Paolo Mauro, Nathan Sussman, and Yishay Yafeh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272693
- eISBN:
- 9780191603488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272697.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging ...
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This chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging markets was far higher in the 1990s than during the pre-World War I era. Sharp changes in spreads (or crises, defined in a number of ways) during the 1990s typically affected many countries at the same time, whereas global crises were virtually non-existent in the historical sample. An examination of whether co-movement was driven by common economic fundamentals showed that emerging markets in the past were more different from each other than their counterparts are today: they tended to specialize in a small number of export commodities. Differences in co-movement between the two periods were not driven solely by economic fundamentals, and may be accounted for by differences in investor behavior, particularly the presence of large investment funds today versus many individual investors in the past.Less
This chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging markets was far higher in the 1990s than during the pre-World War I era. Sharp changes in spreads (or crises, defined in a number of ways) during the 1990s typically affected many countries at the same time, whereas global crises were virtually non-existent in the historical sample. An examination of whether co-movement was driven by common economic fundamentals showed that emerging markets in the past were more different from each other than their counterparts are today: they tended to specialize in a small number of export commodities. Differences in co-movement between the two periods were not driven solely by economic fundamentals, and may be accounted for by differences in investor behavior, particularly the presence of large investment funds today versus many individual investors in the past.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Many of our distinctively human social traits are interwoven with simulational propensities. A stroll through simulation-related topics includes the psychological underpinnings of social bonds, our ...
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Many of our distinctively human social traits are interwoven with simulational propensities. A stroll through simulation-related topics includes the psychological underpinnings of social bonds, our fascination with fiction, and the relevance of simulation and empathy to moral theory. The “chameleon effect”, which involves unconscious mimicry of facial expressions, postures, and mannerisms, promotes cohesion and liking within a group. Enactment imagination and empathy lie at the core of our experience of fiction. Emotional empathy, i.e., affective contagion, is a crucial determinant of the quality of life, and high-level empathy, or perspective taking, plays a critical role in moral motivation and moral principles, especially universalization principles like the golden rule.Less
Many of our distinctively human social traits are interwoven with simulational propensities. A stroll through simulation-related topics includes the psychological underpinnings of social bonds, our fascination with fiction, and the relevance of simulation and empathy to moral theory. The “chameleon effect”, which involves unconscious mimicry of facial expressions, postures, and mannerisms, promotes cohesion and liking within a group. Enactment imagination and empathy lie at the core of our experience of fiction. Emotional empathy, i.e., affective contagion, is a crucial determinant of the quality of life, and high-level empathy, or perspective taking, plays a critical role in moral motivation and moral principles, especially universalization principles like the golden rule.
Laurence Whitehead
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243754
- eISBN:
- 9780191600333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243751.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Sets out and elaborates three main headings under which international developments regarding democratization can be grouped and analysed—contagion, control, and consent. The ‘contagion’ heading ...
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Sets out and elaborates three main headings under which international developments regarding democratization can be grouped and analysed—contagion, control, and consent. The ‘contagion’ heading refers to mere geographical proximity, whereby democratization in one country encourages or facilitates democratization in a neighbouring country, carrying no implications to mode or content of transmission. The ‘control’ heading involves policy direction by an external third‐party power, and accounts in a more satisfactory manner for variations in speed, direction, limits, and mechanisms of transmission. The ‘consent’ heading adds the essential ingredient of the democratization process, namely, the complex set of internal, social, and political factors, which promote receptivity towards the democratization agenda, and recognizes that democratization within a country cannot convincingly be wholly ascribed to external agency.Less
Sets out and elaborates three main headings under which international developments regarding democratization can be grouped and analysed—contagion, control, and consent. The ‘contagion’ heading refers to mere geographical proximity, whereby democratization in one country encourages or facilitates democratization in a neighbouring country, carrying no implications to mode or content of transmission. The ‘control’ heading involves policy direction by an external third‐party power, and accounts in a more satisfactory manner for variations in speed, direction, limits, and mechanisms of transmission. The ‘consent’ heading adds the essential ingredient of the democratization process, namely, the complex set of internal, social, and political factors, which promote receptivity towards the democratization agenda, and recognizes that democratization within a country cannot convincingly be wholly ascribed to external agency.
Laurence Whitehead
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243754
- eISBN:
- 9780191600333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243751.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The modern political histories of Greece, Portugal, and Spain display a common theme of escape from an authoritarian rule. This lends support to an application of the ‘contagion’ theory of ...
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The modern political histories of Greece, Portugal, and Spain display a common theme of escape from an authoritarian rule. This lends support to an application of the ‘contagion’ theory of democratization outlined in the first chapter, by which the European Union is seen as having played a major role in promoting and generalizing a liberal–democratic pattern of values, fomenting desires in these three countries to emulate the Western European achievement, and encouraging convergence through integration.Less
The modern political histories of Greece, Portugal, and Spain display a common theme of escape from an authoritarian rule. This lends support to an application of the ‘contagion’ theory of democratization outlined in the first chapter, by which the European Union is seen as having played a major role in promoting and generalizing a liberal–democratic pattern of values, fomenting desires in these three countries to emulate the Western European achievement, and encouraging convergence through integration.
Giovanni Piersanti
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199653126
- eISBN:
- 9780191741210
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653126.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This book deals with the genesis and dynamics of exchange rate crises in fixed or managed exchange rate systems. It provides a comprehensive treatment of the existing theories of exchange rate crises ...
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This book deals with the genesis and dynamics of exchange rate crises in fixed or managed exchange rate systems. It provides a comprehensive treatment of the existing theories of exchange rate crises and of financial market runs. The book aims to provide a survey of both the theoretical literature on international financial crises and a systematic treatment of the analytical models. It analyzes a series of macroeconomic models and demonstrates their properties and conclusions, including comparative statics and dynamic behavior. The models cover the range of phenomena exhibited in modern crises experienced in countries with fixed or managed exchange rate systems. Among the topics covered, beyond currency sustainability, are bank runs, the interaction between bank solvency and currency stability, capital flows and borrowing constraints, uncertainty about government policies, asymmetric information and herding behavior, contagion across markets and countries, financial markets runs and asset price bubbles, strategic interaction among agents and equilibrium selection, the dynamics of speculative attacks and of financial crashes in international capital markets.Less
This book deals with the genesis and dynamics of exchange rate crises in fixed or managed exchange rate systems. It provides a comprehensive treatment of the existing theories of exchange rate crises and of financial market runs. The book aims to provide a survey of both the theoretical literature on international financial crises and a systematic treatment of the analytical models. It analyzes a series of macroeconomic models and demonstrates their properties and conclusions, including comparative statics and dynamic behavior. The models cover the range of phenomena exhibited in modern crises experienced in countries with fixed or managed exchange rate systems. Among the topics covered, beyond currency sustainability, are bank runs, the interaction between bank solvency and currency stability, capital flows and borrowing constraints, uncertainty about government policies, asymmetric information and herding behavior, contagion across markets and countries, financial markets runs and asset price bubbles, strategic interaction among agents and equilibrium selection, the dynamics of speculative attacks and of financial crashes in international capital markets.
Catherine Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199238811
- eISBN:
- 9780191716492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238811.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter presents an example of the manner in which the purely hypothetical atom of the ancients was introduced into the experimental philosophy of the Royal Society. Lucretius had posited that ...
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This chapter presents an example of the manner in which the purely hypothetical atom of the ancients was introduced into the experimental philosophy of the Royal Society. Lucretius had posited that the ambient air contained a mixture of toxic and salubrious particles that were taken in by the human body, explaining contagious illness and poisoning. Both Robert Boyle and John Mayow devised experiments with the aim of ascertaining the characteristics and powers of these invisible particles. Mayow's intelligent and prescient speculations regarding the vital component in the atmosphere, the ‘aerial niter’, were however repudiated by Boyle as inconsistent with the pure form of corpuscularianism Boyle himself advocated.Less
This chapter presents an example of the manner in which the purely hypothetical atom of the ancients was introduced into the experimental philosophy of the Royal Society. Lucretius had posited that the ambient air contained a mixture of toxic and salubrious particles that were taken in by the human body, explaining contagious illness and poisoning. Both Robert Boyle and John Mayow devised experiments with the aim of ascertaining the characteristics and powers of these invisible particles. Mayow's intelligent and prescient speculations regarding the vital component in the atmosphere, the ‘aerial niter’, were however repudiated by Boyle as inconsistent with the pure form of corpuscularianism Boyle himself advocated.
Mary Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244195
- eISBN:
- 9780191600548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244197.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Leviticus 1–7 presents the laws on sacrifices, and in sacrifice the body of the sacrificial animal becomes another microcosm in its own right, corresponding to the tabernacle and the holy mountain ...
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Leviticus 1–7 presents the laws on sacrifices, and in sacrifice the body of the sacrificial animal becomes another microcosm in its own right, corresponding to the tabernacle and the holy mountain (Mount Sinai). Then the sequence of cultic laws is interrupted by the narrative in Leviticus 8–10, and when the lawgiving is resumed it develops a different bodily microcosm. This time the body of the worshipper is made analogous to the sanctuary and the altar: whatever will render the altar impure will do the same for the Israelite’s body. The laws of impurity sketch out the parallel in meticulous detail over Leviticus 11–15: the animal taken into the body by eating corresponds to that which is offered on the altar by fire; what is disallowed for the one is disallowed for the other; what harms the one harms the other. One thing that Leviticus never says, however, is that it is bad for the health of the body to eat any of the forbidden animals. The topic, the purity/impurity of land animals, is addressed by looking at land animals under the covenant (Leviticus 11), the similarities and differences between Leviticus and Deuteronomy as regards the definition of clean/unclean or pure/impure animals, interpretations of uncleanness/impurity, and sacred contagion.Less
Leviticus 1–7 presents the laws on sacrifices, and in sacrifice the body of the sacrificial animal becomes another microcosm in its own right, corresponding to the tabernacle and the holy mountain (Mount Sinai). Then the sequence of cultic laws is interrupted by the narrative in Leviticus 8–10, and when the lawgiving is resumed it develops a different bodily microcosm. This time the body of the worshipper is made analogous to the sanctuary and the altar: whatever will render the altar impure will do the same for the Israelite’s body. The laws of impurity sketch out the parallel in meticulous detail over Leviticus 11–15: the animal taken into the body by eating corresponds to that which is offered on the altar by fire; what is disallowed for the one is disallowed for the other; what harms the one harms the other. One thing that Leviticus never says, however, is that it is bad for the health of the body to eat any of the forbidden animals. The topic, the purity/impurity of land animals, is addressed by looking at land animals under the covenant (Leviticus 11), the similarities and differences between Leviticus and Deuteronomy as regards the definition of clean/unclean or pure/impure animals, interpretations of uncleanness/impurity, and sacred contagion.
Joshua M. Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158884
- eISBN:
- 9781400848256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158884.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This part describes the agent-based and computational model for Agent_Zero and demonstrates its capacity for generative minimalism. It first explains the replicability of the model before offering an ...
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This part describes the agent-based and computational model for Agent_Zero and demonstrates its capacity for generative minimalism. It first explains the replicability of the model before offering an interpretation of the model by imagining a guerilla war like Vietnam, Afghanistan, or Iraq, where events transpire on a 2-D population of contiguous yellow patches. Each patch is occupied by a single stationary indigenous agent, which has two possible states: inactive and active. The discussion then turns to Agent_Zero's affective component and an elementary type of bounded rationality, as well as its social component, with particular emphasis on disposition, action, and pseudocode. Computational parables are then presented, including a parable relating to the slaughter of innocents through dispositional contagion. This part also shows how the model can capture three spatially explicit examples in which affect and probability change on different time scales.Less
This part describes the agent-based and computational model for Agent_Zero and demonstrates its capacity for generative minimalism. It first explains the replicability of the model before offering an interpretation of the model by imagining a guerilla war like Vietnam, Afghanistan, or Iraq, where events transpire on a 2-D population of contiguous yellow patches. Each patch is occupied by a single stationary indigenous agent, which has two possible states: inactive and active. The discussion then turns to Agent_Zero's affective component and an elementary type of bounded rationality, as well as its social component, with particular emphasis on disposition, action, and pseudocode. Computational parables are then presented, including a parable relating to the slaughter of innocents through dispositional contagion. This part also shows how the model can capture three spatially explicit examples in which affect and probability change on different time scales.
Giovanni Piersanti
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199653126
- eISBN:
- 9780191741210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653126.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter discusses the basic analytical framework of “second-generation” models of currency crises and their extensions to deal with new characteristics of international financial crises such as ...
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This chapter discusses the basic analytical framework of “second-generation” models of currency crises and their extensions to deal with new characteristics of international financial crises such as the connections between financial fragility and currency instability, government's reputation and credibility, asymmetric information and herding behavior, contagion across markets and countries, financial intermediation and liquidity crises, credit constraints and balance-sheet effects, strategic interaction among agents and equilibrium selection. The most important implication to emerge from this approach is that the run on central bank foreign reserves does not require policy inconsistencies and an adverse trend in the fundamentals before the crisis. The attack itself may induce an optimizing regime-switching choice that makes the crisis self-validating. Thus, the exact timing of a speculative attack turns to be indeterminate and arduous to forecast.Less
This chapter discusses the basic analytical framework of “second-generation” models of currency crises and their extensions to deal with new characteristics of international financial crises such as the connections between financial fragility and currency instability, government's reputation and credibility, asymmetric information and herding behavior, contagion across markets and countries, financial intermediation and liquidity crises, credit constraints and balance-sheet effects, strategic interaction among agents and equilibrium selection. The most important implication to emerge from this approach is that the run on central bank foreign reserves does not require policy inconsistencies and an adverse trend in the fundamentals before the crisis. The attack itself may induce an optimizing regime-switching choice that makes the crisis self-validating. Thus, the exact timing of a speculative attack turns to be indeterminate and arduous to forecast.
Susan R. Holman
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195139129
- eISBN:
- 9780199834310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195139127.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Explores three sermons by Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa and commonly titled “On the Love of the Poor” that focus on the homeless and destitute diseased poor. While both authors also ...
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Explores three sermons by Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa and commonly titled “On the Love of the Poor” that focus on the homeless and destitute diseased poor. While both authors also define the sick body in terms of kinship and as a divine and permeable membrane for reverse contagion (healing) in a mutable cosmos, Gregory of Nyssa emphasizes civic gift exchange and ceremony in constructing a Christian place for these diseased poor, while Gregory of Nazianzus emphasizes a theology of Christian incarnation, viewing the poor as Christ. Their views of leprosy resemble the medical description by Aretaeus of Cappadocia and theories of disease causation in Graeco‐Roman medicineLess
Explores three sermons by Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa and commonly titled “On the Love of the Poor” that focus on the homeless and destitute diseased poor. While both authors also define the sick body in terms of kinship and as a divine and permeable membrane for reverse contagion (healing) in a mutable cosmos, Gregory of Nyssa emphasizes civic gift exchange and ceremony in constructing a Christian place for these diseased poor, while Gregory of Nazianzus emphasizes a theology of Christian incarnation, viewing the poor as Christ. Their views of leprosy resemble the medical description by Aretaeus of Cappadocia and theories of disease causation in Graeco‐Roman medicine
Michael Chui and Prasanna Gai
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199267750
- eISBN:
- 9780191602504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267758.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Presents a critical overview of the literature on early warning systems and leading indicators of crisis. Examines the signalling method, the discrete choice approach, and structural models. ...
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Presents a critical overview of the literature on early warning systems and leading indicators of crisis. Examines the signalling method, the discrete choice approach, and structural models. Concludes with a critical evaluation of the econometric methodology used in this literature and an assessment of the empirical literature on contagion.Less
Presents a critical overview of the literature on early warning systems and leading indicators of crisis. Examines the signalling method, the discrete choice approach, and structural models. Concludes with a critical evaluation of the econometric methodology used in this literature and an assessment of the empirical literature on contagion.
Prasanna Gai
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199544493
- eISBN:
- 9780191747175
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544493.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This book opens new ground in the study of financial crises. It treats the financial system as a complex adaptive system and shows how lessons from network disciplines—such as ecology, epidemiology, ...
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This book opens new ground in the study of financial crises. It treats the financial system as a complex adaptive system and shows how lessons from network disciplines—such as ecology, epidemiology, and statistical mechanics—shed light on our understanding of financial stability. Using tools from network theory and economics, it suggests that financial systems are robust-yet-fragile, with knife-edge properties that are greatly exacerbated by the hoarding of funds and the fire sale of assets by banks. The book studies the damaging network consequences of the failure of large interconnected institutions, explains how key funding markets can seize up across the entire financial system, and shows how the pursuit of secured finance by banks in the wake of the global financial crisis can generate systemic risks. The insights are then used to model banking systems calibrated to data to illustrate how financial sector regulators are beginning to quantify financial system stress.Less
This book opens new ground in the study of financial crises. It treats the financial system as a complex adaptive system and shows how lessons from network disciplines—such as ecology, epidemiology, and statistical mechanics—shed light on our understanding of financial stability. Using tools from network theory and economics, it suggests that financial systems are robust-yet-fragile, with knife-edge properties that are greatly exacerbated by the hoarding of funds and the fire sale of assets by banks. The book studies the damaging network consequences of the failure of large interconnected institutions, explains how key funding markets can seize up across the entire financial system, and shows how the pursuit of secured finance by banks in the wake of the global financial crisis can generate systemic risks. The insights are then used to model banking systems calibrated to data to illustrate how financial sector regulators are beginning to quantify financial system stress.
Hedwig Fraunhofer
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474467438
- eISBN:
- 9781474491051
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474467438.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Mapping the -- not always chronological -- trajectory from representationalist-naturalist theatre (Strindberg, Sartre) to the theatre of the historical avant-garde (Brecht, Artaud), this book puts ...
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Mapping the -- not always chronological -- trajectory from representationalist-naturalist theatre (Strindberg, Sartre) to the theatre of the historical avant-garde (Brecht, Artaud), this book puts milestones of modernist theatre in conversation with new materialist, posthumanist philosophy and affect theory. Arguing that existing modernization theories have been unnecessarily one-sided, Biopolitics, Materiality and Meaning in Modern European Drama offers a rewriting of modernity that cuts across binary methodologies – nature and culture, mind and matter, epistemology and ontology, critique and affirmative writing, dramatic and postdramatic theatre. Going beyond the exclusive focus on questions of identity, representation and meaning on the one hand or materiality on the other hand, the book captures the complex material-discursive forces that have shaped modernity and modern theatre. In powerfully prescient readings of modern anxiety, contagion and performance, the volume specifically reworks the biopolitical, immunitarian exclusions that mark Western epistemology leading up to and beyond modernity’s totalitarian crisis point.
The book reveals the performativity of theatre in its double sense -- as theatrical production and as the intra-activity of an open and dynamic system of relations between multiple human and more-than-human actants, energies, and affects. In modern theatre, public and private, human and more-than-human, materiality and meaning co-productively collapse in a common life.Less
Mapping the -- not always chronological -- trajectory from representationalist-naturalist theatre (Strindberg, Sartre) to the theatre of the historical avant-garde (Brecht, Artaud), this book puts milestones of modernist theatre in conversation with new materialist, posthumanist philosophy and affect theory. Arguing that existing modernization theories have been unnecessarily one-sided, Biopolitics, Materiality and Meaning in Modern European Drama offers a rewriting of modernity that cuts across binary methodologies – nature and culture, mind and matter, epistemology and ontology, critique and affirmative writing, dramatic and postdramatic theatre. Going beyond the exclusive focus on questions of identity, representation and meaning on the one hand or materiality on the other hand, the book captures the complex material-discursive forces that have shaped modernity and modern theatre. In powerfully prescient readings of modern anxiety, contagion and performance, the volume specifically reworks the biopolitical, immunitarian exclusions that mark Western epistemology leading up to and beyond modernity’s totalitarian crisis point.
The book reveals the performativity of theatre in its double sense -- as theatrical production and as the intra-activity of an open and dynamic system of relations between multiple human and more-than-human actants, energies, and affects. In modern theatre, public and private, human and more-than-human, materiality and meaning co-productively collapse in a common life.
CHERYL REGEHR and TED BOBER
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195165029
- eISBN:
- 9780199864089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165029.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Families of responders are also significantly affected by their loved one’s choice of work. Daily stressors include coping with shift work, and long and unpredictable hours that can interfere with ...
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Families of responders are also significantly affected by their loved one’s choice of work. Daily stressors include coping with shift work, and long and unpredictable hours that can interfere with family activities, and undermine their sense of support. Added to this is the constant fear for the emergency responder’s safety. When critical events occur, these fears are heightened. Over time, the coping strategies employed by emergency responders can cause additional stress on families. One result of exposure to trauma described by workers was that they at times felt disengaged and emotionally distant from family members. Another issue was generalized anger and irritability that was often vented on family. Further, responders described generalized fears for the safety of family members and a tendency to become overprotective. Alternately, other responders described the way that exposure to traumatic events caused them to re-evaluate and value family relationships in a more positive manner. Strategies for family survival are discussed.Less
Families of responders are also significantly affected by their loved one’s choice of work. Daily stressors include coping with shift work, and long and unpredictable hours that can interfere with family activities, and undermine their sense of support. Added to this is the constant fear for the emergency responder’s safety. When critical events occur, these fears are heightened. Over time, the coping strategies employed by emergency responders can cause additional stress on families. One result of exposure to trauma described by workers was that they at times felt disengaged and emotionally distant from family members. Another issue was generalized anger and irritability that was often vented on family. Further, responders described generalized fears for the safety of family members and a tendency to become overprotective. Alternately, other responders described the way that exposure to traumatic events caused them to re-evaluate and value family relationships in a more positive manner. Strategies for family survival are discussed.
Samuel K. Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574025
- eISBN:
- 9780191722530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574025.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter explores the psychological ramifications of plague that provoked social conflict and mass fear, which doctors and others in 1575–8 now saw as adding significantly to plague mortalities. ...
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This chapter explores the psychological ramifications of plague that provoked social conflict and mass fear, which doctors and others in 1575–8 now saw as adding significantly to plague mortalities. This turn to the psychological and moral ramifications of plague did not mean that the crisis of 1575–8 was fought under the dark cloud of Counter‐Reformation piety and authority, a return to apocalyptic notions of plague and a rejection of medical ‘realism’. Instead of a Church–State conflict embracing two fundamentally different views of the plague's cause, the chapter shows mutual respect and cooperation in combating the pan‐Italian plague of 1575–8: both passed ordinances steeped in the realisation that plague spread because of human contagion and the contamination of goods.Less
This chapter explores the psychological ramifications of plague that provoked social conflict and mass fear, which doctors and others in 1575–8 now saw as adding significantly to plague mortalities. This turn to the psychological and moral ramifications of plague did not mean that the crisis of 1575–8 was fought under the dark cloud of Counter‐Reformation piety and authority, a return to apocalyptic notions of plague and a rejection of medical ‘realism’. Instead of a Church–State conflict embracing two fundamentally different views of the plague's cause, the chapter shows mutual respect and cooperation in combating the pan‐Italian plague of 1575–8: both passed ordinances steeped in the realisation that plague spread because of human contagion and the contamination of goods.
Robert Meister
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780226702889
- eISBN:
- 9780226734514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226734514.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The early measures taken to prevent Covid 19 from causing a financial crisis greatly exceeded what was done in the Great Recession, while thus far provoking even fewer questions. The result has been ...
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The early measures taken to prevent Covid 19 from causing a financial crisis greatly exceeded what was done in the Great Recession, while thus far provoking even fewer questions. The result has been to further decouple capital markets, which rapidly recovered from Covid, from GDP, where unemployment rose to levels not seen since the Great Depression. The pandemic thus makes the option of historical justice even more valuable than it was when this book was written. It is in such times that the price of reversing the cumulative effects of past injustice is something that the financial sector can be made to pay.Less
The early measures taken to prevent Covid 19 from causing a financial crisis greatly exceeded what was done in the Great Recession, while thus far provoking even fewer questions. The result has been to further decouple capital markets, which rapidly recovered from Covid, from GDP, where unemployment rose to levels not seen since the Great Depression. The pandemic thus makes the option of historical justice even more valuable than it was when this book was written. It is in such times that the price of reversing the cumulative effects of past injustice is something that the financial sector can be made to pay.
RUMU SARKAR
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398281
- eISBN:
- 9780199866366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398281.003.005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter explains the international financial architecture supporting the financing of international development. It examines the international borrowing practices of sovereign states, and ...
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This chapter explains the international financial architecture supporting the financing of international development. It examines the international borrowing practices of sovereign states, and analyzes two case studies of the Mexican and Asian financial crises. These sovereign debt crises are examined from the standpoint of strategic and tactical approaches to resolving them, and preventing financial contagion in the future. The current global financial contagion, originating in the United States, and its impact on developing countries, is reviewed from a “lessons learned” perspective. Tactical approaches to resolving sovereign debt crises such as debt-for-debt exchanges, debt-equity swaps, debt securitization, credit facilities, and special financing techniques are critically reviewed. Finally, debt relief as a development strategy is critically examined. Explanatory text boxes and other graphics are provided to assist the reader absorb a complex area of law.Less
This chapter explains the international financial architecture supporting the financing of international development. It examines the international borrowing practices of sovereign states, and analyzes two case studies of the Mexican and Asian financial crises. These sovereign debt crises are examined from the standpoint of strategic and tactical approaches to resolving them, and preventing financial contagion in the future. The current global financial contagion, originating in the United States, and its impact on developing countries, is reviewed from a “lessons learned” perspective. Tactical approaches to resolving sovereign debt crises such as debt-for-debt exchanges, debt-equity swaps, debt securitization, credit facilities, and special financing techniques are critically reviewed. Finally, debt relief as a development strategy is critically examined. Explanatory text boxes and other graphics are provided to assist the reader absorb a complex area of law.
RUMU SARKAR
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398281
- eISBN:
- 9780199866366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398281.003.007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter examines emerging capital economies from the perspective of creating the new success stories in the developing world. It focuses on the underlying (legal) causes for such successes and ...
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This chapter examines emerging capital economies from the perspective of creating the new success stories in the developing world. It focuses on the underlying (legal) causes for such successes and the impediments thereto. The perspective of international finance (e.g., foreign direct and foreign portfolio investment), and their relative pitfalls are examined along with a sea change in investment patterns as may be discerned from sovereign wealth funds, and other related issues. Financing private infrastructure projects, the access to private bond and equity markets, and the dangers of global financial contagion are all explored. Finally, the need for the prudential and legal regulation of private equity markets, and related issues, are examined in the context of furthering development objectives.Less
This chapter examines emerging capital economies from the perspective of creating the new success stories in the developing world. It focuses on the underlying (legal) causes for such successes and the impediments thereto. The perspective of international finance (e.g., foreign direct and foreign portfolio investment), and their relative pitfalls are examined along with a sea change in investment patterns as may be discerned from sovereign wealth funds, and other related issues. Financing private infrastructure projects, the access to private bond and equity markets, and the dangers of global financial contagion are all explored. Finally, the need for the prudential and legal regulation of private equity markets, and related issues, are examined in the context of furthering development objectives.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Emotions are contagious and under any conditions, human service delivery environments demand the highest levels of emotional labor from workers, who must contain the overwhelming and distressing ...
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Emotions are contagious and under any conditions, human service delivery environments demand the highest levels of emotional labor from workers, who must contain the overwhelming and distressing emotions of their clients. Stress and trauma exacerbate staff demands for emotional labor. Atmospheres of recurrent or constant crisis severely constrain the ability of staff to manage their own emotions and this makes it difficult to provide healing environments for their clients. Atmospheres of chronic crisis and fear contribute negatively to poor services. Under these circumstances, conflict escalates and both relationships and problem-solving suffers.Less
Emotions are contagious and under any conditions, human service delivery environments demand the highest levels of emotional labor from workers, who must contain the overwhelming and distressing emotions of their clients. Stress and trauma exacerbate staff demands for emotional labor. Atmospheres of recurrent or constant crisis severely constrain the ability of staff to manage their own emotions and this makes it difficult to provide healing environments for their clients. Atmospheres of chronic crisis and fear contribute negatively to poor services. Under these circumstances, conflict escalates and both relationships and problem-solving suffers.
Tamar Szabó Gendler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589760
- eISBN:
- 9780191595486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589760.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
This chapter presents and discusses a number of cases of imaginative contagion: cases where merely imagining or pretending P has effects that we would expect only believing or perceiving P to have. ...
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This chapter presents and discusses a number of cases of imaginative contagion: cases where merely imagining or pretending P has effects that we would expect only believing or perceiving P to have. The examples range from cases involving visual imagination—where merely imagining a figure of a certain size and shape may produce a corresponding afterimage—to cases involving the activation of social categories—where merely imagining being in the presence of others may instigate corresponding behavioral tendencies. Other cases discussed involve motor imagery and automaticity. The chapter suggests that imaginative contagion arises because certain features of our mental architecture are source‐indifferent, in the sense that they process internally and externally generated content in similar ways—even when the content in question is explicitly “marked” as reality‐insensitive.Less
This chapter presents and discusses a number of cases of imaginative contagion: cases where merely imagining or pretending P has effects that we would expect only believing or perceiving P to have. The examples range from cases involving visual imagination—where merely imagining a figure of a certain size and shape may produce a corresponding afterimage—to cases involving the activation of social categories—where merely imagining being in the presence of others may instigate corresponding behavioral tendencies. Other cases discussed involve motor imagery and automaticity. The chapter suggests that imaginative contagion arises because certain features of our mental architecture are source‐indifferent, in the sense that they process internally and externally generated content in similar ways—even when the content in question is explicitly “marked” as reality‐insensitive.
