Aaron L. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590957
- eISBN:
- 9780191594595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590957.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Music Psychology
This concluding section explores the interactions of constraints, freedom, and style in improvisation, drawing on all of the materials discussed in previous chapters. These ideas are presented in ...
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This concluding section explores the interactions of constraints, freedom, and style in improvisation, drawing on all of the materials discussed in previous chapters. These ideas are presented in cross-cultural context, as well as with respect to the music-language comparisons developed in previous chapters. In conclusion, improvisation is explored as an evolutionarily adaptive feature of everyday cognition and neurobiological development.Less
This concluding section explores the interactions of constraints, freedom, and style in improvisation, drawing on all of the materials discussed in previous chapters. These ideas are presented in cross-cultural context, as well as with respect to the music-language comparisons developed in previous chapters. In conclusion, improvisation is explored as an evolutionarily adaptive feature of everyday cognition and neurobiological development.
Katja Guenther
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226288208
- eISBN:
- 9780226288345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226288345.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The Epilogue returns to the theme of the Introduction, and suggests ways in which this history sheds new light on recent trends in neuroscience—not to offer a full history of the present, but to ...
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The Epilogue returns to the theme of the Introduction, and suggests ways in which this history sheds new light on recent trends in neuroscience—not to offer a full history of the present, but to exploit suggestive structural parallels between the history told in this book and neuroscientific developments of the past decade. It suggests that a historically grounded understanding of the articulation of the relationship between localization and a principle of “connectivity” helps reframe anxieties about the place of neuroscience in contemporary academic culture, and in particular in the humanities. 92Less
The Epilogue returns to the theme of the Introduction, and suggests ways in which this history sheds new light on recent trends in neuroscience—not to offer a full history of the present, but to exploit suggestive structural parallels between the history told in this book and neuroscientific developments of the past decade. It suggests that a historically grounded understanding of the articulation of the relationship between localization and a principle of “connectivity” helps reframe anxieties about the place of neuroscience in contemporary academic culture, and in particular in the humanities. 92
Katja Guenther
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226288208
- eISBN:
- 9780226288345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226288345.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The Introduction draws the parallels between certain trends in modern neuroscience and developments in late nineteenth-century neuropsychiatry. Both are structured by the aporetic relationship ...
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The Introduction draws the parallels between certain trends in modern neuroscience and developments in late nineteenth-century neuropsychiatry. Both are structured by the aporetic relationship between the localization of function and a form of connectivity. It suggests that a history of this tradition of neuropsychiatry, and in particular its grappling with the aporetic relationship between localization and connectivity, helps us gain a new understanding of the interconnected histories of psychoanalysis and the neuro disciplines and can refigure our understanding of modern neuroscience.Less
The Introduction draws the parallels between certain trends in modern neuroscience and developments in late nineteenth-century neuropsychiatry. Both are structured by the aporetic relationship between the localization of function and a form of connectivity. It suggests that a history of this tradition of neuropsychiatry, and in particular its grappling with the aporetic relationship between localization and connectivity, helps us gain a new understanding of the interconnected histories of psychoanalysis and the neuro disciplines and can refigure our understanding of modern neuroscience.
James H. Austin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035088
- eISBN:
- 9780262336475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035088.003.0025
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter recounts the story of a non-meditating veterinarian who underwent a kind of transformation of attitudes after she emerged from a triggered alternate state experience. Six months later ...
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This chapter recounts the story of a non-meditating veterinarian who underwent a kind of transformation of attitudes after she emerged from a triggered alternate state experience. Six months later she also experienced a life-changing, auditory verbal hallucination. Inner word thoughts are common in the general population. White matter connectivities service “the Human Connectome.”Less
This chapter recounts the story of a non-meditating veterinarian who underwent a kind of transformation of attitudes after she emerged from a triggered alternate state experience. Six months later she also experienced a life-changing, auditory verbal hallucination. Inner word thoughts are common in the general population. White matter connectivities service “the Human Connectome.”
Daeyeol Lee
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190908324
- eISBN:
- 9780197525692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190908324.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Intelligence is the ability to find solutions to complex problems a life faces in a complex and uncertain environment. This cannot be captured by a standardized numerical score, such as IQ, that ...
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Intelligence is the ability to find solutions to complex problems a life faces in a complex and uncertain environment. This cannot be captured by a standardized numerical score, such as IQ, that focuses on a narrow range of cognitive capabilities, such as working memory or verbal fluency. Intelligence also cannot be separated from the most essential property of all life forms, which is self-replication. This chapter briefly reviews the evolutionary history and diversity of intelligence from single-cell organisms to humans. The chapter includes a definition of intelligence and a discussion of how the nervous system works, the simple behavior of reflexes and the limitations of reflexes, connectome (the comprehensive map of all the connections in an animal’s nervous system), the multiple controllers for muscles, and the social nature of many behaviors. The chapter also includes a case study on eye movements.Less
Intelligence is the ability to find solutions to complex problems a life faces in a complex and uncertain environment. This cannot be captured by a standardized numerical score, such as IQ, that focuses on a narrow range of cognitive capabilities, such as working memory or verbal fluency. Intelligence also cannot be separated from the most essential property of all life forms, which is self-replication. This chapter briefly reviews the evolutionary history and diversity of intelligence from single-cell organisms to humans. The chapter includes a definition of intelligence and a discussion of how the nervous system works, the simple behavior of reflexes and the limitations of reflexes, connectome (the comprehensive map of all the connections in an animal’s nervous system), the multiple controllers for muscles, and the social nature of many behaviors. The chapter also includes a case study on eye movements.
Kevin M. Boergens, Manuel Berning, and Moritz Helmstaedter
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198745273
- eISBN:
- 9780191819735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198745273.003.0022
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Dendrites host a number of biophysical mechanisms for the complex interaction of input synapses. Some of these interactions are enhanced by the spatial patterning of active synapses on the target ...
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Dendrites host a number of biophysical mechanisms for the complex interaction of input synapses. Some of these interactions are enhanced by the spatial patterning of active synapses on the target dendrite. To understand the nature of dendritic signal transformations, it would be ideal to map out all incoming synapses and determine the location and functional properties of their source neurons. Only in the last decade have methods based on three-dimensional electron microscopy become available to make such a microscopically precise large-scale structural synaptic mapping realistic. This chapter summarizes these methodological advances, reviews recent discoveries of precise dendritic input mapping in the mouse retina, and outlines the steps needed to search for synaptic patterning in the cerebral cortex. Obtaining a neuron’s complete synaptic input map-its dendritic connectome-will provide the link between the biophysics of complex signal transformations in dendrites and their algorithmic meaning in the context of the brain’s neuronal circuits.Less
Dendrites host a number of biophysical mechanisms for the complex interaction of input synapses. Some of these interactions are enhanced by the spatial patterning of active synapses on the target dendrite. To understand the nature of dendritic signal transformations, it would be ideal to map out all incoming synapses and determine the location and functional properties of their source neurons. Only in the last decade have methods based on three-dimensional electron microscopy become available to make such a microscopically precise large-scale structural synaptic mapping realistic. This chapter summarizes these methodological advances, reviews recent discoveries of precise dendritic input mapping in the mouse retina, and outlines the steps needed to search for synaptic patterning in the cerebral cortex. Obtaining a neuron’s complete synaptic input map-its dendritic connectome-will provide the link between the biophysics of complex signal transformations in dendrites and their algorithmic meaning in the context of the brain’s neuronal circuits.
Elizabeth Fein
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781479864355
- eISBN:
- 9781479873005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479864355.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter charts a “neurodevelopmental turn” in psychiatric diagnosis away from an understanding of mental illnesses as discrete disease categories and toward the assessment and remediation of ...
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This chapter charts a “neurodevelopmental turn” in psychiatric diagnosis away from an understanding of mental illnesses as discrete disease categories and toward the assessment and remediation of capacities, assumed to be both neural and universal and arrayed along a spectrum, for perception, memory, attention, learning, and sociality. In this time of paradigm shift, multiple diagnostic entities are produced that coexist under the same name. Different traditions in contemporary biomedicine—one focused on detecting and eliminating discrete disease entities and the other seeking to map and modulate comprehensive “connectomic” systems—produce different but overlapping “autisms”: a “pathogen model” of autism as separable, exclusively negative, and damaging to the self, on one hand, and a “package model” of autism that is an inseparable and constitutive element of personhood with both valued and troubling aspects, on the other. Through a process referred to here as “divided medicalization,” the former is misrepresented as the latter: complex, multivalent neurodevelopmental conditions are produced and then reduced to fit within a preexisting, disease-oriented clinical paradigm. Through divided medicalization, the former comes to stand in for the latter, allowing for the occlusion and potentially the suppression of autism’s multivalent, aesthetic, and identitarian dimensions.Less
This chapter charts a “neurodevelopmental turn” in psychiatric diagnosis away from an understanding of mental illnesses as discrete disease categories and toward the assessment and remediation of capacities, assumed to be both neural and universal and arrayed along a spectrum, for perception, memory, attention, learning, and sociality. In this time of paradigm shift, multiple diagnostic entities are produced that coexist under the same name. Different traditions in contemporary biomedicine—one focused on detecting and eliminating discrete disease entities and the other seeking to map and modulate comprehensive “connectomic” systems—produce different but overlapping “autisms”: a “pathogen model” of autism as separable, exclusively negative, and damaging to the self, on one hand, and a “package model” of autism that is an inseparable and constitutive element of personhood with both valued and troubling aspects, on the other. Through a process referred to here as “divided medicalization,” the former is misrepresented as the latter: complex, multivalent neurodevelopmental conditions are produced and then reduced to fit within a preexisting, disease-oriented clinical paradigm. Through divided medicalization, the former comes to stand in for the latter, allowing for the occlusion and potentially the suppression of autism’s multivalent, aesthetic, and identitarian dimensions.
