Eric T. Freyfogle
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124391
- eISBN:
- 9780813134888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124391.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Aldo Leopold was the leading voice in the conservation community until his death in 1948. He first gained prominence in 1920, when he promoted the then-novel idea of protecting the remaining wild ...
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Aldo Leopold was the leading voice in the conservation community until his death in 1948. He first gained prominence in 1920, when he promoted the then-novel idea of protecting the remaining wild lands in the US. Given the rising economic pressures that were bringing in automobiles and new roads, Leopold saw an urgent need for legal protection to keep the lands wild. What is remarkable about Leopold is his keen understanding of the broad cultural and economic contexts of land use and conservation. He saw that scientific and technical fixes were not enough to address the problem of land degradation and that a change in human behavior was necessary. It was in the late 1930s when Leopold's idea of land health began to take shape and became a constant presence in his writings. He believed that a cultural transformation was necessary to restore land health, beginning with wilderness preservation.Less
Aldo Leopold was the leading voice in the conservation community until his death in 1948. He first gained prominence in 1920, when he promoted the then-novel idea of protecting the remaining wild lands in the US. Given the rising economic pressures that were bringing in automobiles and new roads, Leopold saw an urgent need for legal protection to keep the lands wild. What is remarkable about Leopold is his keen understanding of the broad cultural and economic contexts of land use and conservation. He saw that scientific and technical fixes were not enough to address the problem of land degradation and that a change in human behavior was necessary. It was in the late 1930s when Leopold's idea of land health began to take shape and became a constant presence in his writings. He believed that a cultural transformation was necessary to restore land health, beginning with wilderness preservation.
Benjamin Heber Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300115505
- eISBN:
- 9780300227765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300115505.003.0005
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter looks at how conservationists seemed more and more optimistic about their influence and accomplishments. By 1910, it had become common for conservationists to use the word “movement” in ...
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This chapter looks at how conservationists seemed more and more optimistic about their influence and accomplishments. By 1910, it had become common for conservationists to use the word “movement” in both their public announcements and, unselfconsciously, in their private correspondence. The word “movement” clearly conveyed the idea that conservation involved a wide range of policies, attracted a diverse set of passionate supporters, and was converting the dubious and inspiring the apathetic. In national politics, conservation reached its height during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1901–9). With the help of his trusted adviser Gifford Pinchot, Roosevelt made conservation one of his leading causes.Less
This chapter looks at how conservationists seemed more and more optimistic about their influence and accomplishments. By 1910, it had become common for conservationists to use the word “movement” in both their public announcements and, unselfconsciously, in their private correspondence. The word “movement” clearly conveyed the idea that conservation involved a wide range of policies, attracted a diverse set of passionate supporters, and was converting the dubious and inspiring the apathetic. In national politics, conservation reached its height during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1901–9). With the help of his trusted adviser Gifford Pinchot, Roosevelt made conservation one of his leading causes.
Paul Waldau
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226925332
- eISBN:
- 9780226925363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226925363.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter examines the relationship between the animal protection and conservation movements. It suggests that these movements are natural allies despite their purported differences, and that ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between the animal protection and conservation movements. It suggests that these movements are natural allies despite their purported differences, and that members of these movements must work together to achieve their goals. The relationship of the animal movement to the conservation movement is framed in terms of three questions. First, why is the animal movement important to the worldwide conservation movement? Second, why has the animal protection movement proceeded at a different pace and in different ways than has the conservation movement? Third, what are the most relevant features of the animal protection movement to the conservation movement?Less
This chapter examines the relationship between the animal protection and conservation movements. It suggests that these movements are natural allies despite their purported differences, and that members of these movements must work together to achieve their goals. The relationship of the animal movement to the conservation movement is framed in terms of three questions. First, why is the animal movement important to the worldwide conservation movement? Second, why has the animal protection movement proceeded at a different pace and in different ways than has the conservation movement? Third, what are the most relevant features of the animal protection movement to the conservation movement?
David Johns
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226925332
- eISBN:
- 9780226925363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226925363.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter discusses the seven major attributes of successful movements for major change, drawing upon lessons from conservation history and from the successes and failures of other movements. ...
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This chapter discusses the seven major attributes of successful movements for major change, drawing upon lessons from conservation history and from the successes and failures of other movements. These are (i) a clear, bold vision; (ii) combining insider and outsider strategies; (iii) creating a strong community; (iv) uncompromising on goals but flexible means; (v) perseverance; (vi) exploiting divisions within elites and crises; and (vii) understanding power.Less
This chapter discusses the seven major attributes of successful movements for major change, drawing upon lessons from conservation history and from the successes and failures of other movements. These are (i) a clear, bold vision; (ii) combining insider and outsider strategies; (iii) creating a strong community; (iv) uncompromising on goals but flexible means; (v) perseverance; (vi) exploiting divisions within elites and crises; and (vii) understanding power.
Benjamin Heber Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300115505
- eISBN:
- 9780300227765
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300115505.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This book is an exploration of the Progressive-era conservation movement, and its lasting effects on American culture, politics, and contemporary environmentalism. The turn of the twentieth century ...
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This book is an exploration of the Progressive-era conservation movement, and its lasting effects on American culture, politics, and contemporary environmentalism. The turn of the twentieth century caught America at a crossroads, shaking the dust from a bygone era and hurtling toward the promises of modernity. Factories, railroads, banks, and oil fields all reshaped the American landscape and people. In the gulf between growing wealth and the ills of an urbanizing nation, the spirit of Progressivism emerged. Promising a return to democracy and a check on concentrated wealth, Progressives confronted this changing relationship to the environment, not only in the countryside but also in dense industrial cities and leafy suburbs. Drawing on extensive work in urban history and Progressive politics, this book weaves together environmental history, material culture, and politics to reveal the successes and failures of the conservation movement and its lasting legacy. By following the efforts of a broad range of people and groups—women's clubs, labor advocates, architects, and politicians—the book shows how conservation embodied the ideals of Progressivism, ultimately becoming one of its most important legacies.Less
This book is an exploration of the Progressive-era conservation movement, and its lasting effects on American culture, politics, and contemporary environmentalism. The turn of the twentieth century caught America at a crossroads, shaking the dust from a bygone era and hurtling toward the promises of modernity. Factories, railroads, banks, and oil fields all reshaped the American landscape and people. In the gulf between growing wealth and the ills of an urbanizing nation, the spirit of Progressivism emerged. Promising a return to democracy and a check on concentrated wealth, Progressives confronted this changing relationship to the environment, not only in the countryside but also in dense industrial cities and leafy suburbs. Drawing on extensive work in urban history and Progressive politics, this book weaves together environmental history, material culture, and politics to reveal the successes and failures of the conservation movement and its lasting legacy. By following the efforts of a broad range of people and groups—women's clubs, labor advocates, architects, and politicians—the book shows how conservation embodied the ideals of Progressivism, ultimately becoming one of its most important legacies.
Eric Freyfogle
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300110401
- eISBN:
- 9780300133295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300110401.003.0002
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter presents the views of Aldo Leopold on land conservation. As a lover of the entire land community, Leopold belonged to a minority strand of American culture, and is remembered chiefly for ...
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This chapter presents the views of Aldo Leopold on land conservation. As a lover of the entire land community, Leopold belonged to a minority strand of American culture, and is remembered chiefly for his land ethic, summed up in his essay by that name. One of Leopold's chief complaints was the fragmentation that characterized the conservation movement of his day. Leopold's worries about conflicts within conservation soon merged with his ideas about land as a community. To coordinate efforts, conservation needed an overall goal, a common target at which all conservationists could aim. Given that land worked as an integrated system, the logical aim was one linked to the ability of the system as such to function over time.Less
This chapter presents the views of Aldo Leopold on land conservation. As a lover of the entire land community, Leopold belonged to a minority strand of American culture, and is remembered chiefly for his land ethic, summed up in his essay by that name. One of Leopold's chief complaints was the fragmentation that characterized the conservation movement of his day. Leopold's worries about conflicts within conservation soon merged with his ideas about land as a community. To coordinate efforts, conservation needed an overall goal, a common target at which all conservationists could aim. Given that land worked as an integrated system, the logical aim was one linked to the ability of the system as such to function over time.
Eric Freyfogle
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300110401
- eISBN:
- 9780300133295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300110401.003.0007
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter discusses land conservation's core tasks. The land conservation movement needs to clarify its goal, its overall vision of harmoniously living on the land. The goal needs to be one that ...
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This chapter discusses land conservation's core tasks. The land conservation movement needs to clarify its goal, its overall vision of harmoniously living on the land. The goal needs to be one that plainly promotes good land use, broadly defined, and which portrays people as having a rightful place on the land, and not as aliens. Once formulated, a sound goal could provide guidance for making decisions about individual land parcels, without dictating precise uses, and could also provide guidelines for mixing land uses on larger spatial scales. A variant on land health is the idea of ecological integrity, which ecologists have crafted as a way to describe intact natural communities; natural commodities that retain their natural composition and key ways of functioning.Less
This chapter discusses land conservation's core tasks. The land conservation movement needs to clarify its goal, its overall vision of harmoniously living on the land. The goal needs to be one that plainly promotes good land use, broadly defined, and which portrays people as having a rightful place on the land, and not as aliens. Once formulated, a sound goal could provide guidance for making decisions about individual land parcels, without dictating precise uses, and could also provide guidelines for mixing land uses on larger spatial scales. A variant on land health is the idea of ecological integrity, which ecologists have crafted as a way to describe intact natural communities; natural commodities that retain their natural composition and key ways of functioning.
Benjamin Heber Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300115505
- eISBN:
- 9780300227765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300115505.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This introductory chapter talks about a more comprehensive and balanced portrayal of conservation, exploring how it maintained race and class hierarchies, and how the movement laid the basis for real ...
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This introductory chapter talks about a more comprehensive and balanced portrayal of conservation, exploring how it maintained race and class hierarchies, and how the movement laid the basis for real and lasting environmental improvements. Several spectators realized that conservation had a lot to do with Progressivism, as environmental measures were among the most important legacies of the Progressive era. The chapter thus introduces three goals for conducting this research. First, it aims to offer a more expansive synthesis of conservationist thinking and doing, one that stresses the movement's complexity, heterogeneity, ambition, and breadth. Second, it means to show how deeply tied this movement was to the larger course of Progressivism. And finally, it argues for the relevance of conservation for contemporary environmental reform.Less
This introductory chapter talks about a more comprehensive and balanced portrayal of conservation, exploring how it maintained race and class hierarchies, and how the movement laid the basis for real and lasting environmental improvements. Several spectators realized that conservation had a lot to do with Progressivism, as environmental measures were among the most important legacies of the Progressive era. The chapter thus introduces three goals for conducting this research. First, it aims to offer a more expansive synthesis of conservationist thinking and doing, one that stresses the movement's complexity, heterogeneity, ambition, and breadth. Second, it means to show how deeply tied this movement was to the larger course of Progressivism. And finally, it argues for the relevance of conservation for contemporary environmental reform.
Robert B. Keiter
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092738
- eISBN:
- 9780300128277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092738.003.0009
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter focuses on the relationship between science and human values in public land policy. It discusses the science–values conflict that has its origins in the early twentieth-century ...
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This chapter focuses on the relationship between science and human values in public land policy. It discusses the science–values conflict that has its origins in the early twentieth-century progressive conservation movement, which introduced the idea of scientific management and professional resource management agencies. One tangible dimension of the science–values conflict is the tension that persists between ecology and economics in establishing public land policy. Another is the persistent question of the technical expert's role in defining resource priorities. The chapter also discusses ecological restoration, which is emerging as an important new policy objective on the public lands, rekindling the debate over whether and how to intervene on nature's behalf. It finds that the issue is being framed in terms of active versus passive management strategies.Less
This chapter focuses on the relationship between science and human values in public land policy. It discusses the science–values conflict that has its origins in the early twentieth-century progressive conservation movement, which introduced the idea of scientific management and professional resource management agencies. One tangible dimension of the science–values conflict is the tension that persists between ecology and economics in establishing public land policy. Another is the persistent question of the technical expert's role in defining resource priorities. The chapter also discusses ecological restoration, which is emerging as an important new policy objective on the public lands, rekindling the debate over whether and how to intervene on nature's behalf. It finds that the issue is being framed in terms of active versus passive management strategies.
Holly J. McCammon, Allison McGrath, David J. Hess, and Minyoung Moon
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190265144
- eISBN:
- 9780190265175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190265144.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, Democratization
This chapter discusses modes of women’s leadership in the US environmental movement over the past one hundred years, expanding the definition of leadership beyond simply the formal head of large ...
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This chapter discusses modes of women’s leadership in the US environmental movement over the past one hundred years, expanding the definition of leadership beyond simply the formal head of large environmental organizations. During the early and mid-twentieth century, women-only organizations contributed to broadening the conservation movement, and a diverse set of women’s groups engaged in creating healthier environments in urban areas. Women’s leadership in contemporary environmentalism helped expand the movement by pushing gender, racial, ethnic, and class boundaries. Women became leaders of mainstream environmental groups, led efforts for environmental justice, developed ecofeminism, and participated in direct-action environmentalism. The chapter concludes that examining women’s environmental leadership reveals similarities and differences in women’s leadership over time, women’s ongoing struggles against traditional gender norms, the broad diversity of women leading in the movement, and women’s significant influence on the environmentalism and the environment itself.Less
This chapter discusses modes of women’s leadership in the US environmental movement over the past one hundred years, expanding the definition of leadership beyond simply the formal head of large environmental organizations. During the early and mid-twentieth century, women-only organizations contributed to broadening the conservation movement, and a diverse set of women’s groups engaged in creating healthier environments in urban areas. Women’s leadership in contemporary environmentalism helped expand the movement by pushing gender, racial, ethnic, and class boundaries. Women became leaders of mainstream environmental groups, led efforts for environmental justice, developed ecofeminism, and participated in direct-action environmentalism. The chapter concludes that examining women’s environmental leadership reveals similarities and differences in women’s leadership over time, women’s ongoing struggles against traditional gender norms, the broad diversity of women leading in the movement, and women’s significant influence on the environmentalism and the environment itself.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198706977
- eISBN:
- 9780191840340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198706977.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This chapter lays out the principal aims of the book and its contribution. It shows that business drove unprecedented wealth creation over the last two hundred years but the cost was unprecedented ...
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This chapter lays out the principal aims of the book and its contribution. It shows that business drove unprecedented wealth creation over the last two hundred years but the cost was unprecedented environmental pollution resulting in new geological era known as the Anthropocene Age. Already in the nineteenth century there was resistance which mostly took the form of elite conservation movements. Overlooked has been the advent of green entrepreneurs who sought to create new firms to facilitate sustainability. Today there is much discussion about green entrepreneurship, but these figures predate today’s green entrepreneurs by a century. The book breaks new ground in business history by looking at these many small and marginal entrepreneurial figures, who were often highly unconventional. The book will explore what has motivated green entrepreneurs in each generation, how they built businesses, and whether they achieved their goals.Less
This chapter lays out the principal aims of the book and its contribution. It shows that business drove unprecedented wealth creation over the last two hundred years but the cost was unprecedented environmental pollution resulting in new geological era known as the Anthropocene Age. Already in the nineteenth century there was resistance which mostly took the form of elite conservation movements. Overlooked has been the advent of green entrepreneurs who sought to create new firms to facilitate sustainability. Today there is much discussion about green entrepreneurship, but these figures predate today’s green entrepreneurs by a century. The book breaks new ground in business history by looking at these many small and marginal entrepreneurial figures, who were often highly unconventional. The book will explore what has motivated green entrepreneurs in each generation, how they built businesses, and whether they achieved their goals.
Gregory A. Barton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199642533
- eISBN:
- 9780191851186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199642533.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
As the previous chapters have shown, organic farming arose in an imperial setting and was actually part of a long history of environmental reforms initiated within the British Empire. Organic farming ...
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As the previous chapters have shown, organic farming arose in an imperial setting and was actually part of a long history of environmental reforms initiated within the British Empire. Organic farming shared many similarities with, and even grew from, the empire forestry movement. Organic farming also played an important role in the growth of environmental consciousness around the world. It transmitted a deep suspicion of corporations and big-science into the broader environmental movement. It shows that, if we disconnect science from the needs of human culture (including spiritual values), science loses its impact on the public. Albert and Louise Howard both clearly understood this and recognized that theory and laboratory findings must produce results in the field, and in the hearts and minds of consumers. The organic farming movement made precisely such a connection and that is one of the ways to explain its remarkable success.Less
As the previous chapters have shown, organic farming arose in an imperial setting and was actually part of a long history of environmental reforms initiated within the British Empire. Organic farming shared many similarities with, and even grew from, the empire forestry movement. Organic farming also played an important role in the growth of environmental consciousness around the world. It transmitted a deep suspicion of corporations and big-science into the broader environmental movement. It shows that, if we disconnect science from the needs of human culture (including spiritual values), science loses its impact on the public. Albert and Louise Howard both clearly understood this and recognized that theory and laboratory findings must produce results in the field, and in the hearts and minds of consumers. The organic farming movement made precisely such a connection and that is one of the ways to explain its remarkable success.