Umar F. Abd‐Allah
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195187281
- eISBN:
- 9780199784875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195187288.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter presents an introduction to the life of Alexander Russell Webb (1846-1916), who adopted Islam as a private faith and personal fulfillment of his identity as an American. He is considered ...
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This chapter presents an introduction to the life of Alexander Russell Webb (1846-1916), who adopted Islam as a private faith and personal fulfillment of his identity as an American. He is considered one of the outstanding figures in the early history of Islam in the United States, and his legacy constitutes a valuable point of reference for all Americans today, and especially for those in the growing Muslim community of the United States. Webb was born and raised in Hudson, New York. In 1887, President Cleveland, the first Democrat to be served elected president since the end of Reconstruction, appointed Webb as American consul to the Philippines; he served in Manila until 1892. The Philippines afforded Webb access to information about Islam that he had not had in the United States. Shortly after his arrival in Manila, he decided to embrace Islam. Webb returned to New York in February 1893 and set about establishing his mission in Manhattan, immediately attracting front-page headlines in the New York Times and other American newspapers.Less
This chapter presents an introduction to the life of Alexander Russell Webb (1846-1916), who adopted Islam as a private faith and personal fulfillment of his identity as an American. He is considered one of the outstanding figures in the early history of Islam in the United States, and his legacy constitutes a valuable point of reference for all Americans today, and especially for those in the growing Muslim community of the United States. Webb was born and raised in Hudson, New York. In 1887, President Cleveland, the first Democrat to be served elected president since the end of Reconstruction, appointed Webb as American consul to the Philippines; he served in Manila until 1892. The Philippines afforded Webb access to information about Islam that he had not had in the United States. Shortly after his arrival in Manila, he decided to embrace Islam. Webb returned to New York in February 1893 and set about establishing his mission in Manhattan, immediately attracting front-page headlines in the New York Times and other American newspapers.
Umar F. Abd‐Allah
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195187281
- eISBN:
- 9780199784875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195187288.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter focuses on Webb's experiences as a US consul to the Philippines. On September 29, 1887, Webb was appointed US consul to Manila — then under Spanish colonial control — by President Grover ...
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This chapter focuses on Webb's experiences as a US consul to the Philippines. On September 29, 1887, Webb was appointed US consul to Manila — then under Spanish colonial control — by President Grover Cleveland (1885-1889), the first Democratic president since Reconstruction. Webb retained the position under the succeeding Republican administration of President Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893).Less
This chapter focuses on Webb's experiences as a US consul to the Philippines. On September 29, 1887, Webb was appointed US consul to Manila — then under Spanish colonial control — by President Grover Cleveland (1885-1889), the first Democratic president since Reconstruction. Webb retained the position under the succeeding Republican administration of President Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893).
Umar F. Abd‐Allah
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195187281
- eISBN:
- 9780199784875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195187288.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter focuses on Webb's life following his resignation as US consul to Manila. It describes Webb's Oriental tour aimed at gaining support for his American Mission, which took him to Burma, and ...
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This chapter focuses on Webb's life following his resignation as US consul to Manila. It describes Webb's Oriental tour aimed at gaining support for his American Mission, which took him to Burma, and then India, his chief destination, where he spent almost half the journey. The excursion kept him in the public eye and introduced him to the practice of public lecturing, a craft that would be of great service to him in America. He also caught the attention of the Indian press as well as American reporters, whose stories created considerable notoriety for him in the United States.Less
This chapter focuses on Webb's life following his resignation as US consul to Manila. It describes Webb's Oriental tour aimed at gaining support for his American Mission, which took him to Burma, and then India, his chief destination, where he spent almost half the journey. The excursion kept him in the public eye and introduced him to the practice of public lecturing, a craft that would be of great service to him in America. He also caught the attention of the Indian press as well as American reporters, whose stories created considerable notoriety for him in the United States.
James C. Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195162318
- eISBN:
- 9780199788910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162318.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
On December 13, the Board of Health imposed a quarantine around the Chinatown district of Honolulu along with a mandatory clean-up inside it. This brought hardship to those confined and evoked ...
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On December 13, the Board of Health imposed a quarantine around the Chinatown district of Honolulu along with a mandatory clean-up inside it. This brought hardship to those confined and evoked protest from the Chinese consul Yang Wei Pin and vice-consul Gu Kim Fui and from the Japanese consul Saito Miki. Mandatory cremation of plague victims further alienated Chinese and Hawaiian residents.Less
On December 13, the Board of Health imposed a quarantine around the Chinatown district of Honolulu along with a mandatory clean-up inside it. This brought hardship to those confined and evoked protest from the Chinese consul Yang Wei Pin and vice-consul Gu Kim Fui and from the Japanese consul Saito Miki. Mandatory cremation of plague victims further alienated Chinese and Hawaiian residents.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter describes the prewar and wartime formation of the British intelligence community in the Middle East, tracing its informality to the particular circumstances in which it was formed, and ...
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This chapter describes the prewar and wartime formation of the British intelligence community in the Middle East, tracing its informality to the particular circumstances in which it was formed, and describes its various diplomatic, military, and civilian participants. It explains how this community was inducted into the formal intelligence and military establishments of the war, and how they and the institutions they developed, including the Arab Bureau, continued to defy bureaucratic discipline. Finally, it explains how their task expanded to include spying on their Arab allies, in anticipation of peacetime arrangements. As their brief as intelligence agents widened, they laid the foundation for a postwar covert empire in which intelligence agents would wield executive power.Less
This chapter describes the prewar and wartime formation of the British intelligence community in the Middle East, tracing its informality to the particular circumstances in which it was formed, and describes its various diplomatic, military, and civilian participants. It explains how this community was inducted into the formal intelligence and military establishments of the war, and how they and the institutions they developed, including the Arab Bureau, continued to defy bureaucratic discipline. Finally, it explains how their task expanded to include spying on their Arab allies, in anticipation of peacetime arrangements. As their brief as intelligence agents widened, they laid the foundation for a postwar covert empire in which intelligence agents would wield executive power.
Henriette van der Blom
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199582938
- eISBN:
- 9780191723124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582938.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
There were many achievements of which Cicero was proud and which he displayed as being particularly exemplary. He set himself up as an exemplary advocate, homo novus, great consul, an exiled consular ...
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There were many achievements of which Cicero was proud and which he displayed as being particularly exemplary. He set himself up as an exemplary advocate, homo novus, great consul, an exiled consular recalled from banishment, ideal statesman and ideal orator, author, philosopher, and general, and a trustworthy guide to Rome's past, but to varying degrees and with varying success. This chapter explores these many roles. These various categories in which Cicero attempts to come across as exemplary overlap greatly with those aspects of Cicero's public persona for which he employs personal exempla, confirming the fact that Cicero's use of personal exempla was geared to promote his own agenda and public persona.Less
There were many achievements of which Cicero was proud and which he displayed as being particularly exemplary. He set himself up as an exemplary advocate, homo novus, great consul, an exiled consular recalled from banishment, ideal statesman and ideal orator, author, philosopher, and general, and a trustworthy guide to Rome's past, but to varying degrees and with varying success. This chapter explores these many roles. These various categories in which Cicero attempts to come across as exemplary overlap greatly with those aspects of Cicero's public persona for which he employs personal exempla, confirming the fact that Cicero's use of personal exempla was geared to promote his own agenda and public persona.
Henriette van der Blom
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199582938
- eISBN:
- 9780191723124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582938.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter analyses Cicero's choice and employment of personal exempla throughout his works and over the entirety of his career, with an aim to convey his rhetorical and political strategy and ...
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This chapter analyses Cicero's choice and employment of personal exempla throughout his works and over the entirety of his career, with an aim to convey his rhetorical and political strategy and hence his attempts to build up a public persona with political impact. The structure is mainly chronological, and the focus is on Cicero's cumulative adding of new representations (or personae) and the development of existing personae over time through an analysis of the personal exempla adopted. Cicero's careful selection and flexible use of personal exempla such as Crassus, Antonius, Marius, Metellus Numidicus, Aemilius Scaurus, and others helped him to accumulate and develop a range of personae suitable for a number of occasions.Less
This chapter analyses Cicero's choice and employment of personal exempla throughout his works and over the entirety of his career, with an aim to convey his rhetorical and political strategy and hence his attempts to build up a public persona with political impact. The structure is mainly chronological, and the focus is on Cicero's cumulative adding of new representations (or personae) and the development of existing personae over time through an analysis of the personal exempla adopted. Cicero's careful selection and flexible use of personal exempla such as Crassus, Antonius, Marius, Metellus Numidicus, Aemilius Scaurus, and others helped him to accumulate and develop a range of personae suitable for a number of occasions.
Tom Scott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199274604
- eISBN:
- 9780191738685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274604.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The chapter explores the legal and political foundations of the early Italian communes, especially the close, but problematic, ties between cities as the seats of bishops, and the Roman and Frankish ...
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The chapter explores the legal and political foundations of the early Italian communes, especially the close, but problematic, ties between cities as the seats of bishops, and the Roman and Frankish legacy of county and diocese. Though the territorial expansion of Italian cities in many cases was erected on that legacy, some cities soon outran these historical confines. Expansion brought the cities into conflict with rural lords (many already with an urban presence), who were brought into alliances of mutual obligation and support, the phenomenon known as comitatinanza, which could take a variety of forms. The rivalries between feudal lords were frequently transferred into the cities where they were obliged to reside for part of the year, thereby making factionalism and instability permanent features of communal politics.Less
The chapter explores the legal and political foundations of the early Italian communes, especially the close, but problematic, ties between cities as the seats of bishops, and the Roman and Frankish legacy of county and diocese. Though the territorial expansion of Italian cities in many cases was erected on that legacy, some cities soon outran these historical confines. Expansion brought the cities into conflict with rural lords (many already with an urban presence), who were brought into alliances of mutual obligation and support, the phenomenon known as comitatinanza, which could take a variety of forms. The rivalries between feudal lords were frequently transferred into the cities where they were obliged to reside for part of the year, thereby making factionalism and instability permanent features of communal politics.
Andrew Pettinger
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199601745
- eISBN:
- 9780191741524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601745.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter provides a brief narrative of Drusus Libo’s trial in the senate, and then explores the significance of senatorial investigations during the early Principate. It is established that ...
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This chapter provides a brief narrative of Drusus Libo’s trial in the senate, and then explores the significance of senatorial investigations during the early Principate. It is established that Drusus Libo was accused of having planned revolution. This argument falls into two parts. The first part shows that, by calling an emergency meeting of the senate, the consuls took Drusus Libo to be an immediate threat. The second part establishes that Drusus Libo was not, as is commonly held, accused of a criminal fascination with the occult, but rather of intending to cause revolution. He was charged with treason (maiestas). The law regarding astrology and magic is misunderstood. Consulting an astrologer or magician about the health of the Princeps was not, as is supposed, prima facie treason during the early Principate.Less
This chapter provides a brief narrative of Drusus Libo’s trial in the senate, and then explores the significance of senatorial investigations during the early Principate. It is established that Drusus Libo was accused of having planned revolution. This argument falls into two parts. The first part shows that, by calling an emergency meeting of the senate, the consuls took Drusus Libo to be an immediate threat. The second part establishes that Drusus Libo was not, as is commonly held, accused of a criminal fascination with the occult, but rather of intending to cause revolution. He was charged with treason (maiestas). The law regarding astrology and magic is misunderstood. Consulting an astrologer or magician about the health of the Princeps was not, as is supposed, prima facie treason during the early Principate.
Luciano Canfora and Julian Stringer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748619368
- eISBN:
- 9780748670734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748619368.003.0011
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
Having become effectively a ‘consul without a colleague’, but with a Senate hardly disposed to be magnanimous, Caesar pursued an overtly ‘popularist’ line: sharing out the ager Campanus (the ...
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Having become effectively a ‘consul without a colleague’, but with a Senate hardly disposed to be magnanimous, Caesar pursued an overtly ‘popularist’ line: sharing out the ager Campanus (the Campanian Territory) and the campus Stella (the ‘plain called Stellas’) among 20,000 citizens who had three children or more; reducing by one third the tax debt of tax-farmers. He needed to give his traditional power base tangible and positive signs that he was in control. But signs of unrest were also apparent among the people. Among Caesar's legislative measures in the year 59 bc the law on extortion stands out in particular. This was the most comprehensive legislation on the subject enacted up to that point, and in its essentials it remained in force for a very long time.Less
Having become effectively a ‘consul without a colleague’, but with a Senate hardly disposed to be magnanimous, Caesar pursued an overtly ‘popularist’ line: sharing out the ager Campanus (the Campanian Territory) and the campus Stella (the ‘plain called Stellas’) among 20,000 citizens who had three children or more; reducing by one third the tax debt of tax-farmers. He needed to give his traditional power base tangible and positive signs that he was in control. But signs of unrest were also apparent among the people. Among Caesar's legislative measures in the year 59 bc the law on extortion stands out in particular. This was the most comprehensive legislation on the subject enacted up to that point, and in its essentials it remained in force for a very long time.
Luciano Canfora and Julian Stringer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748619368
- eISBN:
- 9780748670734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748619368.003.0016
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The most dangerous moment for Caesar in the political crisis that erupted in Rome, while he was occupied with the revolt of Vercingetorix, was the designation of Pompey as ‘consul without colleague’ ...
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The most dangerous moment for Caesar in the political crisis that erupted in Rome, while he was occupied with the revolt of Vercingetorix, was the designation of Pompey as ‘consul without colleague’ (consul sine college) at the end of February 52 bc. The destructive and uncontrollable street fighting that led to the assassination of Clodius at Bovillae (18 January 52) was diametrically opposed to Caesar's interests. It was not in his interest to appear as the instigator of a subversive faction such as Clodius', nor was it in his interest that the deleterious activities of that faction should push Pompey to seek the backing of the factio (and vice versa). What most conflicted with his intention never to break with Pompey was the street fighting: it could have lead to a state of emergency (senatus consultum ultimum), with effective power in the hands of the proconsul stationed at the gates of Rome — Pompey. And this is precisely what happened, precipitated by the murder of Clodius.Less
The most dangerous moment for Caesar in the political crisis that erupted in Rome, while he was occupied with the revolt of Vercingetorix, was the designation of Pompey as ‘consul without colleague’ (consul sine college) at the end of February 52 bc. The destructive and uncontrollable street fighting that led to the assassination of Clodius at Bovillae (18 January 52) was diametrically opposed to Caesar's interests. It was not in his interest to appear as the instigator of a subversive faction such as Clodius', nor was it in his interest that the deleterious activities of that faction should push Pompey to seek the backing of the factio (and vice versa). What most conflicted with his intention never to break with Pompey was the street fighting: it could have lead to a state of emergency (senatus consultum ultimum), with effective power in the hands of the proconsul stationed at the gates of Rome — Pompey. And this is precisely what happened, precipitated by the murder of Clodius.
Luciano Canfora and Julian Stringer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748619368
- eISBN:
- 9780748670734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748619368.003.0018
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
On the eve of civil war, in December 50 bc and the first week of January 49 bc, illegality became official where one would least expect it: in the Senate. It was the new consuls who, immediately on ...
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On the eve of civil war, in December 50 bc and the first week of January 49 bc, illegality became official where one would least expect it: in the Senate. It was the new consuls who, immediately on taking office, personally sanctioned the break with legality. In their start-of-year report on the state of the republic they spoke as if Caesar had already been proscribed. Lentulus Crus declared that: he will not fail the republic if the senators are willing to express their opinions with boldness and resolution; but if they pay regard to Caesar and try to win favour with him as they have on previous occasions, he says he will consider his own interests and will not obey their authority. The same threat was made by his colleague Scipio, who said that Pompey was not inclined to desert the republic if the Senate followed him; but if it did not back him, it would in vain solicit his aid should it wish to do so in the future. When Caesar recounts these details he selects his material carefully, to make clear that his enemies have violated the law.Less
On the eve of civil war, in December 50 bc and the first week of January 49 bc, illegality became official where one would least expect it: in the Senate. It was the new consuls who, immediately on taking office, personally sanctioned the break with legality. In their start-of-year report on the state of the republic they spoke as if Caesar had already been proscribed. Lentulus Crus declared that: he will not fail the republic if the senators are willing to express their opinions with boldness and resolution; but if they pay regard to Caesar and try to win favour with him as they have on previous occasions, he says he will consider his own interests and will not obey their authority. The same threat was made by his colleague Scipio, who said that Pompey was not inclined to desert the republic if the Senate followed him; but if it did not back him, it would in vain solicit his aid should it wish to do so in the future. When Caesar recounts these details he selects his material carefully, to make clear that his enemies have violated the law.
John Pownall Reeves
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208326
- eISBN:
- 9789888268610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208326.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The chapter introduces the situation of the British consulate and other members of the consular corps in Macao. Next door to the Japanese consulate, Reeves had some interesting encounters with the ...
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The chapter introduces the situation of the British consulate and other members of the consular corps in Macao. Next door to the Japanese consulate, Reeves had some interesting encounters with the Japanese consul, who assisted in humanitarian efforts, but was later assassinated. The chapter also includes information about the British community in Macao and some of the other Allied nationals as well as the attitude of the Portuguese to the war. People were escaping to Free China and although Reeves was not in touch with the organizers of the escape routes, he assisted within his means.Less
The chapter introduces the situation of the British consulate and other members of the consular corps in Macao. Next door to the Japanese consulate, Reeves had some interesting encounters with the Japanese consul, who assisted in humanitarian efforts, but was later assassinated. The chapter also includes information about the British community in Macao and some of the other Allied nationals as well as the attitude of the Portuguese to the war. People were escaping to Free China and although Reeves was not in touch with the organizers of the escape routes, he assisted within his means.
Isidore Cyril Cannon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099616
- eISBN:
- 9789882207301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099616.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In spite of the fact that Swatow was relatively isolated from the centre of Customs activity, Brewitt-Taylor's (B-T) family was relieved to travel there after all the disturbances they had ...
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In spite of the fact that Swatow was relatively isolated from the centre of Customs activity, Brewitt-Taylor's (B-T) family was relieved to travel there after all the disturbances they had experienced in Peking. His first appointment at the commissioner level required him to serve as Acting Commissioner. Although the city had initially been known to have been dangerous, provincial authorities had made the area safe. The office hours at the Customs were relaxed, and the Customs also housed a good library and club. Within their communities, the consul and the Customs commissioner had important roles. This chapter illustrates how B-T's career allowed him greater opportunities, and how, in contrast, it brought about several different issues within the family.Less
In spite of the fact that Swatow was relatively isolated from the centre of Customs activity, Brewitt-Taylor's (B-T) family was relieved to travel there after all the disturbances they had experienced in Peking. His first appointment at the commissioner level required him to serve as Acting Commissioner. Although the city had initially been known to have been dangerous, provincial authorities had made the area safe. The office hours at the Customs were relaxed, and the Customs also housed a good library and club. Within their communities, the consul and the Customs commissioner had important roles. This chapter illustrates how B-T's career allowed him greater opportunities, and how, in contrast, it brought about several different issues within the family.
Gerald MacLean and Nabil Matar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199203185
- eISBN:
- 9780191728433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203185.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
The first Britons to settle in the Muslim world were consuls, whose job was to ensure the rights and privileges that had been negotiated on behalf of the trading Companies. These were not the ...
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The first Britons to settle in the Muslim world were consuls, whose job was to ensure the rights and privileges that had been negotiated on behalf of the trading Companies. These were not the imperious Britons of the nineteenth century, but ‘marginal men’ who lived with Muslims, rather than by trying to recast or reform Islamic society. From seldom examined archival sources, we explore their living and working conditions and show how these varied considerably from the Maghrib to western India during this period. Expatriated consuls, like ambassadors, regularly extended their duties beyond commercial dealings, becoming involved in political alliances and agreements. As British power in the Islamic world increased, commerce and diplomacy became inseparable, with the result that consuls became men with considerable leverage in courts of powerful Islamic rulers. With gifts and threats, they engineered change in national policies and economic agreements.Less
The first Britons to settle in the Muslim world were consuls, whose job was to ensure the rights and privileges that had been negotiated on behalf of the trading Companies. These were not the imperious Britons of the nineteenth century, but ‘marginal men’ who lived with Muslims, rather than by trying to recast or reform Islamic society. From seldom examined archival sources, we explore their living and working conditions and show how these varied considerably from the Maghrib to western India during this period. Expatriated consuls, like ambassadors, regularly extended their duties beyond commercial dealings, becoming involved in political alliances and agreements. As British power in the Islamic world increased, commerce and diplomacy became inseparable, with the result that consuls became men with considerable leverage in courts of powerful Islamic rulers. With gifts and threats, they engineered change in national policies and economic agreements.
John Pownall Reeves
Colin Day and Richard Garrett (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208326
- eISBN:
- 9789888268610
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208326.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese on Christmas Day 1941, Macao was left as a tiny isolated enclave on the China coast surrounded by Japanese-held territory. As a Portuguese colony, Macao was ...
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When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese on Christmas Day 1941, Macao was left as a tiny isolated enclave on the China coast surrounded by Japanese-held territory. As a Portuguese colony, Macao was neutral, and John Reeves, the British Consul, could remain there and continue his work despite being surrounded in all directions by his country’s enemy. His main task was to provide relief to the 9,000 or more people who crossed the Pearl River from Hong Kong to take refuge in Macao and who had a claim for support from the British Consul. The core of this book is John Reeves’ memoir of those extraordinary years and of his tireless efforts to provide food, shelter and medical care for the refugees. He coped with these challenges as Macao’s own people faced starvation. Despite Macao’s neutrality, it was thoroughly infiltrated by Japanese agents and, marked for assassination, he had to have armed guards as he went about his business. He also had to navigate the complexities of multiple intelligence agencies—British, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese Nationalist—in a place that was described as the Casablanca of the Far East. Despite Macao’s exceptional position during World War II, its history during those years has been little studied. Accompanied by substantial introductory and explanatory material, John Reeves’ memoir is an important contribution to our knowledge of that unique place and time.Less
When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese on Christmas Day 1941, Macao was left as a tiny isolated enclave on the China coast surrounded by Japanese-held territory. As a Portuguese colony, Macao was neutral, and John Reeves, the British Consul, could remain there and continue his work despite being surrounded in all directions by his country’s enemy. His main task was to provide relief to the 9,000 or more people who crossed the Pearl River from Hong Kong to take refuge in Macao and who had a claim for support from the British Consul. The core of this book is John Reeves’ memoir of those extraordinary years and of his tireless efforts to provide food, shelter and medical care for the refugees. He coped with these challenges as Macao’s own people faced starvation. Despite Macao’s neutrality, it was thoroughly infiltrated by Japanese agents and, marked for assassination, he had to have armed guards as he went about his business. He also had to navigate the complexities of multiple intelligence agencies—British, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese Nationalist—in a place that was described as the Casablanca of the Far East. Despite Macao’s exceptional position during World War II, its history during those years has been little studied. Accompanied by substantial introductory and explanatory material, John Reeves’ memoir is an important contribution to our knowledge of that unique place and time.
G.J. GRÉLOT
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520249387
- eISBN:
- 9780520940130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520249387.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Bembo and his team's journey ended in a vast plain that stretched as far as the eye could see. They lodged in one of the houses, where there was not even enough barley for the houses. They rode all ...
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Bembo and his team's journey ended in a vast plain that stretched as far as the eye could see. They lodged in one of the houses, where there was not even enough barley for the houses. They rode all night and took only a rest around dawn in a low place between two mountains. They set off again soon after sunrise and traveled all day through desert places. They took their leave after many delights, and the consul accompanied them to the staircase, while the other merchants honored them by accompanying them to their consul's house, where the captain lived. That same evening, their consul received the visit of the French consul. The pasha was not there, as he was engaged in a campaign. They found a countryside irrigated by a stream which springs from a mountain that they later climbed after some travelling.Less
Bembo and his team's journey ended in a vast plain that stretched as far as the eye could see. They lodged in one of the houses, where there was not even enough barley for the houses. They rode all night and took only a rest around dawn in a low place between two mountains. They set off again soon after sunrise and traveled all day through desert places. They took their leave after many delights, and the consul accompanied them to the staircase, while the other merchants honored them by accompanying them to their consul's house, where the captain lived. That same evening, their consul received the visit of the French consul. The pasha was not there, as he was engaged in a campaign. They found a countryside irrigated by a stream which springs from a mountain that they later climbed after some travelling.
Michael E. Meeker
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225268
- eISBN:
- 9780520929128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225268.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This chapter discusses how the western European consuls misunderstood the character of the imperial state society. It shows that, as a result of this misunderstanding, the consuls mistakenly declared ...
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This chapter discusses how the western European consuls misunderstood the character of the imperial state society. It shows that, as a result of this misunderstanding, the consuls mistakenly declared the local elites to have been suppressed by the central government during the 1830s, even though the elites remained an essential part of the imperial system.Less
This chapter discusses how the western European consuls misunderstood the character of the imperial state society. It shows that, as a result of this misunderstanding, the consuls mistakenly declared the local elites to have been suppressed by the central government during the 1830s, even though the elites remained an essential part of the imperial system.
Fred K. Drogula
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469621265
- eISBN:
- 9781469623146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469621265.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter focuses on the rapid development and manipulation of traditional ideas of provinciae. By the mid-first century BC, consuls were regularly receiving permanent provinciae as their ...
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This chapter focuses on the rapid development and manipulation of traditional ideas of provinciae. By the mid-first century BC, consuls were regularly receiving permanent provinciae as their commands. This change made it easier for ambitious men to manipulate the process of provincial assignment, using the popular assemblies to receive choice provinciae and even to combine multiple permanent provinciae into a single command. This manipulation decreased the role that provincial assignment had traditionally played in separating commanders into different spheres of activity, forcing the Romans to begin thinking of alternate ways to establish precedence of command independent of the definition of a man’s provincia. This thinking would ultimately lead the Romans to begin imagining that military authority (imperium) could be defined in greater and lesser terms, providing a new means for establishing precedence of command.Less
This chapter focuses on the rapid development and manipulation of traditional ideas of provinciae. By the mid-first century BC, consuls were regularly receiving permanent provinciae as their commands. This change made it easier for ambitious men to manipulate the process of provincial assignment, using the popular assemblies to receive choice provinciae and even to combine multiple permanent provinciae into a single command. This manipulation decreased the role that provincial assignment had traditionally played in separating commanders into different spheres of activity, forcing the Romans to begin thinking of alternate ways to establish precedence of command independent of the definition of a man’s provincia. This thinking would ultimately lead the Romans to begin imagining that military authority (imperium) could be defined in greater and lesser terms, providing a new means for establishing precedence of command.
William G. Clarence-Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265819
- eISBN:
- 9780191771972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265819.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Faced with Moro Muslim resistance in the southern Philippines from 1898, America sought help from Middle Eastern rulers. The Ottoman Empire played the central role, although Egypt and Persia also ...
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Faced with Moro Muslim resistance in the southern Philippines from 1898, America sought help from Middle Eastern rulers. The Ottoman Empire played the central role, although Egypt and Persia also became involved. In 1899 the American ambassador in Istanbul persuaded the sultan, as Caliph, to order the Moros to submit. In 1913 the Ottoman sultan appointed a ‘high teacher’ for the Moros, Shaykh Wajih al-Kilani, from Palestine. Expelled from the Philippines by the Americans in early 1914, Wajih went to Washington to plead his cause, but died in Virginia in 1916. The Ottomans usually relied on European consuls to protect their nationals resident in the Philippines, but the ‘Young Turks’ appointed a career consul in Manila in 1910–11. After April 1917, Ottoman subjects became ‘allies of enemy’, despite the largely ‘Syrian’ community protesting its allegiance to the USA. After the First World War, the US ceased to court Middle Eastern states.Less
Faced with Moro Muslim resistance in the southern Philippines from 1898, America sought help from Middle Eastern rulers. The Ottoman Empire played the central role, although Egypt and Persia also became involved. In 1899 the American ambassador in Istanbul persuaded the sultan, as Caliph, to order the Moros to submit. In 1913 the Ottoman sultan appointed a ‘high teacher’ for the Moros, Shaykh Wajih al-Kilani, from Palestine. Expelled from the Philippines by the Americans in early 1914, Wajih went to Washington to plead his cause, but died in Virginia in 1916. The Ottomans usually relied on European consuls to protect their nationals resident in the Philippines, but the ‘Young Turks’ appointed a career consul in Manila in 1910–11. After April 1917, Ottoman subjects became ‘allies of enemy’, despite the largely ‘Syrian’ community protesting its allegiance to the USA. After the First World War, the US ceased to court Middle Eastern states.
