binocular perception of hills revealed perceptual differences, between-subjects, that were masked in within-subject comparisons by metacognitive strategies. A second experiment found that participants wearing heavy backpacks gave (cognitively) elevated slope estimates only because of experimental demands not physical ones. Perceptual experience is informative about perceptual processing, but reports of experience are subject to cognitive contamination. True perceptual experience may be virtually constant insofar as the perceptual consequences of actions can be correctly anticipated.Less
This chapter argues that whereas perceptual experience is underconstant in one sense, it is virtually constant insofar as it is functionally stable and predictable. The possibility of distinguishing perception and cognition is explored in experiments on the perception of surface orientation. These experiments are related to the study of self-motion perception and space perception. An experiment comparing monocular and binocular perception of hills revealed perceptual differences, between-subjects, that were masked in within-subject comparisons by metacognitive strategies. A second experiment found that participants wearing heavy backpacks gave (cognitively) elevated slope estimates only because of experimental demands not physical ones. Perceptual experience is informative about perceptual processing, but reports of experience are subject to cognitive contamination. True perceptual experience may be virtually constant insofar as the perceptual consequences of actions can be correctly anticipated.
Justin Willis
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203209
- eISBN:
- 9780191675782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203209.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to ...
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This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to change the social relationships. Official discourse around the planning of the town invoked an imagery of moral and physical contamination, which emphasized the importance of establishing proper boundaries and preventing the incorporation of even more migrants into the Swahili population. But the implementation of these plans in the town was considerably delayed. While serious planning had begun under Hobley in 1913, the remaking of the town began only in the later 1920s, and came some time after the peak of attempts to enforce the policies of separation in the hinterland.Less
This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to change the social relationships. Official discourse around the planning of the town invoked an imagery of moral and physical contamination, which emphasized the importance of establishing proper boundaries and preventing the incorporation of even more migrants into the Swahili population. But the implementation of these plans in the town was considerably delayed. While serious planning had begun under Hobley in 1913, the remaking of the town began only in the later 1920s, and came some time after the peak of attempts to enforce the policies of separation in the hinterland.
Virginia Berridge
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204725
- eISBN:
- 9780191676376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204725.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explores how the issue of AIDS and contamination of blood supplies created broader issue for the field of sexual health. Blood was of key importance in defining AIDS as an issue of ...
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This chapter explores how the issue of AIDS and contamination of blood supplies created broader issue for the field of sexual health. Blood was of key importance in defining AIDS as an issue of general policy importance in the UK. In Britain, blood was linked inextricably with the concept of voluntarism. The issue of possible contamination of the blood supply and blood products first emerged in the British medical press early in 1983. An infant had received a blood transfusion at birth from a donor who subsequently developed AIDS and died some time later. It was a matter of concern that this donor had not become ill until some time after the donation had been made; the idea that there might be a latent period, or a carrier state, was emerging as a possibility.Less
This chapter explores how the issue of AIDS and contamination of blood supplies created broader issue for the field of sexual health. Blood was of key importance in defining AIDS as an issue of general policy importance in the UK. In Britain, blood was linked inextricably with the concept of voluntarism. The issue of possible contamination of the blood supply and blood products first emerged in the British medical press early in 1983. An infant had received a blood transfusion at birth from a donor who subsequently developed AIDS and died some time later. It was a matter of concern that this donor had not become ill until some time after the donation had been made; the idea that there might be a latent period, or a carrier state, was emerging as a possibility.
Donald S. McLusky and Michael Elliott
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525080
- eISBN:
- 9780191728198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525080.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter considers the uses made of estuaries, and then examines the various responses of estuarine organisms to each usage. It looks at many forms of pollution separately, but also (because they ...
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This chapter considers the uses made of estuaries, and then examines the various responses of estuarine organisms to each usage. It looks at many forms of pollution separately, but also (because they rarely act in isolation), in combination, as well as other types of stress on the system resulting from Man's uses. The categories of change due to human activities in the estuarine ecosystem are: the presence of xenobiotics and toxins, physical additions, energy change, physical structures, the over-stimulation of biota, the input of non-indigenous organisms, and the production of a mutagenic response. The categories of pollutants are: trace metals, synthetic organic compounds, hydrocarbons, radioactivity, inert (physical) materials, nutrients, organic matter, energy, and, alien organisms.Less
This chapter considers the uses made of estuaries, and then examines the various responses of estuarine organisms to each usage. It looks at many forms of pollution separately, but also (because they rarely act in isolation), in combination, as well as other types of stress on the system resulting from Man's uses. The categories of change due to human activities in the estuarine ecosystem are: the presence of xenobiotics and toxins, physical additions, energy change, physical structures, the over-stimulation of biota, the input of non-indigenous organisms, and the production of a mutagenic response. The categories of pollutants are: trace metals, synthetic organic compounds, hydrocarbons, radioactivity, inert (physical) materials, nutrients, organic matter, energy, and, alien organisms.
Daniel Renfrew
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520295469
- eISBN:
- 9780520968240
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520295469.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Drawing on political ecology and science studies perspectives, Life without Lead examines the social, political, and environmental dimensions of a devastating lead-poisoning epidemic. Lead became ...
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Drawing on political ecology and science studies perspectives, Life without Lead examines the social, political, and environmental dimensions of a devastating lead-poisoning epidemic. Lead became Uruguay’s first mass contamination event, affecting tens of thousands of children in neighborhoods across the capital, Montevideo, and other cities. Carrying along a deep sense of urgency, the discovery and unfolding of lead contamination raised broad-ranging questions about the nature of urban environmental risk, the fraught and changing relationship between citizens and the state, and the transformative social, economic, and political landscape of a country in crisis. The book situates the Uruguayan case in relation to neoliberal reform, globalization, and the resurgence of the political left in Latin America. It traces the rise of an environmental-justice movement; analyzes the politics of culture, place, organized labor, and class; and examines the local and transnational circulation of environmental ideologies and contested biomedical science. Through fine-grained ethnographic analysis, Life without Lead traverses the realms of material reality and experience, disputed claims to “truth,” and the symbolic and power-laden terrain of collective identities, meaning, and action.Less
Drawing on political ecology and science studies perspectives, Life without Lead examines the social, political, and environmental dimensions of a devastating lead-poisoning epidemic. Lead became Uruguay’s first mass contamination event, affecting tens of thousands of children in neighborhoods across the capital, Montevideo, and other cities. Carrying along a deep sense of urgency, the discovery and unfolding of lead contamination raised broad-ranging questions about the nature of urban environmental risk, the fraught and changing relationship between citizens and the state, and the transformative social, economic, and political landscape of a country in crisis. The book situates the Uruguayan case in relation to neoliberal reform, globalization, and the resurgence of the political left in Latin America. It traces the rise of an environmental-justice movement; analyzes the politics of culture, place, organized labor, and class; and examines the local and transnational circulation of environmental ideologies and contested biomedical science. Through fine-grained ethnographic analysis, Life without Lead traverses the realms of material reality and experience, disputed claims to “truth,” and the symbolic and power-laden terrain of collective identities, meaning, and action.
Nizam Damani
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698356
- eISBN:
- 9780191732126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698356.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The primary aim of using personal protective equipment (PPE) in health care settings is to protect the skin and mucous membranes of health care workers from exposure to blood and/or body fluid. It ...
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The primary aim of using personal protective equipment (PPE) in health care settings is to protect the skin and mucous membranes of health care workers from exposure to blood and/or body fluid. It also prevents contamination of clothing and reduces the opportunity of spread of microorganisms from patients and/or fomites to other patients, staff, and environments. It is essential that PPE conforming to appropriate national/international standards should be used. The decision to use and select appropriate PPE must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with contamination of skin, mucous membranes, and clothing by blood and/or body fluids from a specific patient care activity or intervention. This chapter discusses PPEs including gloves, aprons and gowns, and protective eye/facewear.Less
The primary aim of using personal protective equipment (PPE) in health care settings is to protect the skin and mucous membranes of health care workers from exposure to blood and/or body fluid. It also prevents contamination of clothing and reduces the opportunity of spread of microorganisms from patients and/or fomites to other patients, staff, and environments. It is essential that PPE conforming to appropriate national/international standards should be used. The decision to use and select appropriate PPE must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with contamination of skin, mucous membranes, and clothing by blood and/or body fluids from a specific patient care activity or intervention. This chapter discusses PPEs including gloves, aprons and gowns, and protective eye/facewear.
Robert D. Bullard and Beverly Wright
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814799932
- eISBN:
- 9780814763841
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814799932.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
When the images of desperate, hungry, thirsty, sick, mostly black people circulated in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, it became apparent to the whole country that race did indeed matter when it ...
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When the images of desperate, hungry, thirsty, sick, mostly black people circulated in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, it became apparent to the whole country that race did indeed matter when it came to government assistance. This book places the government response to natural and human-induced disasters in historical context over the past eight decades. It compares and contrasts how the government responded to emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies, toxic contamination, industrial accidents, and bioterrorism threats and show that African Americans are disproportionately affected. It argues that uncovering and eliminating disparate disaster response can mean the difference between life and death for those most vulnerable in disastrous times.Less
When the images of desperate, hungry, thirsty, sick, mostly black people circulated in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, it became apparent to the whole country that race did indeed matter when it came to government assistance. This book places the government response to natural and human-induced disasters in historical context over the past eight decades. It compares and contrasts how the government responded to emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies, toxic contamination, industrial accidents, and bioterrorism threats and show that African Americans are disproportionately affected. It argues that uncovering and eliminating disparate disaster response can mean the difference between life and death for those most vulnerable in disastrous times.
Ralph Crane and Radhika Mohanram
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846318962
- eISBN:
- 9781781380970
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846318962.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
Within postcolonial studies, Britain’s long contact with India has been read generally only within the context of imperialism to inform our understanding of race, gender, identity, and power within ...
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Within postcolonial studies, Britain’s long contact with India has been read generally only within the context of imperialism to inform our understanding of race, gender, identity, and power within colonialism. Yet postcolonial interpretations that focus on such single dimensions of identity risk disregarding the sense of displacement, discontinuities, and discomforts that compromised everyday life for the British in India—the Anglo-Indians—during the Raj. Imperialism as Diaspora reconsiders the urgencies, governing principles, and modes of being of the Anglo-Indians by approaching Britain’s imperial relationship with India from new, interdisciplinary directions. Moving freely between the disciplines of literature, history, and art this new work offers readers a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the lives of Anglo-Indians. Focusing on the years between the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and Independence in1947—the period of the British Raj in India—Imperialism as Diaspora at once sets in motion the multidisciplinary fields of cultural and social history, art and iconography, and literary productions while carefully maintaining the tension between imperialism and diaspora in a ground-breaking reassessment of Anglo-India. The authors examine the seamless continuum between cultural history, the semiotics of art, and Anglo-Indian literary works. Specifically, they focus on the influence of the Sepoy Mutiny on Anglo-Indian identity; the trope of duty and the white man’s burden on the racialization of Anglo-India; the role of the missionary and the status of Christianity in India; and gender, love and contamination within mixed marriages. Less
Within postcolonial studies, Britain’s long contact with India has been read generally only within the context of imperialism to inform our understanding of race, gender, identity, and power within colonialism. Yet postcolonial interpretations that focus on such single dimensions of identity risk disregarding the sense of displacement, discontinuities, and discomforts that compromised everyday life for the British in India—the Anglo-Indians—during the Raj. Imperialism as Diaspora reconsiders the urgencies, governing principles, and modes of being of the Anglo-Indians by approaching Britain’s imperial relationship with India from new, interdisciplinary directions. Moving freely between the disciplines of literature, history, and art this new work offers readers a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the lives of Anglo-Indians. Focusing on the years between the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and Independence in1947—the period of the British Raj in India—Imperialism as Diaspora at once sets in motion the multidisciplinary fields of cultural and social history, art and iconography, and literary productions while carefully maintaining the tension between imperialism and diaspora in a ground-breaking reassessment of Anglo-India. The authors examine the seamless continuum between cultural history, the semiotics of art, and Anglo-Indian literary works. Specifically, they focus on the influence of the Sepoy Mutiny on Anglo-Indian identity; the trope of duty and the white man’s burden on the racialization of Anglo-India; the role of the missionary and the status of Christianity in India; and gender, love and contamination within mixed marriages.
Luiz Carlos L. Silveira, Enira Terezinha B. Damin, Maria Da ConceiÇÃO N. Pinheiro, Anderson R. Rodrigues, Ana Laura A. Moura, Maria Izabel T. CÔRtes, and Guilherme A. Mello
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525301
- eISBN:
- 9780191584947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525301.003.0044
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the visual performance of Amazonian gold miners and other workers suffering from mercury poisoning. Subjects exposed to mercury displayed a variable degree of spatial vision ...
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This chapter examines the visual performance of Amazonian gold miners and other workers suffering from mercury poisoning. Subjects exposed to mercury displayed a variable degree of spatial vision dysfunction. Both achromatic and chromatic vision were impaired. They had lower achromatic contrast sensitivity and this effect was more pronounced in the medium spatial frequency range. Mercury exposed subjects also had lower red-green and blue-green chromatic contrast sensitivity than control subjects in all tested spatial frequencies.Less
This chapter examines the visual performance of Amazonian gold miners and other workers suffering from mercury poisoning. Subjects exposed to mercury displayed a variable degree of spatial vision dysfunction. Both achromatic and chromatic vision were impaired. They had lower achromatic contrast sensitivity and this effect was more pronounced in the medium spatial frequency range. Mercury exposed subjects also had lower red-green and blue-green chromatic contrast sensitivity than control subjects in all tested spatial frequencies.
William Douglas Woody and Krista D. Forrest
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479860371
- eISBN:
- 9781479828128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479860371.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter introduces readers to the Norfolk Four, whose false confessions led to years in prison despite failure of their confessions to fit evidence and differences among their confessions. The ...
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This chapter introduces readers to the Norfolk Four, whose false confessions led to years in prison despite failure of their confessions to fit evidence and differences among their confessions. The authors examine the legal process by which investigators corroborate confessions. The authors then move from legal to psychological issues, including typical cognitive biases and social factors that interfere with corroboration of confessions. The authors next examine ways that confessions corrupt the subsequent investigations and evidence, particularly when officers, intentionally or unintentionally, contaminate and format a confession so that it appears to fit the evidence. The chapter concludes with a review of the ways the totality of the circumstances can increase the likelihood of mistaken conviction.Less
This chapter introduces readers to the Norfolk Four, whose false confessions led to years in prison despite failure of their confessions to fit evidence and differences among their confessions. The authors examine the legal process by which investigators corroborate confessions. The authors then move from legal to psychological issues, including typical cognitive biases and social factors that interfere with corroboration of confessions. The authors next examine ways that confessions corrupt the subsequent investigations and evidence, particularly when officers, intentionally or unintentionally, contaminate and format a confession so that it appears to fit the evidence. The chapter concludes with a review of the ways the totality of the circumstances can increase the likelihood of mistaken conviction.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter addresses the quality of the gift of blood. The transfusion and use of whole blood and certain blood products carries with it the risk of transmitting disease, particularly serum ...
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This chapter addresses the quality of the gift of blood. The transfusion and use of whole blood and certain blood products carries with it the risk of transmitting disease, particularly serum hepatitis, malaria, syphilis, and brucellosis. Not only are there risks in infected blood and plasma, but there are also risks in the use of contaminated needles and apparatus in the collection and transfusion processes. The absence of a scientific check on quality and safety means that the subsequent biological condition of those who receive blood constitutes the ultimate test of whether the virus was present in the donation. However, few patients know that their bodies perform this role. In these situations of consumer ignorance and uncertainty, as in many others in the whole field of medical care, the patient has to trust the medical profession and the organised system of medical care.Less
This chapter addresses the quality of the gift of blood. The transfusion and use of whole blood and certain blood products carries with it the risk of transmitting disease, particularly serum hepatitis, malaria, syphilis, and brucellosis. Not only are there risks in infected blood and plasma, but there are also risks in the use of contaminated needles and apparatus in the collection and transfusion processes. The absence of a scientific check on quality and safety means that the subsequent biological condition of those who receive blood constitutes the ultimate test of whether the virus was present in the donation. However, few patients know that their bodies perform this role. In these situations of consumer ignorance and uncertainty, as in many others in the whole field of medical care, the patient has to trust the medical profession and the organised system of medical care.
John E. Craighead
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195178692
- eISBN:
- 9780199864591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178692.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter summarizes the current understanding of the health risks associated with employment in various industries where exposure is alleged to occur. Topics discussed include textile mill ...
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This chapter summarizes the current understanding of the health risks associated with employment in various industries where exposure is alleged to occur. Topics discussed include textile mill workers, shipbuilders and navy/merchant marine personnel, insulators, plumbers and pipe fitters, construction workers, building interior workmen, floor tile and linoleum installers and removers, asbestos-cement manufacturers and end-product users, occupants of public and commercial buildings, electricians, automotive mechanics, railroad workers, and thermoelectric power and chemical plant workers.Less
This chapter summarizes the current understanding of the health risks associated with employment in various industries where exposure is alleged to occur. Topics discussed include textile mill workers, shipbuilders and navy/merchant marine personnel, insulators, plumbers and pipe fitters, construction workers, building interior workmen, floor tile and linoleum installers and removers, asbestos-cement manufacturers and end-product users, occupants of public and commercial buildings, electricians, automotive mechanics, railroad workers, and thermoelectric power and chemical plant workers.
Nicholas H. Heintz and Brooke T. Mossman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195178692
- eISBN:
- 9780199864591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178692.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses how asbestos interacts with cell-signaling pathways to modulate cell functions, including induction of proliferation and cell death, either by necrosis or by apoptosis ...
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This chapter discusses how asbestos interacts with cell-signaling pathways to modulate cell functions, including induction of proliferation and cell death, either by necrosis or by apoptosis (programmed cell death). Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and other signaling pathways by asbestos, or reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) elaborated by asbestos, may be critical to elicitation of injury and proliferation in mesothelial and epithelial cells during carcinogenesis. The responses to asbestos are dose-related, and represent a dynamic balance between the induction of cell injury and cell death and promotion of cell proliferation. Chronic cell injury coupled with inflammatory responses also may promote compensatory hyperplasia over time. Because of its durability and capability to produce or modulate ROS/RNS, asbestos may have a unique ability to perturb cell signaling pathways.Less
This chapter discusses how asbestos interacts with cell-signaling pathways to modulate cell functions, including induction of proliferation and cell death, either by necrosis or by apoptosis (programmed cell death). Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and other signaling pathways by asbestos, or reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) elaborated by asbestos, may be critical to elicitation of injury and proliferation in mesothelial and epithelial cells during carcinogenesis. The responses to asbestos are dose-related, and represent a dynamic balance between the induction of cell injury and cell death and promotion of cell proliferation. Chronic cell injury coupled with inflammatory responses also may promote compensatory hyperplasia over time. Because of its durability and capability to produce or modulate ROS/RNS, asbestos may have a unique ability to perturb cell signaling pathways.
