David Cunning
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195399608
- eISBN:
- 9780199866502
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399608.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Descartes’ Meditations is a search after truth in the sense that it contains arguments for a view about the ultimate nature of reality, but it is also a search after truth in that it captures the ...
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Descartes’ Meditations is a search after truth in the sense that it contains arguments for a view about the ultimate nature of reality, but it is also a search after truth in that it captures the difficult and error-ridden struggle of a thinker (the meditator) who is moving from an extremely confused representation of reality to a view that is accurate but unexpected. Every single claim of the Meditations is advanced from the first-person point of view of Descartes’ struggling meditator, and so most of the Meditations is confused. At the start of inquiry, and as inquiry unfolds, the meditator will put forward claims that he takes to be true, but in most cases these claims do not have anything going for them but their longevity, and they are to be rejected. For example, the meditator will put forward claims about what is possible, but without having arrived at clear and obvious axioms (the primary notions of metaphysics) that entail that God is the author of what is possible, and without having considered which possibilities God has or has not authored. The meditator will get clear about some of these axioms as inquiry unfolds, and as a result he will recognize many of the claims that he put forward initially as confused and provincial, though he will continue to assert any confusions that are not emended. The Meditations does not draw out all of the implications of the primary notions of metaphysics; at the end of the Meditations the meditator is not a full-blown Cartesian, and a number of Cartesian theses (e.g., necessitarianism) are generated only with further reflection. Finally, the Meditations is written for reception by a variety of minds, so that readers from a number of backgrounds and confusions would be able to start from their first-person epistemic position and move in the direction of truth. Descartes is of course interested in locating ideas that are an accurate representation of reality, but he is also interested in pedagogy and the rhetoric of inquiry, or else communication would be for nought. He employs the analytic method to help his readers to move from and beyond a faulty paradigm.Less
Descartes’ Meditations is a search after truth in the sense that it contains arguments for a view about the ultimate nature of reality, but it is also a search after truth in that it captures the difficult and error-ridden struggle of a thinker (the meditator) who is moving from an extremely confused representation of reality to a view that is accurate but unexpected. Every single claim of the Meditations is advanced from the first-person point of view of Descartes’ struggling meditator, and so most of the Meditations is confused. At the start of inquiry, and as inquiry unfolds, the meditator will put forward claims that he takes to be true, but in most cases these claims do not have anything going for them but their longevity, and they are to be rejected. For example, the meditator will put forward claims about what is possible, but without having arrived at clear and obvious axioms (the primary notions of metaphysics) that entail that God is the author of what is possible, and without having considered which possibilities God has or has not authored. The meditator will get clear about some of these axioms as inquiry unfolds, and as a result he will recognize many of the claims that he put forward initially as confused and provincial, though he will continue to assert any confusions that are not emended. The Meditations does not draw out all of the implications of the primary notions of metaphysics; at the end of the Meditations the meditator is not a full-blown Cartesian, and a number of Cartesian theses (e.g., necessitarianism) are generated only with further reflection. Finally, the Meditations is written for reception by a variety of minds, so that readers from a number of backgrounds and confusions would be able to start from their first-person epistemic position and move in the direction of truth. Descartes is of course interested in locating ideas that are an accurate representation of reality, but he is also interested in pedagogy and the rhetoric of inquiry, or else communication would be for nought. He employs the analytic method to help his readers to move from and beyond a faulty paradigm.
Melchisedec TÖrÖnen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296118
- eISBN:
- 9780191712258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296118.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Examines the situation of humanity in its fallen state. Confusion and fragmentation, passions and individualism prevail. Vices, self-love, and gnome divide the one humanity.
Examines the situation of humanity in its fallen state. Confusion and fragmentation, passions and individualism prevail. Vices, self-love, and gnome divide the one humanity.
Melchisedec TÖrÖnen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296118
- eISBN:
- 9780191712258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296118.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
A discussion of the language of ‘union without confusion’, so characteristic of the theology Maximus follows which rejects any separation or confusion in Christ. The notions of ‘union without ...
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A discussion of the language of ‘union without confusion’, so characteristic of the theology Maximus follows which rejects any separation or confusion in Christ. The notions of ‘union without confusion’ and ‘interpenetration’ are discussed. The Neoplatonist Porphyry and St Cyril of Alexandria also feature in this chapter.Less
A discussion of the language of ‘union without confusion’, so characteristic of the theology Maximus follows which rejects any separation or confusion in Christ. The notions of ‘union without confusion’ and ‘interpenetration’ are discussed. The Neoplatonist Porphyry and St Cyril of Alexandria also feature in this chapter.
Peter Starr
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823226030
- eISBN:
- 9780823240920
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823226030.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
Nothing says more about a culture than the way it responds to deeply traumatic events. The Reign of Terror, America's Civil War, the Holocaust, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Kennedy assassination, ...
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Nothing says more about a culture than the way it responds to deeply traumatic events. The Reign of Terror, America's Civil War, the Holocaust, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Kennedy assassination, September 11th—watershed moments such as these can be rich sounding boards for the cultural historian patient enough to tease out the traumatic event's complex cultural resonances. This book is about one such moment in the history of modern France. The so-called Terrible Year began with the French army's crushing defeat at Sedan and the fall of the Second Empire in September of 1870, followed by the Prussian occupation of France and first siege of Paris in the fall and winter of that year. But no event of the period proved as deeply traumatic as the Paris Commune of 1871 and the bloody reprisals that attended its demise. This book examines the conundrum of why French literary, historical and philosophical texts written in the aftermath of the Paris Commune so often employ the trope of confusion (in both the phenomenal and cognitive senses of that term) to register and work through the historical traumas of the Terrible Year? And how might these representations of confusion both reflect and inflect the confusions inherent to an ongoing process of social upheaval evident in late nineteenth-century France—a process whose benchmarks include democratization and the blurring of social classes, a persistent and evolving revolutionism, radical reconfigurations of the city as lived environment, and the development of specifically capitalist logics of commerce?Less
Nothing says more about a culture than the way it responds to deeply traumatic events. The Reign of Terror, America's Civil War, the Holocaust, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Kennedy assassination, September 11th—watershed moments such as these can be rich sounding boards for the cultural historian patient enough to tease out the traumatic event's complex cultural resonances. This book is about one such moment in the history of modern France. The so-called Terrible Year began with the French army's crushing defeat at Sedan and the fall of the Second Empire in September of 1870, followed by the Prussian occupation of France and first siege of Paris in the fall and winter of that year. But no event of the period proved as deeply traumatic as the Paris Commune of 1871 and the bloody reprisals that attended its demise. This book examines the conundrum of why French literary, historical and philosophical texts written in the aftermath of the Paris Commune so often employ the trope of confusion (in both the phenomenal and cognitive senses of that term) to register and work through the historical traumas of the Terrible Year? And how might these representations of confusion both reflect and inflect the confusions inherent to an ongoing process of social upheaval evident in late nineteenth-century France—a process whose benchmarks include democratization and the blurring of social classes, a persistent and evolving revolutionism, radical reconfigurations of the city as lived environment, and the development of specifically capitalist logics of commerce?
Moshe Halbertal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199206575
- eISBN:
- 9780191709678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206575.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, Judaism
This chapter explores the inner workings and implications of an unusual rabbinic locution. What at first appears like a simple hedge, when read more deeply, offers profound theological insights in ...
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This chapter explores the inner workings and implications of an unusual rabbinic locution. What at first appears like a simple hedge, when read more deeply, offers profound theological insights in which God is understood counter-intuitively as a slave, a wife, and a victim. While the chapter uncovers the yearning that Israel felt for God and the temple, it reveals the rich and complex emotions that link God to Israel.Less
This chapter explores the inner workings and implications of an unusual rabbinic locution. What at first appears like a simple hedge, when read more deeply, offers profound theological insights in which God is understood counter-intuitively as a slave, a wife, and a victim. While the chapter uncovers the yearning that Israel felt for God and the temple, it reveals the rich and complex emotions that link God to Israel.
Richard Samuels
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332834
- eISBN:
- 9780199868117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter argues that cognitive science's concept of innateness is not confused. It begins by setting out the Argument for Confusion, which seeks to show that the concept of innateness is confused ...
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This chapter argues that cognitive science's concept of innateness is not confused. It begins by setting out the Argument for Confusion, which seeks to show that the concept of innateness is confused because it confounds several independent properties. This argument is shown to be inconclusive by highlighting two ways in which innateness might be associated with a range of distinct properties without confounding them. Although this perhaps shows that the Argument for Confusion is inconclusive, it leaves an important challenge unaddressed: how to explain in detail the relationship between the various properties associated with innateness and innateness itself. It is shown that the concept of innateness, at least as it figures in cognitive science, is not a confused one. This leaves a residual puzzle: if the concept of innateness is not confused, then why are debates over innateness in cognitive science often accompanied by confusion? The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of this matter.Less
This chapter argues that cognitive science's concept of innateness is not confused. It begins by setting out the Argument for Confusion, which seeks to show that the concept of innateness is confused because it confounds several independent properties. This argument is shown to be inconclusive by highlighting two ways in which innateness might be associated with a range of distinct properties without confounding them. Although this perhaps shows that the Argument for Confusion is inconclusive, it leaves an important challenge unaddressed: how to explain in detail the relationship between the various properties associated with innateness and innateness itself. It is shown that the concept of innateness, at least as it figures in cognitive science, is not a confused one. This leaves a residual puzzle: if the concept of innateness is not confused, then why are debates over innateness in cognitive science often accompanied by confusion? The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of this matter.
Lyn C. Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232130
- eISBN:
- 9780191715914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232130.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Finance
This chapter describes the different ways of measuring how good a scoring system is. It clarifies that there are three different ways of measuring the systems: their ability to discriminate Goods ...
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This chapter describes the different ways of measuring how good a scoring system is. It clarifies that there are three different ways of measuring the systems: their ability to discriminate Goods from Bads, their prediction of the probability of a borrower defaulting, and the accuracy of their categorical calibration. Discrimination, which only requires knowledge of the scorecard itself, is measured using ROC curves, Cumulative Accuracy Profiles (CAP), Gini Coefficient, AUROC, Divergence, Mahalonobis distance, and Somers D-concordance statistic. Probability predictions, which need the population odds as well as the scorecard, are measured using the binomial and normal tests and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Categorical calibration, which needs the cut-off score as well as the scorecard, is measured using confusion matrix, swap sets, specificity and sensitivity, and Type I and Type II errors. The chapter also explains how, if one has built a suite of scorecards each on a different segment of the population, one can combine the measures of the different scorecards into an overall measure.Less
This chapter describes the different ways of measuring how good a scoring system is. It clarifies that there are three different ways of measuring the systems: their ability to discriminate Goods from Bads, their prediction of the probability of a borrower defaulting, and the accuracy of their categorical calibration. Discrimination, which only requires knowledge of the scorecard itself, is measured using ROC curves, Cumulative Accuracy Profiles (CAP), Gini Coefficient, AUROC, Divergence, Mahalonobis distance, and Somers D-concordance statistic. Probability predictions, which need the population odds as well as the scorecard, are measured using the binomial and normal tests and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Categorical calibration, which needs the cut-off score as well as the scorecard, is measured using confusion matrix, swap sets, specificity and sensitivity, and Type I and Type II errors. The chapter also explains how, if one has built a suite of scorecards each on a different segment of the population, one can combine the measures of the different scorecards into an overall measure.
Philip Kitcher
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195321029
- eISBN:
- 9780199851317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195321029.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
The main issue that arises with I-2 centers on understanding the significance of what appears to be a grotesque and senseless story; I-3 poses the challenge of discerning some order in a sequence of ...
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The main issue that arises with I-2 centers on understanding the significance of what appears to be a grotesque and senseless story; I-3 poses the challenge of discerning some order in a sequence of rapidly shifting scenarios where there is constant confusion of identity. The next chapter, I-4, introduces a new collection of difficulties. Its individual episodes are less dense than those of its predecessor, but the order and connection of them is, at first sight, baffling. ALP represents both a potential object for HCE's devotion and an embodiment of an attitude that he can bring to her and to their marriage. A major work of that chapter has been to bring her persona and her voice clearly into the dream sequence of the Wake; much of the rest of the book is devoted to making it stronger, clearer, and firmer.Less
The main issue that arises with I-2 centers on understanding the significance of what appears to be a grotesque and senseless story; I-3 poses the challenge of discerning some order in a sequence of rapidly shifting scenarios where there is constant confusion of identity. The next chapter, I-4, introduces a new collection of difficulties. Its individual episodes are less dense than those of its predecessor, but the order and connection of them is, at first sight, baffling. ALP represents both a potential object for HCE's devotion and an embodiment of an attitude that he can bring to her and to their marriage. A major work of that chapter has been to bring her persona and her voice clearly into the dream sequence of the Wake; much of the rest of the book is devoted to making it stronger, clearer, and firmer.
David Cunning
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195399608
- eISBN:
- 9780199866502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399608.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter lays out the details of Descartes’ views on the habits and inclinations of the prephilosophical mind. There are ways in which minds are similar: they assume that things are real and ...
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This chapter lays out the details of Descartes’ views on the habits and inclinations of the prephilosophical mind. There are ways in which minds are similar: they assume that things are real and substantial to the extent that they can be sensed; they tend to picture the entities that they conceive, with the result that in many cases these entities are represented as corporeal and sensible even though they are not; they misconceive of objects in other ways, mostly by incorporating into their ideas predicates that do not belong; they think more often in terms of linguistic symbols than ideas; and they aggressively reject views that conflict with their existing commitments. A pre-philosophical mind does not have transparent incorrigible access to its ideas when it is thinking them confusedly, and many of its ideas are materially false in that they incorporate predicates that do not apply to their objects. Pre-philosophical minds are similar in many ways, but they are also different, especially with respect to the particular commitments and ideas that they bring to inquiry. The Meditations is written for a variety of minds—including theists, atheists, skeptics, Aristotelians, mechanists, and also individuals who do not yet have a fully articulated view of reality. The chapter also argues that Descartes is an intuitionist in that he thinks that we have a capacity for recognizing truth. He employs the analytic method so that his different readers can work to overcome the effects of their embodiment and see their pre-Meditations commitments for the confusions that they are. The chapter also discusses Descartes’ rationalism.Less
This chapter lays out the details of Descartes’ views on the habits and inclinations of the prephilosophical mind. There are ways in which minds are similar: they assume that things are real and substantial to the extent that they can be sensed; they tend to picture the entities that they conceive, with the result that in many cases these entities are represented as corporeal and sensible even though they are not; they misconceive of objects in other ways, mostly by incorporating into their ideas predicates that do not belong; they think more often in terms of linguistic symbols than ideas; and they aggressively reject views that conflict with their existing commitments. A pre-philosophical mind does not have transparent incorrigible access to its ideas when it is thinking them confusedly, and many of its ideas are materially false in that they incorporate predicates that do not apply to their objects. Pre-philosophical minds are similar in many ways, but they are also different, especially with respect to the particular commitments and ideas that they bring to inquiry. The Meditations is written for a variety of minds—including theists, atheists, skeptics, Aristotelians, mechanists, and also individuals who do not yet have a fully articulated view of reality. The chapter also argues that Descartes is an intuitionist in that he thinks that we have a capacity for recognizing truth. He employs the analytic method so that his different readers can work to overcome the effects of their embodiment and see their pre-Meditations commitments for the confusions that they are. The chapter also discusses Descartes’ rationalism.
Judy B. Rosener
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195119145
- eISBN:
- 9780199854882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195119145.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Sexual static is a phenomenon that is generally perceived to be brought about by gender differences and result in various interferences in methods of communication and conveying messages. Because of ...
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Sexual static is a phenomenon that is generally perceived to be brought about by gender differences and result in various interferences in methods of communication and conveying messages. Because of sexual static, messages that are expressed between men and women seem difficult to understand. Contrary to how women attempt to minimize sexual static, men prefer to do away with it completely, which is why women are often excluded from participating in executive affairs. Because discomfort is not without a great deal of subjectivity, and because men have difficulty admitting such problems, sexual static becomes difficult to measure. This chapter addresses the need to explore sexual static and how men react to it, because such alarmingly initiates the underutilization of women. The chapter specifically explores the following sources of sexual static: role confusion, garbled communication, and culture clash.Less
Sexual static is a phenomenon that is generally perceived to be brought about by gender differences and result in various interferences in methods of communication and conveying messages. Because of sexual static, messages that are expressed between men and women seem difficult to understand. Contrary to how women attempt to minimize sexual static, men prefer to do away with it completely, which is why women are often excluded from participating in executive affairs. Because discomfort is not without a great deal of subjectivity, and because men have difficulty admitting such problems, sexual static becomes difficult to measure. This chapter addresses the need to explore sexual static and how men react to it, because such alarmingly initiates the underutilization of women. The chapter specifically explores the following sources of sexual static: role confusion, garbled communication, and culture clash.
Michael LeBuffe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383539
- eISBN:
- 9780199870530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383539.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
In this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are ...
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In this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are adaptations of Cartesian rules for avoiding cognitive error in sense perception. The chapter offers interpretations of Spinoza's accounts of imagination, representation, inadequacy, confusion, and error. The connection between sense perception and imagination may be found in Spinoza's theory of imagination: both sensory ideas and human passions, on Spinoza's account, are ideas of imagination. So the techniques that apply to the control of sensory ideas will be similar to those that apply to the control of passion.Less
In this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are adaptations of Cartesian rules for avoiding cognitive error in sense perception. The chapter offers interpretations of Spinoza's accounts of imagination, representation, inadequacy, confusion, and error. The connection between sense perception and imagination may be found in Spinoza's theory of imagination: both sensory ideas and human passions, on Spinoza's account, are ideas of imagination. So the techniques that apply to the control of sensory ideas will be similar to those that apply to the control of passion.
Michael LeBuffe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383539
- eISBN:
- 9780199870530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383539.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's theory of error, on which the traditional identification of adequate ideas and true ideas in Spinoza is questioned. Although all ideas of ...
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This chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's theory of error, on which the traditional identification of adequate ideas and true ideas in Spinoza is questioned. Although all ideas of imagination are confused, only those ideas of imagination that are themselves caused by other ideas of imagination may be false. This reading of Spinoza helps to explain his understanding of the mechanisms that underlie his prescriptive ethics; his relation to Descartes and Cartesian theories of error; and the importance of self-knowledge and intellectualism to his theory of human virtue. Any mind's ideas of imagination have two partial causes, external objects and the mind itself. Although these ideas will always remain confused to a degree, a better knowledge of the self can make them less confused, and less likely to lead to cognitive or practical error.Less
This chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's theory of error, on which the traditional identification of adequate ideas and true ideas in Spinoza is questioned. Although all ideas of imagination are confused, only those ideas of imagination that are themselves caused by other ideas of imagination may be false. This reading of Spinoza helps to explain his understanding of the mechanisms that underlie his prescriptive ethics; his relation to Descartes and Cartesian theories of error; and the importance of self-knowledge and intellectualism to his theory of human virtue. Any mind's ideas of imagination have two partial causes, external objects and the mind itself. Although these ideas will always remain confused to a degree, a better knowledge of the self can make them less confused, and less likely to lead to cognitive or practical error.
Geoffrey Cantor
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596676
- eISBN:
- 9780191725685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596676.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the many contemporary publications expressing anxiety that the Exhibition would undermine the Protestant faith in Britain. For some the threat came from foreign atheists intent ...
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This chapter examines the many contemporary publications expressing anxiety that the Exhibition would undermine the Protestant faith in Britain. For some the threat came from foreign atheists intent on importing revolution, while others feared that in the light of the recent ‘papal aggression’ the Exhibition would be utilized by Catholics to undermine Protestantism. Others turned to prophecy to make sense of the Exhibition, interpreting it as a sign of the forthcoming apocalypse presaged by such biblical episodes as the destruction of the ungodly at Belshazzar's Feast, which, like the Exhibition, was a celebration of luxury. Another favourite text concerned the confusion of tongues and dispersion at the Tower of Babel (Gen. 11:1–9), which seemed particularly apposite as the Exhibition attracted foreigners speaking many different languages.Less
This chapter examines the many contemporary publications expressing anxiety that the Exhibition would undermine the Protestant faith in Britain. For some the threat came from foreign atheists intent on importing revolution, while others feared that in the light of the recent ‘papal aggression’ the Exhibition would be utilized by Catholics to undermine Protestantism. Others turned to prophecy to make sense of the Exhibition, interpreting it as a sign of the forthcoming apocalypse presaged by such biblical episodes as the destruction of the ungodly at Belshazzar's Feast, which, like the Exhibition, was a celebration of luxury. Another favourite text concerned the confusion of tongues and dispersion at the Tower of Babel (Gen. 11:1–9), which seemed particularly apposite as the Exhibition attracted foreigners speaking many different languages.
Belden C. Lane
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199755080
- eISBN:
- 9780199894956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755080.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
In seventeenth-century Puritanism, on both sides of the Atlantic, the importance of stirring and channeling holy desire was central to the spirituality inherited from John Calvin. The Puritans ...
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In seventeenth-century Puritanism, on both sides of the Atlantic, the importance of stirring and channeling holy desire was central to the spirituality inherited from John Calvin. The Puritans identified two “Schools of Desire” that were able to allure and instruct the hearts of believers in nurturing a passion for God. These included Nature's beauty, functioning as a “second book” alongside the Scriptures, and the ordinance of Marriage, modeling the believer's relationship to Christ as lover and bridegroom. In the process of attending to these “schools,” the Puritans were drawn to a compassion for creatures in the natural world as well as to a passionate delight in their spouses.Less
In seventeenth-century Puritanism, on both sides of the Atlantic, the importance of stirring and channeling holy desire was central to the spirituality inherited from John Calvin. The Puritans identified two “Schools of Desire” that were able to allure and instruct the hearts of believers in nurturing a passion for God. These included Nature's beauty, functioning as a “second book” alongside the Scriptures, and the ordinance of Marriage, modeling the believer's relationship to Christ as lover and bridegroom. In the process of attending to these “schools,” the Puritans were drawn to a compassion for creatures in the natural world as well as to a passionate delight in their spouses.
Faye Mishna
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795406
- eISBN:
- 9780199949687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795406.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter will set the stage for examining and addressing bullying with a discussion on the pervasiveness of bullying of children and adolescents around the world along with an overview of the ...
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This chapter will set the stage for examining and addressing bullying with a discussion on the pervasiveness of bullying of children and adolescents around the world along with an overview of the short term and potential long lasting effects of bullying. Also included will be a review of the confusion and controversies surrounding the term “bullying.” The term “bullying” typically is defined as a form of aggression which can be direct or indirect and includes physical, verbal or psychological and relational acts, that is intentional and occurs in a relationship characterized by a power imbalance, and is repeated over time. Notwithstanding the complexity of bullying and ensuing difficulties in defining and recognizing bullying, the damage caused by bullying can be considerable and far reaching. The adult-child relationship in particular influences the ability of children and youth to manage in many areas, including bullying situations.Less
This chapter will set the stage for examining and addressing bullying with a discussion on the pervasiveness of bullying of children and adolescents around the world along with an overview of the short term and potential long lasting effects of bullying. Also included will be a review of the confusion and controversies surrounding the term “bullying.” The term “bullying” typically is defined as a form of aggression which can be direct or indirect and includes physical, verbal or psychological and relational acts, that is intentional and occurs in a relationship characterized by a power imbalance, and is repeated over time. Notwithstanding the complexity of bullying and ensuing difficulties in defining and recognizing bullying, the damage caused by bullying can be considerable and far reaching. The adult-child relationship in particular influences the ability of children and youth to manage in many areas, including bullying situations.
S. P. Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205777
- eISBN:
- 9780191676789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205777.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter examines the confusion over the anti-invasion role of the British Home Guard. Despite the various orders issued by the Home Forces to try and dampen enthusiasm for guerrilla warfare and ...
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This chapter examines the confusion over the anti-invasion role of the British Home Guard. Despite the various orders issued by the Home Forces to try and dampen enthusiasm for guerrilla warfare and mobility, the confusion over how the force was to operate in the event of an invasion increased rather than diminished. This was caused by some commanders who engaged in a certain amount of creative interpretation of the orders of the Home Forces.Less
This chapter examines the confusion over the anti-invasion role of the British Home Guard. Despite the various orders issued by the Home Forces to try and dampen enthusiasm for guerrilla warfare and mobility, the confusion over how the force was to operate in the event of an invasion increased rather than diminished. This was caused by some commanders who engaged in a certain amount of creative interpretation of the orders of the Home Forces.
Thomas Nagel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195305845
- eISBN:
- 9780199851539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305845.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
One of the most difficult and widely discussed questions in recent moral theory is that of the status of human rights—the rights of individuals not to be violated, sacrificed, or used in certain ...
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One of the most difficult and widely discussed questions in recent moral theory is that of the status of human rights—the rights of individuals not to be violated, sacrificed, or used in certain ways, even in the service of valuable ends, either by other individuals or by governments and intermediate institutions. The reason for claiming such things as rights—apart from the natural tendency for rhetoric to escalate—is that they have some claim to be given priority over other values, a claim to be taken care of first, for everyone, even if this cannot be justified by balancing their utility against other components of the general good or general welfare. There is probably no harm in attaching the term “right” to the minima that ought thus to be guaranteed to everyone—provided it does not produce confusion with negative rights, which are likewise equally to be accorded to everyone, and provided it does not beg any questions about the relative priorities between positive and negative rights, should they conflict.Less
One of the most difficult and widely discussed questions in recent moral theory is that of the status of human rights—the rights of individuals not to be violated, sacrificed, or used in certain ways, even in the service of valuable ends, either by other individuals or by governments and intermediate institutions. The reason for claiming such things as rights—apart from the natural tendency for rhetoric to escalate—is that they have some claim to be given priority over other values, a claim to be taken care of first, for everyone, even if this cannot be justified by balancing their utility against other components of the general good or general welfare. There is probably no harm in attaching the term “right” to the minima that ought thus to be guaranteed to everyone—provided it does not produce confusion with negative rights, which are likewise equally to be accorded to everyone, and provided it does not beg any questions about the relative priorities between positive and negative rights, should they conflict.
David Barnard, Patricia Boston R.N., Anna Towers, and Yanna Lambrinidou
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195123432
- eISBN:
- 9780199999835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195123432.003.0017
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine and Older People
This chapter focuses on Katie Melnick, a 52-year-old Pole who had a strong faith in God. Even at the last stages of her lung cancer and even after the cancer metastasized in her brain, Ms. Melnick ...
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This chapter focuses on Katie Melnick, a 52-year-old Pole who had a strong faith in God. Even at the last stages of her lung cancer and even after the cancer metastasized in her brain, Ms. Melnick maintained an unwavering faith, showing a deep sense of peace and faith that amazed her care givers. However, behind such seemingly peaceful battle against cancer, her family was complicated by secrets—secrets that caused pain, confusion, and guilt particularly for Lena, Ms. Melnick's daughter. This chapter focuses on mending old hurts and gaps, and on finding unexpected possibilities for love and reconciliation.Less
This chapter focuses on Katie Melnick, a 52-year-old Pole who had a strong faith in God. Even at the last stages of her lung cancer and even after the cancer metastasized in her brain, Ms. Melnick maintained an unwavering faith, showing a deep sense of peace and faith that amazed her care givers. However, behind such seemingly peaceful battle against cancer, her family was complicated by secrets—secrets that caused pain, confusion, and guilt particularly for Lena, Ms. Melnick's daughter. This chapter focuses on mending old hurts and gaps, and on finding unexpected possibilities for love and reconciliation.
Olivier Blanchard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034623
- eISBN:
- 9780262333450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034623.003.0028
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The chapter reviews the rethinking of macro policies since the crisis, with a focus on macro prudential tools, monetary policy and fiscal policy. It argues that there is broad progress and confusion. ...
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The chapter reviews the rethinking of macro policies since the crisis, with a focus on macro prudential tools, monetary policy and fiscal policy. It argues that there is broad progress and confusion. There is agreement that macro prudential policies have to become part of the policy toolkit, but it is unclear which tools should be used, given the uncertainty about the future shape of the financial system. Many lessons have been learnt in monetary policy, but there is no clear agreement on key issues such as the size of the central bank balance sheet or the type of instruments. And on fiscal policy, confusion remains about what constitute safe levels of debt.Less
The chapter reviews the rethinking of macro policies since the crisis, with a focus on macro prudential tools, monetary policy and fiscal policy. It argues that there is broad progress and confusion. There is agreement that macro prudential policies have to become part of the policy toolkit, but it is unclear which tools should be used, given the uncertainty about the future shape of the financial system. Many lessons have been learnt in monetary policy, but there is no clear agreement on key issues such as the size of the central bank balance sheet or the type of instruments. And on fiscal policy, confusion remains about what constitute safe levels of debt.
Richard Wright
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781496803382
- eISBN:
- 9781496806789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496803382.003.0018
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
This chapter focuses on William Faulkner's “power to transpose the American scene as it exists in the southern states, filter it through his sensibilities and finally define it with words.” It notes ...
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This chapter focuses on William Faulkner's “power to transpose the American scene as it exists in the southern states, filter it through his sensibilities and finally define it with words.” It notes how Americans living abroad were at first ashamed of Faulkner, but eventually came to realize his greatness. Faulkner's achievement is all the more remarkable in that he is a southern white man. and the main burden of his work is moral confusion and social decay, themes that he presents in terms of stories of violence enacted by fantastic characters. This chapter suggests that Faulkner, in showing the degradation of the South, affirmed its essential humanity for America and for the world.Less
This chapter focuses on William Faulkner's “power to transpose the American scene as it exists in the southern states, filter it through his sensibilities and finally define it with words.” It notes how Americans living abroad were at first ashamed of Faulkner, but eventually came to realize his greatness. Faulkner's achievement is all the more remarkable in that he is a southern white man. and the main burden of his work is moral confusion and social decay, themes that he presents in terms of stories of violence enacted by fantastic characters. This chapter suggests that Faulkner, in showing the degradation of the South, affirmed its essential humanity for America and for the world.
