Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business ...
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Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business world does not use state-supplied protection services. A demand for alternative sources of protection is then expected to arise. Some authors, especially economists, have been quick to conclude that, since the state does not provide a service, the market inevitably will. It cannot, however, be argued that demand will inevitably be met; a supply of people trained in the use of violence and easily available weapons must also be present. This chapter focuses on the availability of people trained in the use of violence and of weapons, and the varieties of private protectors available in Russia at the time of the transition to the market, ranging from segments of the state apparatus (privately sold state protection), to private security (protection) firms, the internalized protection systems of major economic conglomerates, and criminal groups (banditskaya krysha: krysha, literally ‘roof’, is Russian slang for protection).Less
Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business world does not use state-supplied protection services. A demand for alternative sources of protection is then expected to arise. Some authors, especially economists, have been quick to conclude that, since the state does not provide a service, the market inevitably will. It cannot, however, be argued that demand will inevitably be met; a supply of people trained in the use of violence and easily available weapons must also be present. This chapter focuses on the availability of people trained in the use of violence and of weapons, and the varieties of private protectors available in Russia at the time of the transition to the market, ranging from segments of the state apparatus (privately sold state protection), to private security (protection) firms, the internalized protection systems of major economic conglomerates, and criminal groups (banditskaya krysha: krysha, literally ‘roof’, is Russian slang for protection).
Howell E. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169713
- eISBN:
- 9780199783717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169713.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Over the past few years, financial regulators have devoted considerable attention to the development of consolidated capital rules for financial conglomerates. This chapter explores the theoretical ...
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Over the past few years, financial regulators have devoted considerable attention to the development of consolidated capital rules for financial conglomerates. This chapter explores the theoretical justifications for these new requirements and explains that the case for consolidated capital oversight consists of four separate lines of argument: technical weaknesses inherent in traditional entity-level capital requirements; unique risks associated with financial conglomerates; additional diversification benefits that financial conglomerates enjoy; and recognition that financial firms increasingly employ modern risk management techniques that work on a group-wide basis. The specific rules for consolidated capital requirements that the Basel Committee proposed in April 2003 are reviewed, and it is argued that the Basel proposals constitute a relatively rudimentary system of consolidated capital requirements, dealing primarily with the technical weaknesses of entity level capital and making little effort to deal with more subtle issues such as unique risks of financial conglomerates, diversification benefits, and modern risk-management techniques. A number of significant practical considerations contribute to the relatively limited scope of the Basel Committee's proposal, which will likely prevent the development of a more comprehensive system of consolidated capital oversight for financial conglomerates in the foreseeable future.Less
Over the past few years, financial regulators have devoted considerable attention to the development of consolidated capital rules for financial conglomerates. This chapter explores the theoretical justifications for these new requirements and explains that the case for consolidated capital oversight consists of four separate lines of argument: technical weaknesses inherent in traditional entity-level capital requirements; unique risks associated with financial conglomerates; additional diversification benefits that financial conglomerates enjoy; and recognition that financial firms increasingly employ modern risk management techniques that work on a group-wide basis. The specific rules for consolidated capital requirements that the Basel Committee proposed in April 2003 are reviewed, and it is argued that the Basel proposals constitute a relatively rudimentary system of consolidated capital requirements, dealing primarily with the technical weaknesses of entity level capital and making little effort to deal with more subtle issues such as unique risks of financial conglomerates, diversification benefits, and modern risk-management techniques. A number of significant practical considerations contribute to the relatively limited scope of the Basel Committee's proposal, which will likely prevent the development of a more comprehensive system of consolidated capital oversight for financial conglomerates in the foreseeable future.
Kern Alexander, Rahul Dhumale, and John Eatwell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195166989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166989.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter assesses the evolution of international standard setting in financial markets by examining the characteristics of the various international bodies, such as the Basel Committee on Banking ...
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This chapter assesses the evolution of international standard setting in financial markets by examining the characteristics of the various international bodies, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Organization of Securities Commissions, that are involved in international standard setting. Topics discussed include international financial institutions, supervisory structures for financial conglomerates, the Financial Action Task Force, and financial crises from the 1990s and onwards.Less
This chapter assesses the evolution of international standard setting in financial markets by examining the characteristics of the various international bodies, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Organization of Securities Commissions, that are involved in international standard setting. Topics discussed include international financial institutions, supervisory structures for financial conglomerates, the Financial Action Task Force, and financial crises from the 1990s and onwards.
Joshua A. Braun
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300197501
- eISBN:
- 9780300216240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300197501.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter focuses on conceptual tools used for considering large contemporary media organizations like MSNBC. It examines a nonmonolithic framework for elucidating how MSNBC's digital distribution ...
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This chapter focuses on conceptual tools used for considering large contemporary media organizations like MSNBC. It examines a nonmonolithic framework for elucidating how MSNBC's digital distribution is influenced by organizational factors and shows how keeping pace with rapidly transforming production and distribution environments has altered the way that legacy media institutions are organized. It also discusses the emergence of heterarchy as a novel form of organizational structure that allows media conglomerates to cope with perpetual uncertainty. Finally, it analyzes the provincialism of Internet technologies in newsrooms by drawing on a number of theoretical frameworks from the sociology of technology. The chapter argues that large media organizations are not single actors with singular objectives, but complex and dynamic assemblages of individuals, groups, and technologies whose interrelations all influence the flow of content.Less
This chapter focuses on conceptual tools used for considering large contemporary media organizations like MSNBC. It examines a nonmonolithic framework for elucidating how MSNBC's digital distribution is influenced by organizational factors and shows how keeping pace with rapidly transforming production and distribution environments has altered the way that legacy media institutions are organized. It also discusses the emergence of heterarchy as a novel form of organizational structure that allows media conglomerates to cope with perpetual uncertainty. Finally, it analyzes the provincialism of Internet technologies in newsrooms by drawing on a number of theoretical frameworks from the sociology of technology. The chapter argues that large media organizations are not single actors with singular objectives, but complex and dynamic assemblages of individuals, groups, and technologies whose interrelations all influence the flow of content.
Charles R. Geisst
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130867
- eISBN:
- 9780199871155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130863.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, Financial Economics
Antitrust suit against Wall Street is dismissed. A bull market develops in late 1950s and continues into 1960s. Defense stocks gain in popularity. Conglomerates dominate industrial landscape. Brokers ...
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Antitrust suit against Wall Street is dismissed. A bull market develops in late 1950s and continues into 1960s. Defense stocks gain in popularity. Conglomerates dominate industrial landscape. Brokers expand their activities. Hucksterism appears on Wall Street.Less
Antitrust suit against Wall Street is dismissed. A bull market develops in late 1950s and continues into 1960s. Defense stocks gain in popularity. Conglomerates dominate industrial landscape. Brokers expand their activities. Hucksterism appears on Wall Street.
Andrew Bowman, Ismail Ertürk, Julie Froud, Colin Haslam, Sukhdev Johal, Adam Leaver, Michael Moran, and Karel Williams
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099526
- eISBN:
- 9781526103949
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099526.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Outsourcing-contracting out the delivery of public services to private providers-is a political revolution in the way the economy is governed. This book combines follow the money research and ...
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Outsourcing-contracting out the delivery of public services to private providers-is a political revolution in the way the economy is governed. This book combines follow the money research and political analysis to critique outsourcing and constructively propose a “fee for management” alternative. Government presses outsourcing partly because it benefits when outsourcing delivers new possibilities of blame shifting. Cost reductions in the outsourced service are too often levered on wage reductions in the outsourced service which are futile when they increase the social bill for subvention of low wages. The result is a kind of sham capitalism which allows the private sector to take profit unjustifiably on mundane contracts without investment or revenue risk. At corporate level, the result is fiasco prone conglomerates and extensive arbitraging of limited liability in ways which disadvantage the citizenLess
Outsourcing-contracting out the delivery of public services to private providers-is a political revolution in the way the economy is governed. This book combines follow the money research and political analysis to critique outsourcing and constructively propose a “fee for management” alternative. Government presses outsourcing partly because it benefits when outsourcing delivers new possibilities of blame shifting. Cost reductions in the outsourced service are too often levered on wage reductions in the outsourced service which are futile when they increase the social bill for subvention of low wages. The result is a kind of sham capitalism which allows the private sector to take profit unjustifiably on mundane contracts without investment or revenue risk. At corporate level, the result is fiasco prone conglomerates and extensive arbitraging of limited liability in ways which disadvantage the citizen
Liam Burke
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628462036
- eISBN:
- 9781626745193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628462036.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
The first chapter identifies why, after a century of indifference, comic books moved from the fringes of popular culture to the center of mainstream film production in the early 21st century. It ...
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The first chapter identifies why, after a century of indifference, comic books moved from the fringes of popular culture to the center of mainstream film production in the early 21st century. It argues that comic-book movies were well suited, perhaps ideally suited, to the cultural, technological, and economic concerns that beset Hollywood production at the start of the twenty-first century, including post-9/11 concerns, digital filmmaking techniques, and conglomerate practices. That comic book adaptations could meet and surmount such demands, and achieve unprecedented levels of popularity, testifies to their importance within modern Hollywood filmmaking.Less
The first chapter identifies why, after a century of indifference, comic books moved from the fringes of popular culture to the center of mainstream film production in the early 21st century. It argues that comic-book movies were well suited, perhaps ideally suited, to the cultural, technological, and economic concerns that beset Hollywood production at the start of the twenty-first century, including post-9/11 concerns, digital filmmaking techniques, and conglomerate practices. That comic book adaptations could meet and surmount such demands, and achieve unprecedented levels of popularity, testifies to their importance within modern Hollywood filmmaking.
Eli M. Noam
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195188523
- eISBN:
- 9780199852574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188523.003.0018
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This book deals with market concentration trends in the information sector as a whole. Its thesis is that similar dynamics take place across industries, including mass media, and that they lead to ...
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This book deals with market concentration trends in the information sector as a whole. Its thesis is that similar dynamics take place across industries, including mass media, and that they lead to further media concentration trends. It looks at the size of the major segments of the information sector: mass media, telecommunications, information technology, and the Internet. Combined, the United States information sector accounts for over one trillion dollars, not including its considerable exports to other countries. The chapter presents final averaging across all 100 information sector industries, and also across the twenty-seven mass media industries that have been investigated here. The chapter gives an interpretation of this. National concentration, horizontal concentration, and vertical concentration as well as media conglomerates and ownership are discussed.Less
This book deals with market concentration trends in the information sector as a whole. Its thesis is that similar dynamics take place across industries, including mass media, and that they lead to further media concentration trends. It looks at the size of the major segments of the information sector: mass media, telecommunications, information technology, and the Internet. Combined, the United States information sector accounts for over one trillion dollars, not including its considerable exports to other countries. The chapter presents final averaging across all 100 information sector industries, and also across the twenty-seven mass media industries that have been investigated here. The chapter gives an interpretation of this. National concentration, horizontal concentration, and vertical concentration as well as media conglomerates and ownership are discussed.
NEIL M. KAY
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242115
- eISBN:
- 9780191697005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242115.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, Organization Studies
This chapter explores the idea that the diversification of the firm proceeds according to certain design rules or principles, particularly in relation to the establishment of consistency or balance ...
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This chapter explores the idea that the diversification of the firm proceeds according to certain design rules or principles, particularly in relation to the establishment of consistency or balance within the pattern of links exploited by the firm. The idea of consistency of pattern in strategy is implicit in the notion of coherence of strategies. The chapter begins by exploring the notion of coherence and pattern in corporate strategy. There are four major categories that could display coherence: specialized, related-constrained, related-linked, and conglomerate strategies. The implications for design of corporate strategy are also examined and compared with actual patterns of diversification.Less
This chapter explores the idea that the diversification of the firm proceeds according to certain design rules or principles, particularly in relation to the establishment of consistency or balance within the pattern of links exploited by the firm. The idea of consistency of pattern in strategy is implicit in the notion of coherence of strategies. The chapter begins by exploring the notion of coherence and pattern in corporate strategy. There are four major categories that could display coherence: specialized, related-constrained, related-linked, and conglomerate strategies. The implications for design of corporate strategy are also examined and compared with actual patterns of diversification.
Robert E. Weems
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252043062
- eISBN:
- 9780252051920
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043062.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Anthony Overton is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century’s most significant African American entrepreneurs. Overton, at his peak, presided over a Chicago-based financial empire that ...
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Anthony Overton is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century’s most significant African American entrepreneurs. Overton, at his peak, presided over a Chicago-based financial empire that included a personal care products company (Overton Hygienic Manufacturing Company) a bank (Douglass National Bank), an insurance company (Victory Life Insurance Company) a popular periodical (the Half-Century Magazine), and a newspaper (Chicago Bee). This impressive business portfolio contributed to Overton being the first businessman to win the NAACP’s Spingarn Medal in 1927, as well as him currently being acknowledged in the Harvard University Business School’s database of “American Business Leaders of the Twentieth Century” as the first African American to head a major business conglomerate. Nevertheless, despite Overton’s noteworthy entrepreneurial accomplishments, he remains a mysterious figure. The most readily apparent reason for this is the unavailability of his business records and personal papers. Still, because of Anthony Overton’s prominence, a large body of scattered alternative primary and secondary sources were available to construct this biography. Along with examining Anthony Overton and his accomplishments, this book places his activities in the context of larger societal occurrences in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America. Moreover, by recounting Overton’s life story, this biography seeks to more fully illuminate the role of business and entrepreneurship in the African American experience.Less
Anthony Overton is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century’s most significant African American entrepreneurs. Overton, at his peak, presided over a Chicago-based financial empire that included a personal care products company (Overton Hygienic Manufacturing Company) a bank (Douglass National Bank), an insurance company (Victory Life Insurance Company) a popular periodical (the Half-Century Magazine), and a newspaper (Chicago Bee). This impressive business portfolio contributed to Overton being the first businessman to win the NAACP’s Spingarn Medal in 1927, as well as him currently being acknowledged in the Harvard University Business School’s database of “American Business Leaders of the Twentieth Century” as the first African American to head a major business conglomerate. Nevertheless, despite Overton’s noteworthy entrepreneurial accomplishments, he remains a mysterious figure. The most readily apparent reason for this is the unavailability of his business records and personal papers. Still, because of Anthony Overton’s prominence, a large body of scattered alternative primary and secondary sources were available to construct this biography. Along with examining Anthony Overton and his accomplishments, this book places his activities in the context of larger societal occurrences in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America. Moreover, by recounting Overton’s life story, this biography seeks to more fully illuminate the role of business and entrepreneurship in the African American experience.
Bilge Yesil
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040177
- eISBN:
- 9780252098376
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040177.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Investment and expansion have made Turkish media a transnational powerhouse in the Middle East and Central Asia. Yet tensions continue to grow between media outlets and the Islamist AKP party that ...
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Investment and expansion have made Turkish media a transnational powerhouse in the Middle East and Central Asia. Yet tensions continue to grow between media outlets and the Islamist AKP party that has governed the country for over a decade. This book unlocks the complexities surrounding and penetrating today's Turkish media. The book focuses on a convergence of global and domestic forces that range from the 1980 military coup to globalization's inroads and the recent resurgence of political Islam. The book's analysis foregrounds how these and other forces become intertwined, and it uses Turkey's media to unpack the ever-more-complex relationships. The book confronts essential questions regarding the role of the state and military in building the structures that shaped Turkey's media system; media adaptations to ever-shifting contours of political and economic power; how the far-flung economic interests of media conglomerates leave them vulnerable to state pressure; and the ways Turkey's politicized judiciary criminalizes certain speech. Drawing on local knowledge and a wealth of Turkish sources, the book provides an engrossing look at the fault lines carved by authoritarianism, tradition, neoliberal reform, and globalization within Turkey's increasingly far-reaching media.Less
Investment and expansion have made Turkish media a transnational powerhouse in the Middle East and Central Asia. Yet tensions continue to grow between media outlets and the Islamist AKP party that has governed the country for over a decade. This book unlocks the complexities surrounding and penetrating today's Turkish media. The book focuses on a convergence of global and domestic forces that range from the 1980 military coup to globalization's inroads and the recent resurgence of political Islam. The book's analysis foregrounds how these and other forces become intertwined, and it uses Turkey's media to unpack the ever-more-complex relationships. The book confronts essential questions regarding the role of the state and military in building the structures that shaped Turkey's media system; media adaptations to ever-shifting contours of political and economic power; how the far-flung economic interests of media conglomerates leave them vulnerable to state pressure; and the ways Turkey's politicized judiciary criminalizes certain speech. Drawing on local knowledge and a wealth of Turkish sources, the book provides an engrossing look at the fault lines carved by authoritarianism, tradition, neoliberal reform, and globalization within Turkey's increasingly far-reaching media.
Arthur E. Wilmarth Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190260705
- eISBN:
- 9780190260736
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190260705.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and ...
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This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007–09. Universal banks promoted a dangerous credit boom and a hazardous stock market bubble in the U.S. during the 1920s, which led to the Great Depression. Congress responded by passing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated banks from the securities markets and prohibited nonbanks from accepting deposits. Glass-Steagall’s structural separation of the banking, securities, and insurance sectors prevented financial panics from spreading across the U.S. financial system for more than four decades. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, large U.S. banks pursued a twenty-year campaign to remove the statute’s prudential buffers. Regulators opened loopholes in Glass-Steagall during the 1980s and 1990s, and Congress repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. The United Kingdom and the European Union adopted similar deregulatory measures, thereby allowing universal banks to dominate financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, large U.S. securities firms became “shadow banks” as regulators allowed them to issue short-term deposit substitutes to finance long-term loans and investments. Universal banks and shadow banks fueled a toxic subprime credit boom in the U.S., U.K., and Europe during the 2000s, which led to the Great Recession. Limited reforms after the Great Recession have not broken up universal banks and shadow banks, thereby leaving in place a financial system that is prone to excessive risk-taking and vulnerable to contagious panics. A new Glass-Steagall Act is urgently needed to restore a financial system that is less risky, more stable and resilient, and better able to serve the needs of our economy and society.Less
This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007–09. Universal banks promoted a dangerous credit boom and a hazardous stock market bubble in the U.S. during the 1920s, which led to the Great Depression. Congress responded by passing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated banks from the securities markets and prohibited nonbanks from accepting deposits. Glass-Steagall’s structural separation of the banking, securities, and insurance sectors prevented financial panics from spreading across the U.S. financial system for more than four decades. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, large U.S. banks pursued a twenty-year campaign to remove the statute’s prudential buffers. Regulators opened loopholes in Glass-Steagall during the 1980s and 1990s, and Congress repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. The United Kingdom and the European Union adopted similar deregulatory measures, thereby allowing universal banks to dominate financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, large U.S. securities firms became “shadow banks” as regulators allowed them to issue short-term deposit substitutes to finance long-term loans and investments. Universal banks and shadow banks fueled a toxic subprime credit boom in the U.S., U.K., and Europe during the 2000s, which led to the Great Recession. Limited reforms after the Great Recession have not broken up universal banks and shadow banks, thereby leaving in place a financial system that is prone to excessive risk-taking and vulnerable to contagious panics. A new Glass-Steagall Act is urgently needed to restore a financial system that is less risky, more stable and resilient, and better able to serve the needs of our economy and society.
Yoshiharu Tezuka
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083329
- eISBN:
- 9789882209282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083329.003.0004
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
In the later twentieth century, winning prizes in global film festivals became a focus of production effort and financing motivation, with many filmmakers and financing agents articulating their ...
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In the later twentieth century, winning prizes in global film festivals became a focus of production effort and financing motivation, with many filmmakers and financing agents articulating their national differences from the West while seeking integration through direct investment in Western film industries, sometimes by disarticulating Japan's purported cultural “uniqueness” and contributing to the conglomerization of US and European media and film industries. Meanwhile, Japan's domestic markets were gradually opening to more Western products and symbols. Case studies in this chapter include interviews with younger generation filmmakers who started their careers after the demise of the Japanese studio production system, and who played key parts in the globalization of Japanese film finance.Less
In the later twentieth century, winning prizes in global film festivals became a focus of production effort and financing motivation, with many filmmakers and financing agents articulating their national differences from the West while seeking integration through direct investment in Western film industries, sometimes by disarticulating Japan's purported cultural “uniqueness” and contributing to the conglomerization of US and European media and film industries. Meanwhile, Japan's domestic markets were gradually opening to more Western products and symbols. Case studies in this chapter include interviews with younger generation filmmakers who started their careers after the demise of the Japanese studio production system, and who played key parts in the globalization of Japanese film finance.
Asli M. Colpan and Takashi Hikino (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198717973
- eISBN:
- 9780191787591
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198717973.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This volume aims to explore the long-term evolution of different varieties of large enterprises in today’s developed economies. It focuses on the economic institution of business groups and attempts ...
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This volume aims to explore the long-term evolution of different varieties of large enterprises in today’s developed economies. It focuses on the economic institution of business groups and attempts to comprehend the factors behind their rise, growth, struggle, and resilience; their behavioral and organizational characteristics; and their roles in national economic development. The volume seeks to enhance the scholarly and policy-oriented understanding of business groups in developed economies by bringing together state-of-the-art research on the characteristics and contributions of large enterprises in an evolutionary perspective. While business groups are a dominant and critical organization model in contemporary emerging economies and have lately attracted much attention in academic circles and business presses, their counterparts in developed economies have not been systematically examined. This book aims to fill this gap in the literature and is the first scholarly attempt to explore the evolutional paths and contemporary roles of business groups in developed economies from an internationally comparative perspective. In doing so, it argues that business groups actually rose to function as a critical factor of industrial dynamics in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century. They have adapted their characteristic roles and transformed to fit to the changing market and institutional settings. As they flexibly co-evolve with the environment, the volume shows that business groups can remain as a viable organization model in the world’s most advanced economies today.Less
This volume aims to explore the long-term evolution of different varieties of large enterprises in today’s developed economies. It focuses on the economic institution of business groups and attempts to comprehend the factors behind their rise, growth, struggle, and resilience; their behavioral and organizational characteristics; and their roles in national economic development. The volume seeks to enhance the scholarly and policy-oriented understanding of business groups in developed economies by bringing together state-of-the-art research on the characteristics and contributions of large enterprises in an evolutionary perspective. While business groups are a dominant and critical organization model in contemporary emerging economies and have lately attracted much attention in academic circles and business presses, their counterparts in developed economies have not been systematically examined. This book aims to fill this gap in the literature and is the first scholarly attempt to explore the evolutional paths and contemporary roles of business groups in developed economies from an internationally comparative perspective. In doing so, it argues that business groups actually rose to function as a critical factor of industrial dynamics in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century. They have adapted their characteristic roles and transformed to fit to the changing market and institutional settings. As they flexibly co-evolve with the environment, the volume shows that business groups can remain as a viable organization model in the world’s most advanced economies today.
Barry Langford
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638574
- eISBN:
- 9780748671076
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638574.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
At the end of World War II, Hollywood basked in unprecedented prosperity. Since then, numerous challenges and crises have changed the American film industry in ways beyond imagination in 1945. ...
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At the end of World War II, Hollywood basked in unprecedented prosperity. Since then, numerous challenges and crises have changed the American film industry in ways beyond imagination in 1945. Nonetheless, at the start of a new century, Hollywood's worldwide dominance is intact — indeed, in today's global economy the products of the American entertainment industry (of which movies are now only one part) are more ubiquitous than ever. How does today's ‘Hollywood’ — absorbed into transnational media conglomerates such as NewsCorp., Sony and Viacom — differ from the legendary studios of Hollywood's Golden Age? What are the dominant frameworks and conventions, the historical contexts and the governing attitudes through which films are made, marketed and consumed today? How have these changed across the last seven decades? And how have these evolving contexts helped shape the form, the style and the content of Hollywood movies, from Singin' in the Rain to Pirates of the Caribbean? This book explains and interrogates the concept of ‘post-classical’ Hollywood cinema — its coherence, its historical justification and how it can help or hinder our understanding of Hollywood from the 1940s to the present. Integrating film history, discussion of movies' social and political dimensions and analysis of Hollywood's distinctive methods of storytelling, the book charts critical debates alongside the histories they interpret, while offering its own account of the ‘post-classical’.Less
At the end of World War II, Hollywood basked in unprecedented prosperity. Since then, numerous challenges and crises have changed the American film industry in ways beyond imagination in 1945. Nonetheless, at the start of a new century, Hollywood's worldwide dominance is intact — indeed, in today's global economy the products of the American entertainment industry (of which movies are now only one part) are more ubiquitous than ever. How does today's ‘Hollywood’ — absorbed into transnational media conglomerates such as NewsCorp., Sony and Viacom — differ from the legendary studios of Hollywood's Golden Age? What are the dominant frameworks and conventions, the historical contexts and the governing attitudes through which films are made, marketed and consumed today? How have these changed across the last seven decades? And how have these evolving contexts helped shape the form, the style and the content of Hollywood movies, from Singin' in the Rain to Pirates of the Caribbean? This book explains and interrogates the concept of ‘post-classical’ Hollywood cinema — its coherence, its historical justification and how it can help or hinder our understanding of Hollywood from the 1940s to the present. Integrating film history, discussion of movies' social and political dimensions and analysis of Hollywood's distinctive methods of storytelling, the book charts critical debates alongside the histories they interpret, while offering its own account of the ‘post-classical’.
Paul Grainge, Mark Jancovich, and Sharon Monteith
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748619061
- eISBN:
- 9780748670888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748619061.003.0023
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter discusses media industry consolidation in the 1980s. During this decade nearly all the Hollywood majors became subsidiary divisions within giant corporations seeking to diversify their ...
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This chapter discusses media industry consolidation in the 1980s. During this decade nearly all the Hollywood majors became subsidiary divisions within giant corporations seeking to diversify their investments. One of the most significant examples of media conglomeration came in 1989 when the publishing company Time Inc. merged with Warner Communications Inc. in a $14 billion deal. The chapter also includes the study, ‘Return to Oz: The Hollywood Redevelopment Project, or Film History as Urban Renewal’ by Josh Stenger, which examines the means by which the city of Los Angeles has appropriated images from Hollywood's past in the name of urban renewal.Less
This chapter discusses media industry consolidation in the 1980s. During this decade nearly all the Hollywood majors became subsidiary divisions within giant corporations seeking to diversify their investments. One of the most significant examples of media conglomeration came in 1989 when the publishing company Time Inc. merged with Warner Communications Inc. in a $14 billion deal. The chapter also includes the study, ‘Return to Oz: The Hollywood Redevelopment Project, or Film History as Urban Renewal’ by Josh Stenger, which examines the means by which the city of Los Angeles has appropriated images from Hollywood's past in the name of urban renewal.
Barry Langford
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638574
- eISBN:
- 9780748671076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638574.003.0013
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The identification of the American commercial film industry with ‘Hollywood’ has always been a convenient shorthand masking a complex network of institutions, practices and conventions. That network ...
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The identification of the American commercial film industry with ‘Hollywood’ has always been a convenient shorthand masking a complex network of institutions, practices and conventions. That network has changed radically over the past seven decades. Commentators have been writing Hollywood's obituary, alongside that of the film industry, since the early 1950s. The rise of television, the shift towards independent and runaway production, the layoffs of contact personnel and shrinking of the old studio lots, the absorption of the movie studios themselves into larger conglomerates, have all provoked premature declarations of Tinseltown's demise. Yet Hollywood has not died, but evolved; as an industry, an image, and even as a physical location Hollywood remains a tangible reality, albeit a very different one from what it was sixty-five years ago. Today Hollywood is the location of the corporate offices of the filmed entertainment divisions of the giant media conglomerates, while the production process itself is widely dispersed across a huge range of territories and specialist service providers located not only in the United States but also worldwide.Less
The identification of the American commercial film industry with ‘Hollywood’ has always been a convenient shorthand masking a complex network of institutions, practices and conventions. That network has changed radically over the past seven decades. Commentators have been writing Hollywood's obituary, alongside that of the film industry, since the early 1950s. The rise of television, the shift towards independent and runaway production, the layoffs of contact personnel and shrinking of the old studio lots, the absorption of the movie studios themselves into larger conglomerates, have all provoked premature declarations of Tinseltown's demise. Yet Hollywood has not died, but evolved; as an industry, an image, and even as a physical location Hollywood remains a tangible reality, albeit a very different one from what it was sixty-five years ago. Today Hollywood is the location of the corporate offices of the filmed entertainment divisions of the giant media conglomerates, while the production process itself is widely dispersed across a huge range of territories and specialist service providers located not only in the United States but also worldwide.
Michael T. Rock and David P. Angel
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199270040
- eISBN:
- 9780191919329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199270040.003.0013
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Economic Geography
Neo-liberal orthodoxy asserts the positive benefits of open trade and investment regimes and of the efficacy of market processes in shaping development outcomes. Among ...
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Neo-liberal orthodoxy asserts the positive benefits of open trade and investment regimes and of the efficacy of market processes in shaping development outcomes. Among the benefits claimed for openness are access to capital and access to leading-edge technologies. Through trade and foreign direct investment, it is asserted, firms gain access to the best-available technology and production know-how that results in improved economic and environmental performance. To the extent that the leading-edge technologies are also less energy, materials, and pollution intensive, new investment under conditions of open trade and investment regimes can also lead to improved environmental performance (Low 1992). By this account, pollution-intensive and energy-intensive production processes are replaced by more energy and materials-efficient production, based on technologies sourced on a global basis. Over time, the increasing integration of industrializing economies into the global economy results in improved aggregate economic and environmental performance of industry. These claims as to the benefits of openness are disputed, however, by other researchers who suggest that the impact of openness on the environmental performance of industry is largely contingent upon the incentives that exist for adopting technologies that are less polluting and less energy and materials intensive, and more generally, upon effective governance structures at the national and local scale (Chapters 2 and 3; Brandon and Ramankutty 1993; Rock 2002a). Under conditions of openness firms have a range of technology choices and may well choose technologies that are below international standards of environmental performance, particularly when technologies that achieve higher environmental performance are more costly or more capital intensive than older, more pollution-intensive technologies. In addition, countries with weak environmental regulations may emerge as ‘pollution havens’ for pollution-intensive industries (Baumol and Oates 1988; Neumayer 2000), particularly when new foreign investment actually involves older ‘dirty’ technologies, as appears to have happened in some parts of the textiles and electro-plating industries (Rock 2002a). In this view, improved environmental performance within particular industries depends inter alia upon the coexistence of two conditions: access to technologies that are less energy, materials, and pollution intensive, and incentives to select these technologies (whether in the form of environmental regulation, resource pricing, or other tools of environmental policy, such as policy integration) and to adapt them to local conditions.
Less
Neo-liberal orthodoxy asserts the positive benefits of open trade and investment regimes and of the efficacy of market processes in shaping development outcomes. Among the benefits claimed for openness are access to capital and access to leading-edge technologies. Through trade and foreign direct investment, it is asserted, firms gain access to the best-available technology and production know-how that results in improved economic and environmental performance. To the extent that the leading-edge technologies are also less energy, materials, and pollution intensive, new investment under conditions of open trade and investment regimes can also lead to improved environmental performance (Low 1992). By this account, pollution-intensive and energy-intensive production processes are replaced by more energy and materials-efficient production, based on technologies sourced on a global basis. Over time, the increasing integration of industrializing economies into the global economy results in improved aggregate economic and environmental performance of industry. These claims as to the benefits of openness are disputed, however, by other researchers who suggest that the impact of openness on the environmental performance of industry is largely contingent upon the incentives that exist for adopting technologies that are less polluting and less energy and materials intensive, and more generally, upon effective governance structures at the national and local scale (Chapters 2 and 3; Brandon and Ramankutty 1993; Rock 2002a). Under conditions of openness firms have a range of technology choices and may well choose technologies that are below international standards of environmental performance, particularly when technologies that achieve higher environmental performance are more costly or more capital intensive than older, more pollution-intensive technologies. In addition, countries with weak environmental regulations may emerge as ‘pollution havens’ for pollution-intensive industries (Baumol and Oates 1988; Neumayer 2000), particularly when new foreign investment actually involves older ‘dirty’ technologies, as appears to have happened in some parts of the textiles and electro-plating industries (Rock 2002a). In this view, improved environmental performance within particular industries depends inter alia upon the coexistence of two conditions: access to technologies that are less energy, materials, and pollution intensive, and incentives to select these technologies (whether in the form of environmental regulation, resource pricing, or other tools of environmental policy, such as policy integration) and to adapt them to local conditions.
Michael T. Rock and David P. Angel
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199270040
- eISBN:
- 9780191919329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199270040.003.0016
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Economic Geography
This chapter draws together the evidence of the last three chapters to consider the emergence of global standards as a driver of improvements in the environmental ...
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This chapter draws together the evidence of the last three chapters to consider the emergence of global standards as a driver of improvements in the environmental performance of industry. Our particular focus is the growing importance of firm-based global environmental standards as an alternative to the more widely recognized state-centered approaches to setting and implementing environmental standards. Increasing numbers of multinational firms (MNCs) are adopting uniform approaches to environmental management across all of their facilities worldwide, including in some cases process and performance-based environmental standards. Such intra-firm standards have even broader reach when they are also applied to the suppliers of the MNCs as part of standardized supply chain management. In this chapter we examine the rationale behind the adoption of firm-based approaches to global environmental standards, and whether such firm-based approaches add value to traditional state-centered environmental regulation and governance. Why are firm-based global standards being adopted by MNCs, and do these standards constitute a novel and effective approach to improving the environmental performance of industry? The chapter addresses the issue of global standards and the environment from the perspective of recent research within economic geography on issues of economic globalization. We take this starting point precisely because much of the recent interest in global environmental standards among politicians and policy makers is a reaction to economic globalization and to the likely environmental and social consequences of intensified flows of capital, technology, and information on a global scale. The growing force of neoliberal trade and investment regimes, and the rapid growth in foreign direct investment and international trade within the world economy, has led many to call for a new global governance of economic processes that will ensure more positive development outcomes (Rodrik et al. 2002; UNDP 2003). What Rodrik and others have in mind in this regard is some combination of supra-national institutional capability and strengthened state-based regulation to match the growing global reach of MNCs.
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This chapter draws together the evidence of the last three chapters to consider the emergence of global standards as a driver of improvements in the environmental performance of industry. Our particular focus is the growing importance of firm-based global environmental standards as an alternative to the more widely recognized state-centered approaches to setting and implementing environmental standards. Increasing numbers of multinational firms (MNCs) are adopting uniform approaches to environmental management across all of their facilities worldwide, including in some cases process and performance-based environmental standards. Such intra-firm standards have even broader reach when they are also applied to the suppliers of the MNCs as part of standardized supply chain management. In this chapter we examine the rationale behind the adoption of firm-based approaches to global environmental standards, and whether such firm-based approaches add value to traditional state-centered environmental regulation and governance. Why are firm-based global standards being adopted by MNCs, and do these standards constitute a novel and effective approach to improving the environmental performance of industry? The chapter addresses the issue of global standards and the environment from the perspective of recent research within economic geography on issues of economic globalization. We take this starting point precisely because much of the recent interest in global environmental standards among politicians and policy makers is a reaction to economic globalization and to the likely environmental and social consequences of intensified flows of capital, technology, and information on a global scale. The growing force of neoliberal trade and investment regimes, and the rapid growth in foreign direct investment and international trade within the world economy, has led many to call for a new global governance of economic processes that will ensure more positive development outcomes (Rodrik et al. 2002; UNDP 2003). What Rodrik and others have in mind in this regard is some combination of supra-national institutional capability and strengthened state-based regulation to match the growing global reach of MNCs.
J. D. Connor
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804790772
- eISBN:
- 9780804794749
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804790772.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
The Studios after the Studios retells the recent history of the Hollywood film industry with the studios, and their movies, at the center. Individual movies are at the heart of this story—not ...
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The Studios after the Studios retells the recent history of the Hollywood film industry with the studios, and their movies, at the center. Individual movies are at the heart of this story—not structures, not personalities, and not “tastes.” Someone is supposed to be paying attention to every aspect of a Hollywood film. The Studios takes that seriously, looking in the dark corners of the frame to tell the secret history of Hollywood domination. In Part I, the studios bring directors and agents to heel. They manage that by emphasizing design over storytelling, replacing seventies grittiness with “high-concept” sheen. The Conversation gives way to Top Gun. Still, the movies were only a small part of the new media conglomerates. In Part II, the studios exert outsized influence on their owners by refashioning themselves as the headquarters of corporate strategy, spinning wild tales of media synergy and conglomeration. It is the era of Jurassic Park. In Part III, there are no more worlds left to conquer. The center of the conglomerates migrates toward television; Vivendi Universal implodes; AOL TimeWarner takes the largest write-down in the history of capitalism; and the idea that the studios should tell their own stories seems less and less compelling. “Synergy is bullshit,” TimeWarner chief Jeff Bewkes declares. The glory days of Gladiator give way to the epic failure of Alexander.Less
The Studios after the Studios retells the recent history of the Hollywood film industry with the studios, and their movies, at the center. Individual movies are at the heart of this story—not structures, not personalities, and not “tastes.” Someone is supposed to be paying attention to every aspect of a Hollywood film. The Studios takes that seriously, looking in the dark corners of the frame to tell the secret history of Hollywood domination. In Part I, the studios bring directors and agents to heel. They manage that by emphasizing design over storytelling, replacing seventies grittiness with “high-concept” sheen. The Conversation gives way to Top Gun. Still, the movies were only a small part of the new media conglomerates. In Part II, the studios exert outsized influence on their owners by refashioning themselves as the headquarters of corporate strategy, spinning wild tales of media synergy and conglomeration. It is the era of Jurassic Park. In Part III, there are no more worlds left to conquer. The center of the conglomerates migrates toward television; Vivendi Universal implodes; AOL TimeWarner takes the largest write-down in the history of capitalism; and the idea that the studios should tell their own stories seems less and less compelling. “Synergy is bullshit,” TimeWarner chief Jeff Bewkes declares. The glory days of Gladiator give way to the epic failure of Alexander.
