William F. McCants
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151489
- eISBN:
- 9781400840069
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151489.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
From the dawn of writing in Sumer to the sunset of the Islamic empire, this book traces four thousand years of speculation on the origins of civilization. Investigating a vast range of primary ...
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From the dawn of writing in Sumer to the sunset of the Islamic empire, this book traces four thousand years of speculation on the origins of civilization. Investigating a vast range of primary sources, some of which are translated here for the first time, and focusing on the dynamic influence of the Greek, Roman, and Arab conquests of the Near East, the book looks at the ways the conquerors and those they conquered reshaped their myths of civilization's origins in response to the social and political consequences of empire. The Greek and Roman conquests brought with them a learned culture that competed with that of native elites. The conquering Arabs, in contrast, had no learned culture, which led to three hundred years of Muslim competition over the cultural orientation of Islam, a contest reflected in the culture myths of that time. What we know today as Islamic culture is the product of this contest, whose protagonists drew heavily on the lore of non-Arab and pagan antiquity. The book argues that authors in all three periods did not write about civilization's origins solely out of pure antiquarian interest—they also sought to address the social and political tensions of the day. The strategies they employed and the postcolonial dilemmas they confronted provide invaluable context for understanding how authors today use myth and history to locate themselves in the confusing aftermath of empire.Less
From the dawn of writing in Sumer to the sunset of the Islamic empire, this book traces four thousand years of speculation on the origins of civilization. Investigating a vast range of primary sources, some of which are translated here for the first time, and focusing on the dynamic influence of the Greek, Roman, and Arab conquests of the Near East, the book looks at the ways the conquerors and those they conquered reshaped their myths of civilization's origins in response to the social and political consequences of empire. The Greek and Roman conquests brought with them a learned culture that competed with that of native elites. The conquering Arabs, in contrast, had no learned culture, which led to three hundred years of Muslim competition over the cultural orientation of Islam, a contest reflected in the culture myths of that time. What we know today as Islamic culture is the product of this contest, whose protagonists drew heavily on the lore of non-Arab and pagan antiquity. The book argues that authors in all three periods did not write about civilization's origins solely out of pure antiquarian interest—they also sought to address the social and political tensions of the day. The strategies they employed and the postcolonial dilemmas they confronted provide invaluable context for understanding how authors today use myth and history to locate themselves in the confusing aftermath of empire.
R. R. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208785
- eISBN:
- 9780191678141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
In the two and a half centuries before the Black Death of 1349, Wales underwent economic, social, and ecclesiastical changes arguably more profound and far-reaching than any it experienced prior to ...
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In the two and a half centuries before the Black Death of 1349, Wales underwent economic, social, and ecclesiastical changes arguably more profound and far-reaching than any it experienced prior to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of Methodism. The extent and character of those changes have tended to be underestimated for several reasons. One such reason is that the clatter of battle and conquest has so engaged the attention of the historian, as indeed it did that of contemporary annalists and chroniclers, that it diverts attention from the much less obtrusive and slow-moving changes within society. All medieval societies were localized; few more so than medieval Wales. Such hints of change as survive are, therefore, of their nature fragmentary and localized. No Domesday Book or foreign trade statistics survive, as in England.Less
In the two and a half centuries before the Black Death of 1349, Wales underwent economic, social, and ecclesiastical changes arguably more profound and far-reaching than any it experienced prior to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of Methodism. The extent and character of those changes have tended to be underestimated for several reasons. One such reason is that the clatter of battle and conquest has so engaged the attention of the historian, as indeed it did that of contemporary annalists and chroniclers, that it diverts attention from the much less obtrusive and slow-moving changes within society. All medieval societies were localized; few more so than medieval Wales. Such hints of change as survive are, therefore, of their nature fragmentary and localized. No Domesday Book or foreign trade statistics survive, as in England.
R. R. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208785
- eISBN:
- 9780191678141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The period from 1172 to 1277 witnessed momentous changes in Wales. Some of those changes within society, economic life, and the church have already been outlined. They were equally momentous in the ...
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The period from 1172 to 1277 witnessed momentous changes in Wales. Some of those changes within society, economic life, and the church have already been outlined. They were equally momentous in the political life of the country. By the late twelfth century, the map of political power in Wales had largely assumed the shape it was to retain until the Edwardian Conquest. The age of rapid advance by the Anglo-Normans had come to an end; it was followed by an age of consolidation. During the same period, the structure of political authority within Wales was being transformed, particularly within native Wales. There were continuities with the past, of course, in the principles and practice of power, both within and between the ruling dynasties.Less
The period from 1172 to 1277 witnessed momentous changes in Wales. Some of those changes within society, economic life, and the church have already been outlined. They were equally momentous in the political life of the country. By the late twelfth century, the map of political power in Wales had largely assumed the shape it was to retain until the Edwardian Conquest. The age of rapid advance by the Anglo-Normans had come to an end; it was followed by an age of consolidation. During the same period, the structure of political authority within Wales was being transformed, particularly within native Wales. There were continuities with the past, of course, in the principles and practice of power, both within and between the ruling dynasties.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for ...
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This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.Less
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0021
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B ...
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This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.Less
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
Peter S. Wells
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143385
- eISBN:
- 9781400844777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143385.003.0013
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter argues that the “Roman conquest” of parts of temperate Europe was not as all-changing as most history books would suggest. The idea of a “Roman Europe,” in the sense of European ...
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This chapter argues that the “Roman conquest” of parts of temperate Europe was not as all-changing as most history books would suggest. The idea of a “Roman Europe,” in the sense of European provinces practicing Roman culture—in particular, Roman ways of seeing—needs considerable revision. Much evidence suggests that Middle Iron Age modes of visual perception and ways of crafting objects continued throughout the period of Roman political domination to reemerge in the so-called “early Germanic” style of the early Middle Ages, as well as in “Celtic” objects such as the Book of Kells and the traditions known as “Anglo-Saxon” and “Viking” art.Less
This chapter argues that the “Roman conquest” of parts of temperate Europe was not as all-changing as most history books would suggest. The idea of a “Roman Europe,” in the sense of European provinces practicing Roman culture—in particular, Roman ways of seeing—needs considerable revision. Much evidence suggests that Middle Iron Age modes of visual perception and ways of crafting objects continued throughout the period of Roman political domination to reemerge in the so-called “early Germanic” style of the early Middle Ages, as well as in “Celtic” objects such as the Book of Kells and the traditions known as “Anglo-Saxon” and “Viking” art.
A. S. Morrison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547371
- eISBN:
- 9780191720710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547371.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The book opens with a brief account of the book's aims, giving the reasons for undertaking a comparative study. The first chapter provides background information on the political situation in Central ...
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The book opens with a brief account of the book's aims, giving the reasons for undertaking a comparative study. The first chapter provides background information on the political situation in Central Asia before the Russian conquest, a basic narrative of the conquest, a description of the principal events and actors in the fifty years of Russian rule before the First World War, and a brief account of the make-up of Central Asia's population at the time.Less
The book opens with a brief account of the book's aims, giving the reasons for undertaking a comparative study. The first chapter provides background information on the political situation in Central Asia before the Russian conquest, a basic narrative of the conquest, a description of the principal events and actors in the fifty years of Russian rule before the First World War, and a brief account of the make-up of Central Asia's population at the time.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter retraces the shared history between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. Focusing on the Ottoman conquest in Europe, the chapter describes the events by which the history of Europe became ...
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This chapter retraces the shared history between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. Focusing on the Ottoman conquest in Europe, the chapter describes the events by which the history of Europe became indistinguishable from that of its relationship, whether good or bad, with the principal Muslim power of the time. It first discusses the presence of Turks and Muslims in Europe before the Ottoman expansion, before turning to the origins of the Ottomans, who had emerged from one of the many small Turkoman principalities that had formed on the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Pontic periphery of the Seljuk sultanate of Konya. The chapter then chronicles the first Ottoman ventures into Europe, which eventually culminated in a series of conquests in the continent.Less
This chapter retraces the shared history between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. Focusing on the Ottoman conquest in Europe, the chapter describes the events by which the history of Europe became indistinguishable from that of its relationship, whether good or bad, with the principal Muslim power of the time. It first discusses the presence of Turks and Muslims in Europe before the Ottoman expansion, before turning to the origins of the Ottomans, who had emerged from one of the many small Turkoman principalities that had formed on the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Pontic periphery of the Seljuk sultanate of Konya. The chapter then chronicles the first Ottoman ventures into Europe, which eventually culminated in a series of conquests in the continent.
Paul Heggarty and David Beresford-Jones (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265031
- eISBN:
- 9780191754142
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265031.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, American History: pre-Columbian BCE to 500CE
The Andes are of unquestioned significance to the human story: a cradle of agriculture and of ‘pristine’ civilisation with a pedigree of millennia. The Incas were but the culmination of a succession ...
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The Andes are of unquestioned significance to the human story: a cradle of agriculture and of ‘pristine’ civilisation with a pedigree of millennia. The Incas were but the culmination of a succession of civilisations that rose and fell to leave one of the richest archaeological records on Earth. By no coincidence, the Andes are home also to our greatest surviving link to the speech of the New World before European conquest: the Quechua language family. For linguists, the native tongues of the Andes make for another rich seam of data on origins, expansions, and reversals throughout prehistory. Historians and anthropologists, meanwhile, negotiate many pitfalls to interpret the conflicting mytho-histories of the Andes, recorded for us only through the distorting prism of the conquistadors' world-view. Each of these disciplines opens up its own partial window on the past: very different perspectives, to be sure, but all the more complementary for it. Frustratingly though, specialists in each field have all too long proceeded largely in ignorance of great strides being taken in the others. This book brings together a cast of scholars from each discipline, converging their disparate perspectives into a true cross-disciplinary focus, to weave together a coherent account of what was, after all, one and the same prehistory. The result, instructive also far beyond the Andes, is a case-study in the pursuit of a more holistic vision of the human past.Less
The Andes are of unquestioned significance to the human story: a cradle of agriculture and of ‘pristine’ civilisation with a pedigree of millennia. The Incas were but the culmination of a succession of civilisations that rose and fell to leave one of the richest archaeological records on Earth. By no coincidence, the Andes are home also to our greatest surviving link to the speech of the New World before European conquest: the Quechua language family. For linguists, the native tongues of the Andes make for another rich seam of data on origins, expansions, and reversals throughout prehistory. Historians and anthropologists, meanwhile, negotiate many pitfalls to interpret the conflicting mytho-histories of the Andes, recorded for us only through the distorting prism of the conquistadors' world-view. Each of these disciplines opens up its own partial window on the past: very different perspectives, to be sure, but all the more complementary for it. Frustratingly though, specialists in each field have all too long proceeded largely in ignorance of great strides being taken in the others. This book brings together a cast of scholars from each discipline, converging their disparate perspectives into a true cross-disciplinary focus, to weave together a coherent account of what was, after all, one and the same prehistory. The result, instructive also far beyond the Andes, is a case-study in the pursuit of a more holistic vision of the human past.
Robert J Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579815
- eISBN:
- 9780191594465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579815.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This book shines new light on the mostly ignored historical and legal evidence of the use of the Doctrine of Discovery in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. In these countries, ...
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This book shines new light on the mostly ignored historical and legal evidence of the use of the Doctrine of Discovery in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. In these countries, Christian Europeans assumed that they held sovereign, property, and commercial rights over the indigenous peoples under the ‘legal authority’ of the Doctrine. This chapter examines the development of Discovery in Europe, focusing on England's role in that development and its use of the Doctrine in these four English colonies. It also sets out the elements of Discovery to explain its underpinnings and definition and to explain how it was used in these four countries to acquire the rights of indigenous peoples. These four countries still struggle to deal with indigenous peoples and, in fact, they were the only countries to vote against the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.Less
This book shines new light on the mostly ignored historical and legal evidence of the use of the Doctrine of Discovery in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. In these countries, Christian Europeans assumed that they held sovereign, property, and commercial rights over the indigenous peoples under the ‘legal authority’ of the Doctrine. This chapter examines the development of Discovery in Europe, focusing on England's role in that development and its use of the Doctrine in these four English colonies. It also sets out the elements of Discovery to explain its underpinnings and definition and to explain how it was used in these four countries to acquire the rights of indigenous peoples. These four countries still struggle to deal with indigenous peoples and, in fact, they were the only countries to vote against the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
AMÉLIE KUHRT
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264010
- eISBN:
- 9780191734946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter examines how an historian of the ancient Near East sets about reconstructing a picture of the past using material of great diversity in terms of type and historical value. It ...
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This chapter examines how an historian of the ancient Near East sets about reconstructing a picture of the past using material of great diversity in terms of type and historical value. It demonstrates this approach by considering the figure of the Achaemenid king, Cyrus II ‘the Great’ of Persia. The discussion begins by creating a conventional image of the king and consolidating it. It then analyses the evidence that has been used to strengthen the picture and presents some historical realities. The basis for the standard picture of Cyrus the Great is provided by material in classical writers and the Old Testament. Cyrus introduced a new policy of religious toleration together with active support for local cults, exemplified by the permission he granted to the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple, with generous funding from central government. The chapter also considers the date for Cyrus' defeat of the Median king Astyages (550), as well as his conquest of Babylon itself.Less
This chapter examines how an historian of the ancient Near East sets about reconstructing a picture of the past using material of great diversity in terms of type and historical value. It demonstrates this approach by considering the figure of the Achaemenid king, Cyrus II ‘the Great’ of Persia. The discussion begins by creating a conventional image of the king and consolidating it. It then analyses the evidence that has been used to strengthen the picture and presents some historical realities. The basis for the standard picture of Cyrus the Great is provided by material in classical writers and the Old Testament. Cyrus introduced a new policy of religious toleration together with active support for local cults, exemplified by the permission he granted to the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple, with generous funding from central government. The chapter also considers the date for Cyrus' defeat of the Median king Astyages (550), as well as his conquest of Babylon itself.
DANIEL R. SCHWARTZ
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197262764
- eISBN:
- 9780191753947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262764.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
In Ant. 14. 77, speaking of the Roman conquest and dismemberment of the Hasmonean state in 63 bce, Josephus complains that ‘we lost our freedom and became subject to the Romans’. That is, eleutheria ...
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In Ant. 14. 77, speaking of the Roman conquest and dismemberment of the Hasmonean state in 63 bce, Josephus complains that ‘we lost our freedom and became subject to the Romans’. That is, eleutheria and Roman rule are incompatible. Three books later, however, at Ant. 17. 227, referring to the deliberations concerning the status of Judaea following Herod's death, Josephus refers to Jews who ‘desired freedom and to be placed under a Roman governor’. That is, eleutheria goes along fine with Roman rule. It is evident that two contradictory notions of freedom are at work in these passages, and this chapter investigates how Josephus could have written them both.Less
In Ant. 14. 77, speaking of the Roman conquest and dismemberment of the Hasmonean state in 63 bce, Josephus complains that ‘we lost our freedom and became subject to the Romans’. That is, eleutheria and Roman rule are incompatible. Three books later, however, at Ant. 17. 227, referring to the deliberations concerning the status of Judaea following Herod's death, Josephus refers to Jews who ‘desired freedom and to be placed under a Roman governor’. That is, eleutheria goes along fine with Roman rule. It is evident that two contradictory notions of freedom are at work in these passages, and this chapter investigates how Josephus could have written them both.
D. R. M. Irving
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378269
- eISBN:
- 9780199864614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378269.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of ...
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This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.Less
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.
Stephen Baxter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230983
- eISBN:
- 9780191710940
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230983.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This book constitutes a major reappraisal of the late Anglo-Saxon state on the eve of its demise. Its principal focus is the family of Ealdorman Leofwine, which obtained power in Mercia and retained ...
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This book constitutes a major reappraisal of the late Anglo-Saxon state on the eve of its demise. Its principal focus is the family of Ealdorman Leofwine, which obtained power in Mercia and retained it throughout an extraordinary period of political upheaval between 994 and 1071. In doing so it explores a paradox: that earls were extraordinarily wealthy and powerful yet distinctly insecure. The book contains the first extended treatment of earls' powers in late Anglo-Saxon England and shows that although they wielded considerable military, administrative and political powers, they remained vulnerable to exile and other forms of political punishment including loss of territory. The book also offers a path-breaking analysis of land tenure and the mechanics of royal patronage, and argues that the majority of earls' estates were held from the king on a revocable basis for the duration of their period in office. In order to compensate for such insecurities, earls used lordship and religious patronage to construct local networks of power. The book uses innovative methods for interpreting the representation of lordship in Domesday Book to reconstruct the affinity of the earls of Mercia. It also examines how the house of Leofwine made strategic use of religious patronage to cement local power structures. All this created intense competition between the earls of Mercia and their rivals for power, both at court and in the localities, and the book explores how factional rivalry determined the course of politics, and ultimately the fate of the late Anglo-Saxon state.Less
This book constitutes a major reappraisal of the late Anglo-Saxon state on the eve of its demise. Its principal focus is the family of Ealdorman Leofwine, which obtained power in Mercia and retained it throughout an extraordinary period of political upheaval between 994 and 1071. In doing so it explores a paradox: that earls were extraordinarily wealthy and powerful yet distinctly insecure. The book contains the first extended treatment of earls' powers in late Anglo-Saxon England and shows that although they wielded considerable military, administrative and political powers, they remained vulnerable to exile and other forms of political punishment including loss of territory. The book also offers a path-breaking analysis of land tenure and the mechanics of royal patronage, and argues that the majority of earls' estates were held from the king on a revocable basis for the duration of their period in office. In order to compensate for such insecurities, earls used lordship and religious patronage to construct local networks of power. The book uses innovative methods for interpreting the representation of lordship in Domesday Book to reconstruct the affinity of the earls of Mercia. It also examines how the house of Leofwine made strategic use of religious patronage to cement local power structures. All this created intense competition between the earls of Mercia and their rivals for power, both at court and in the localities, and the book explores how factional rivalry determined the course of politics, and ultimately the fate of the late Anglo-Saxon state.
Leslie Dossey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520254398
- eISBN:
- 9780520947771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520254398.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, African History: BCE to 500CE
This history foregrounds the most marginal sector of the Roman population—the provincial peasantry—to paint a picture of peasant society. Making use of detailed archaeological and textual evidence, ...
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This history foregrounds the most marginal sector of the Roman population—the provincial peasantry—to paint a picture of peasant society. Making use of detailed archaeological and textual evidence, the book examines the peasantry in relation to the upper classes in Christian North Africa, tracing that region's social and cultural history from Punic times to the eve of the Islamic conquest. The author demonstrates that during the period when Christianity was spreading to both city and countryside in North Africa, a convergence of economic interests narrowed the gap between the rustici and the urbani, creating a consumer revolution of sorts among the peasants. The book's postcolonial perspective points to the empowerment of North African peasants and gives voice to lower social classes across the Roman world.Less
This history foregrounds the most marginal sector of the Roman population—the provincial peasantry—to paint a picture of peasant society. Making use of detailed archaeological and textual evidence, the book examines the peasantry in relation to the upper classes in Christian North Africa, tracing that region's social and cultural history from Punic times to the eve of the Islamic conquest. The author demonstrates that during the period when Christianity was spreading to both city and countryside in North Africa, a convergence of economic interests narrowed the gap between the rustici and the urbani, creating a consumer revolution of sorts among the peasants. The book's postcolonial perspective points to the empowerment of North African peasants and gives voice to lower social classes across the Roman world.
S. J. Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198208167
- eISBN:
- 9780191716546
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208167.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book is a study of the multiple transformations that reshaped the character of early modern Ireland. It covers the extension across the whole island of English state power, a process often ...
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This book is a study of the multiple transformations that reshaped the character of early modern Ireland. It covers the extension across the whole island of English state power, a process often referred to as the Tudor conquest, as well as Ireland's early years as part of the Stuart composite monarchy. It also explores the associated shift from a society based on consumption and distribution, to a primitive but rapidly developing market economy. The arrival, as part of the process of conquest and assimilation of growing numbers of English and Scottish settlers, brought new ethnic complexity to an island already divided in language and culture between the Gaelic Irish and the Old English descendants of medieval colonists. The failure of the Reformation to win significant support among either the Irish or the Old English meant that rivalries between native and newcomer were also conflicts between Catholic and Protestant. At the same time, political and personal alliances, and the interaction of languages and cultures created relationships across lines of political, ethnic, and religious division. By the end of the period, members of all three groups: New English, Old English, and Gaelic Irish, can be seen reassessing their sense of their own identity and their relationship to other groups, in an Ireland unrecognizable from that of a century earlier.Less
This book is a study of the multiple transformations that reshaped the character of early modern Ireland. It covers the extension across the whole island of English state power, a process often referred to as the Tudor conquest, as well as Ireland's early years as part of the Stuart composite monarchy. It also explores the associated shift from a society based on consumption and distribution, to a primitive but rapidly developing market economy. The arrival, as part of the process of conquest and assimilation of growing numbers of English and Scottish settlers, brought new ethnic complexity to an island already divided in language and culture between the Gaelic Irish and the Old English descendants of medieval colonists. The failure of the Reformation to win significant support among either the Irish or the Old English meant that rivalries between native and newcomer were also conflicts between Catholic and Protestant. At the same time, political and personal alliances, and the interaction of languages and cultures created relationships across lines of political, ethnic, and religious division. By the end of the period, members of all three groups: New English, Old English, and Gaelic Irish, can be seen reassessing their sense of their own identity and their relationship to other groups, in an Ireland unrecognizable from that of a century earlier.
Colin G. Calloway
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195340129
- eISBN:
- 9780199867202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340129.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter takes a comparative look at the patterns of conquest and colonialism in the British Isles and in North America. It provides necessary background on Scotland's historic relationship with ...
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This chapter takes a comparative look at the patterns of conquest and colonialism in the British Isles and in North America. It provides necessary background on Scotland's historic relationship with its more powerful neighbor to the south, on the crown's efforts to subjugate the Celtic borderlands, and how colonial strategies developed in dealing with tribal peoples in Britain were subsequently applied in dealing with tribal peoples in North America. It also considers the varied responses of the clans and tribes, and how, for example, the Campbells and Mohegans found alliance with the English as a path to power.Less
This chapter takes a comparative look at the patterns of conquest and colonialism in the British Isles and in North America. It provides necessary background on Scotland's historic relationship with its more powerful neighbor to the south, on the crown's efforts to subjugate the Celtic borderlands, and how colonial strategies developed in dealing with tribal peoples in Britain were subsequently applied in dealing with tribal peoples in North America. It also considers the varied responses of the clans and tribes, and how, for example, the Campbells and Mohegans found alliance with the English as a path to power.
Gary A. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199576739
- eISBN:
- 9780191595165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576739.003.0027
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter begins with a significant moral problem raised by the Book of Joshua: Is there any way to justify the Israelites seizing of the land of another people (in this instance the Canaanites)? ...
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This chapter begins with a significant moral problem raised by the Book of Joshua: Is there any way to justify the Israelites seizing of the land of another people (in this instance the Canaanites)? This chapter discusses some of the historical issues involved (archeology shows that the conquest as described did not happen) but spend most of my time with the texts themselves. This chapter begins by articulating the unique relationship Israel has to her land. The chapter then turns to the way in which Genesis 15 sets the canonical framework for reading the Book of Joshua. In brief, God is justified in evicting the Canaanites because of their sinful behavior that has gone on for centuries. God will use the same moral principles to judge Israel later in the biblical narrative.Less
This chapter begins with a significant moral problem raised by the Book of Joshua: Is there any way to justify the Israelites seizing of the land of another people (in this instance the Canaanites)? This chapter discusses some of the historical issues involved (archeology shows that the conquest as described did not happen) but spend most of my time with the texts themselves. This chapter begins by articulating the unique relationship Israel has to her land. The chapter then turns to the way in which Genesis 15 sets the canonical framework for reading the Book of Joshua. In brief, God is justified in evicting the Canaanites because of their sinful behavior that has gone on for centuries. God will use the same moral principles to judge Israel later in the biblical narrative.
Sarah Washbrook
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264973
- eISBN:
- 9780191754128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264973.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter analyzes the political, economic, and social relations in Chiapas during the colonial era in order to better understand the nature and impact of the modernizing reforms enacted by ...
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This chapter analyzes the political, economic, and social relations in Chiapas during the colonial era in order to better understand the nature and impact of the modernizing reforms enacted by liberal regimes after independence. The first section presents an overview of the conquest of the region from 1528 to around 1550. The second section examines the institutions of state rule and how they changed over time, emphasizing the break between Habsburg and Bourbon rule after 1750. The third section analyzes the history and structure of the Indian community or república de indios and underscores its important political, economic, and ideological role in colonial society. The next two sections look at controlled markets in commerce and labour (repartimientos), which constituted important means by which surplus labour and produce were extracted from the Indian population. The next section considers the history of the Church in Chiapas, which like the Spanish Crown extracted taxes, fees, and labour from the communities. The Church also structured religious celebration and public ritual in the communities around the corporate institutions of the parish and cofradía, thereby contributing to the consolidation of both colonial rule and Indian ethnic identity and solidarity. Chiapas's hacienda sector, which is examined in the final section, was also dominated by the Church, although production was limited in the province before Bourbon policies fomented the expansion of commercial agriculture in the late eighteenth century.Less
This chapter analyzes the political, economic, and social relations in Chiapas during the colonial era in order to better understand the nature and impact of the modernizing reforms enacted by liberal regimes after independence. The first section presents an overview of the conquest of the region from 1528 to around 1550. The second section examines the institutions of state rule and how they changed over time, emphasizing the break between Habsburg and Bourbon rule after 1750. The third section analyzes the history and structure of the Indian community or república de indios and underscores its important political, economic, and ideological role in colonial society. The next two sections look at controlled markets in commerce and labour (repartimientos), which constituted important means by which surplus labour and produce were extracted from the Indian population. The next section considers the history of the Church in Chiapas, which like the Spanish Crown extracted taxes, fees, and labour from the communities. The Church also structured religious celebration and public ritual in the communities around the corporate institutions of the parish and cofradía, thereby contributing to the consolidation of both colonial rule and Indian ethnic identity and solidarity. Chiapas's hacienda sector, which is examined in the final section, was also dominated by the Church, although production was limited in the province before Bourbon policies fomented the expansion of commercial agriculture in the late eighteenth century.
Alfredo González-Ruibal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264782
- eISBN:
- 9780191754012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264782.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
The Turco‐Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1820–1 was a tragic turning point in the history of the peripheral regions of the Ethiopian and Sudanese states. With the commencement of Turco‐Egyptian ...
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The Turco‐Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1820–1 was a tragic turning point in the history of the peripheral regions of the Ethiopian and Sudanese states. With the commencement of Turco‐Egyptian overrule, the indigenous peoples of Benishangul, Gambela, Bahr al-Jabal, and Bahr al-Ghazal became integrated into a wider political-economic order in which they had much to lose and little to win. The panorama of social disruption that followed this integration is similar to that of other African regions, which were treated as mere reservoirs of raw materials and forced labour by neighbouring states. This chapter presents an archaeological site that is most likely related to the Turco‐Egyptian control of Benishangul (western Ethiopia). It describes the structures, proposes a chronology based on historical inferences, and interprets them in the context of the economic exploitation of the region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, it addresses the issue of monumentality and its implications in a traditional African landscape.Less
The Turco‐Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1820–1 was a tragic turning point in the history of the peripheral regions of the Ethiopian and Sudanese states. With the commencement of Turco‐Egyptian overrule, the indigenous peoples of Benishangul, Gambela, Bahr al-Jabal, and Bahr al-Ghazal became integrated into a wider political-economic order in which they had much to lose and little to win. The panorama of social disruption that followed this integration is similar to that of other African regions, which were treated as mere reservoirs of raw materials and forced labour by neighbouring states. This chapter presents an archaeological site that is most likely related to the Turco‐Egyptian control of Benishangul (western Ethiopia). It describes the structures, proposes a chronology based on historical inferences, and interprets them in the context of the economic exploitation of the region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, it addresses the issue of monumentality and its implications in a traditional African landscape.
