Stefano Atzeni and Jürgen Meyer-ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion ...
More
The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion energy production. It then introduces and illustrates the concept of inertial confinement fusion by spherical implosion, followed by detailed treatments of the physics of fusion ignition and burn, and of energy gain. The next part of the book is mostly devoted to the underlying physics involved in inertial fusion, and covers hydrodynamics, hydrodynamic stability, radiative transport and equations-of-state of hot dense matter, laser and ion beam interaction with plasma. It discusses different approaches to inertial fusion (direct-drive by laser, indirect-drive by laser or ion beams), including recent developments in fast ignition. The goal of the book is to give an introduction to this subject, and also to provide practical results even when derived on the basis of simplified models.Less
The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion energy production. It then introduces and illustrates the concept of inertial confinement fusion by spherical implosion, followed by detailed treatments of the physics of fusion ignition and burn, and of energy gain. The next part of the book is mostly devoted to the underlying physics involved in inertial fusion, and covers hydrodynamics, hydrodynamic stability, radiative transport and equations-of-state of hot dense matter, laser and ion beam interaction with plasma. It discusses different approaches to inertial fusion (direct-drive by laser, indirect-drive by laser or ion beams), including recent developments in fast ignition. The goal of the book is to give an introduction to this subject, and also to provide practical results even when derived on the basis of simplified models.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter introduces inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For comparison, it also presents basic features of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and thermonuclear fusion in general. When addressing ...
More
This chapter introduces inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For comparison, it also presents basic features of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and thermonuclear fusion in general. When addressing the goal of power production, these main approaches to controlled fusion are also referred to as inertial fusion energy (IFE) and magnetic fusion energy (MFE), respectively. While MFE aims for a steady-state plasma confined by a magnetic field, IFE is a pulsed concept, burning small fuel capsules at a rate of a few hertz. The underlying fusion reactions are the same and require similar plasma temperatures (of the order of the ideal ignition temperature), but densities differ by eleven orders of magnitude. This chapter provides an understanding of these plasma parameters in simple terms, by deriving the ideal ignition temperature and the confinement conditions for MCF (Lawson criterion) and high-gain ICF (ρR confinement condition). General features of fusion power production and different fuel cycles are also briefly addressed.Less
This chapter introduces inertial confinement fusion (ICF). For comparison, it also presents basic features of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and thermonuclear fusion in general. When addressing the goal of power production, these main approaches to controlled fusion are also referred to as inertial fusion energy (IFE) and magnetic fusion energy (MFE), respectively. While MFE aims for a steady-state plasma confined by a magnetic field, IFE is a pulsed concept, burning small fuel capsules at a rate of a few hertz. The underlying fusion reactions are the same and require similar plasma temperatures (of the order of the ideal ignition temperature), but densities differ by eleven orders of magnitude. This chapter provides an understanding of these plasma parameters in simple terms, by deriving the ideal ignition temperature and the confinement conditions for MCF (Lawson criterion) and high-gain ICF (ρR confinement condition). General features of fusion power production and different fuel cycles are also briefly addressed.
C. Michael Roland
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571574
- eISBN:
- 9780191728976
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571574.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book describes the relaxation dynamics of rubbery materials, with the objective of providing a molecular basis for many physical properties. As the term comprises any amorphous, flexible ...
More
This book describes the relaxation dynamics of rubbery materials, with the objective of providing a molecular basis for many physical properties. As the term comprises any amorphous, flexible macromolecule above its glass-transition temperature, rubber includes a broad class of substances, with a richness of behavior rivaled by few materials. The focus is mainly on the phenomenology, emphasizing anomalies and aspects that are incompletely understood and thus productive avenues for future research. Rubber is especially interesting because it has unique properties. It can exist in a state of equilibrium, unlike glassy or semicrystalline plastics, thermosetting resins, fibers, etc. These polymers have path-dependent morphologies and process-specific properties, which frustrate scientific inquiry, notwithstanding their practical utility. Among all materials only rubber exhibits high elasticity—the ability to recover from very large deformations. This property underlies most applications of elastomers and gave rise to its own field of study. Despite these singular characteristics, rubber is arguably the prototype for relaxation in soft matter. By copolymerizing different monomers, an enormous variety of chemical structures are available that, along with the ease of avoiding crystallization, makes make rubber ideal for the study of the glass transition, a major unsolved problem in condensed-matter physics. In the glassy state or when vitrification is imminent, polymers cannot easily be distinguished from molecular liquids, and the correspondence of many phenomena makes distinctions between molecular and polymeric liquids artificial. Accordingly, the scope of this book is not limited to polymer science, with the discussion often extending to small-molecule compounds, including simple liquids and liquid crystals.Less
This book describes the relaxation dynamics of rubbery materials, with the objective of providing a molecular basis for many physical properties. As the term comprises any amorphous, flexible macromolecule above its glass-transition temperature, rubber includes a broad class of substances, with a richness of behavior rivaled by few materials. The focus is mainly on the phenomenology, emphasizing anomalies and aspects that are incompletely understood and thus productive avenues for future research. Rubber is especially interesting because it has unique properties. It can exist in a state of equilibrium, unlike glassy or semicrystalline plastics, thermosetting resins, fibers, etc. These polymers have path-dependent morphologies and process-specific properties, which frustrate scientific inquiry, notwithstanding their practical utility. Among all materials only rubber exhibits high elasticity—the ability to recover from very large deformations. This property underlies most applications of elastomers and gave rise to its own field of study. Despite these singular characteristics, rubber is arguably the prototype for relaxation in soft matter. By copolymerizing different monomers, an enormous variety of chemical structures are available that, along with the ease of avoiding crystallization, makes make rubber ideal for the study of the glass transition, a major unsolved problem in condensed-matter physics. In the glassy state or when vitrification is imminent, polymers cannot easily be distinguished from molecular liquids, and the correspondence of many phenomena makes distinctions between molecular and polymeric liquids artificial. Accordingly, the scope of this book is not limited to polymer science, with the discussion often extending to small-molecule compounds, including simple liquids and liquid crystals.
Richard L. Lippke
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199209125
- eISBN:
- 9780191695766
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209125.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Drawing on philosophical arguments, criminological evidence, and the legal literature on prisoners' rights, this book defends a normative theory of imprisonment. Such a theory provides an account of ...
More
Drawing on philosophical arguments, criminological evidence, and the legal literature on prisoners' rights, this book defends a normative theory of imprisonment. Such a theory provides an account of the justified conditions of prison confinement — the restrictions and deprivations that may be legitimately imposed on serious offenders in the name of punishment. The theory of legal punishment upon which this account builds combines retributive and crime reduction elements, with the former accorded priority on both moral and epistemic grounds. Contrary to its formidable reputation, retributivism is shown to place important and substantial limits on the character of imprisonment, its appropriate use, and duration. Much of the contemporary use of imprisonment as a legal sanction is arguably unjustified on all three counts. The book urges the adoption of prison conditions at or near the ‘minimum conditions of confinement’ which severely curtail the freedom of movement, freedom of association, and privacy of prisoners, yet are still consistent with ensuring the basic physical and psychological welfare of prisoners, and provide them with access to paid labour, visitation, entertainment, recreation, and retained civic and political rights. This book argues firstly that the punishment of serious offenders generally requires no more than the imposition of ‘minimum conditions of confinement’ and secondly that moral constraints on punishment derived from retributivism in conjunction with the available evidence about the prison regimes most likely to reduce crime point towards more humane and less restrictive prisons.Less
Drawing on philosophical arguments, criminological evidence, and the legal literature on prisoners' rights, this book defends a normative theory of imprisonment. Such a theory provides an account of the justified conditions of prison confinement — the restrictions and deprivations that may be legitimately imposed on serious offenders in the name of punishment. The theory of legal punishment upon which this account builds combines retributive and crime reduction elements, with the former accorded priority on both moral and epistemic grounds. Contrary to its formidable reputation, retributivism is shown to place important and substantial limits on the character of imprisonment, its appropriate use, and duration. Much of the contemporary use of imprisonment as a legal sanction is arguably unjustified on all three counts. The book urges the adoption of prison conditions at or near the ‘minimum conditions of confinement’ which severely curtail the freedom of movement, freedom of association, and privacy of prisoners, yet are still consistent with ensuring the basic physical and psychological welfare of prisoners, and provide them with access to paid labour, visitation, entertainment, recreation, and retained civic and political rights. This book argues firstly that the punishment of serious offenders generally requires no more than the imposition of ‘minimum conditions of confinement’ and secondly that moral constraints on punishment derived from retributivism in conjunction with the available evidence about the prison regimes most likely to reduce crime point towards more humane and less restrictive prisons.
DAVID WRIGHT
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246397
- eISBN:
- 9780191715235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246397.003.006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explores the characteristics of mentally ill patients who successfully navigated through the selection process for confinement in asylums. In England, the Victorian period was marked by ...
More
This chapter explores the characteristics of mentally ill patients who successfully navigated through the selection process for confinement in asylums. In England, the Victorian period was marked by the rapid increase in the number and size of county lunatic asylums. The average size of these institutions rose from 300 in 1840 to 980 by the end of Victoria's reign. A similar pattern of growth marked some of the principal idiot asylums during the same period. The Earlswood Asylum, built originally for 400 occupants, was full in 1866, and after it had expanded its facilities in 1871 reached its full capacity of 600 residents in 1878. Relating the charitable dimensions of admission to voluntary hospitals to the legislation of the lunacy laws, one can see that admission to these asylums poses fascinating questions about the nature of institutional confinement in the 19th century. Within this context, this chapter explores some aspects of the admission and length of stay of patients diagnosed with mental disability.Less
This chapter explores the characteristics of mentally ill patients who successfully navigated through the selection process for confinement in asylums. In England, the Victorian period was marked by the rapid increase in the number and size of county lunatic asylums. The average size of these institutions rose from 300 in 1840 to 980 by the end of Victoria's reign. A similar pattern of growth marked some of the principal idiot asylums during the same period. The Earlswood Asylum, built originally for 400 occupants, was full in 1866, and after it had expanded its facilities in 1871 reached its full capacity of 600 residents in 1878. Relating the charitable dimensions of admission to voluntary hospitals to the legislation of the lunacy laws, one can see that admission to these asylums poses fascinating questions about the nature of institutional confinement in the 19th century. Within this context, this chapter explores some aspects of the admission and length of stay of patients diagnosed with mental disability.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter is devoted to hydrodynamic instabilities. Internal confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosions are inherently unstable. In particular, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) developing at ...
More
This chapter is devoted to hydrodynamic instabilities. Internal confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosions are inherently unstable. In particular, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) developing at the beam accelerated capsule outer surface tends to destroy the imploding shell, while the deceleration-phase RTI occurring at the inner surface of the stagnating capsule hinders the formation of a central hot spot. Control of this instability is a major challenge facing ICF. Richtmyer-Meshkov (RMI) and Kelvin-Helmholtz (KHI) instabilities also occur in ICF. Starting from basic theory, the instability linear theory is developed in much detail, including the stabilizing effect of ablation on RTI (ablative stabilization). The resulting dispersion relation is then applied to actual ICF implosions, deriving the admissible levels of non-uniformity in capsule make and implosion drive. The nonlinear growth of bubbles and spikes, including turbulent mixing are also described.Less
This chapter is devoted to hydrodynamic instabilities. Internal confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosions are inherently unstable. In particular, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) developing at the beam accelerated capsule outer surface tends to destroy the imploding shell, while the deceleration-phase RTI occurring at the inner surface of the stagnating capsule hinders the formation of a central hot spot. Control of this instability is a major challenge facing ICF. Richtmyer-Meshkov (RMI) and Kelvin-Helmholtz (KHI) instabilities also occur in ICF. Starting from basic theory, the instability linear theory is developed in much detail, including the stabilizing effect of ablation on RTI (ablative stabilization). The resulting dispersion relation is then applied to actual ICF implosions, deriving the admissible levels of non-uniformity in capsule make and implosion drive. The nonlinear growth of bubbles and spikes, including turbulent mixing are also described.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do ...
More
Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do not drive the capsule directly, and one therefore calls it indirect drive. Expressions for X-ray conversion efficiency are derived for incident laser and ion beams. Radiation confinement inside the cavity is discussed in terms of the wall albedo, which measures the re-emission of absorbed radiation by the heated wall. The radiative transfer between the walls is treated approximately by means of the viewfactor method. Simple estimates are derived for the hohlraum temperature of the black-body radiation. Simulations of radiatively driven implosions are presented in the context of targets for ion beam fusion.Less
Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do not drive the capsule directly, and one therefore calls it indirect drive. Expressions for X-ray conversion efficiency are derived for incident laser and ion beams. Radiation confinement inside the cavity is discussed in terms of the wall albedo, which measures the re-emission of absorbed radiation by the heated wall. The radiative transfer between the walls is treated approximately by means of the viewfactor method. Simple estimates are derived for the hohlraum temperature of the black-body radiation. Simulations of radiatively driven implosions are presented in the context of targets for ion beam fusion.
David Francis Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199642847
- eISBN:
- 9780191738869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642847.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 18th-century Literature
The final chapter looks at the relationship between, on the one hand, scenes of imprisonment in new Gothic dramas staged at Drury Lane in the 1790s and, on the other, the images of incarceration ...
More
The final chapter looks at the relationship between, on the one hand, scenes of imprisonment in new Gothic dramas staged at Drury Lane in the 1790s and, on the other, the images of incarceration deployed in Sheridan’s parliamentary speeches opposing the suspension of Habeas Corpus and the detention of radical activists during the same period. Reading scenography rather than dialogue, dramatic spaces rather than dramatic words, I suggest that Sheridan’s rhetoric and the repertory of his playhouse can be understood as operating within the same representational continuum: both posited carceral space as a site of pain, deprivation, and solitude, and both offered the prison as a symbol of the Pitt government’s institutionalization of violenceLess
The final chapter looks at the relationship between, on the one hand, scenes of imprisonment in new Gothic dramas staged at Drury Lane in the 1790s and, on the other, the images of incarceration deployed in Sheridan’s parliamentary speeches opposing the suspension of Habeas Corpus and the detention of radical activists during the same period. Reading scenography rather than dialogue, dramatic spaces rather than dramatic words, I suggest that Sheridan’s rhetoric and the repertory of his playhouse can be understood as operating within the same representational continuum: both posited carceral space as a site of pain, deprivation, and solitude, and both offered the prison as a symbol of the Pitt government’s institutionalization of violence
Paul Hurley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199559305
- eISBN:
- 9780191721212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559305.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Consequentialism has since its inception faced persistent challenges of excess: it is, critics charge, too demanding, too confining, and too alienating to offer a plausible alternative moral theory. ...
More
Consequentialism has since its inception faced persistent challenges of excess: it is, critics charge, too demanding, too confining, and too alienating to offer a plausible alternative moral theory. This chapter argues that the deeper challenge confronting consequentialism is not one of excess but of defect; in particular, of defects along precisely these dimensions upon which it is taken to be excessive. Developing a line of thought introduced in Chapter 1, the arguments in this chapter draw upon the work of Shelly Kagan and others to demonstrate that consequentialism, as it is typically presented, is a theory of exacting moral standards, but not of decisive reasons for agents to conform to these standards. As a result, this theory of exacting moral standards can, with perfect consistency, be incorporated within an overall account upon which there are few, if any, rational demands upon agents to heed such standards. These challenges of defect confronting consequentialism are far more formidable than the traditional challenges of excess.Less
Consequentialism has since its inception faced persistent challenges of excess: it is, critics charge, too demanding, too confining, and too alienating to offer a plausible alternative moral theory. This chapter argues that the deeper challenge confronting consequentialism is not one of excess but of defect; in particular, of defects along precisely these dimensions upon which it is taken to be excessive. Developing a line of thought introduced in Chapter 1, the arguments in this chapter draw upon the work of Shelly Kagan and others to demonstrate that consequentialism, as it is typically presented, is a theory of exacting moral standards, but not of decisive reasons for agents to conform to these standards. As a result, this theory of exacting moral standards can, with perfect consistency, be incorporated within an overall account upon which there are few, if any, rational demands upon agents to heed such standards. These challenges of defect confronting consequentialism are far more formidable than the traditional challenges of excess.
Patrick Parrinder
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199264858
- eISBN:
- 9780191698989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264858.003.0016
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Immigration novels became the most vital form of English fiction in the 20th century. Issues of national self-identification and adoption came to be an important theme of the works of Priestly, Ford, ...
More
Immigration novels became the most vital form of English fiction in the 20th century. Issues of national self-identification and adoption came to be an important theme of the works of Priestly, Ford, and Fowles. In these immigration novels, a distinction between the first and second generation novelists are discussed in the chapter. Despite the differences among the two generations, a sense of spatial confinement is what is shared among them both. These immigration novels emphasise the creation of a new national identity from the changing circumstances.Less
Immigration novels became the most vital form of English fiction in the 20th century. Issues of national self-identification and adoption came to be an important theme of the works of Priestly, Ford, and Fowles. In these immigration novels, a distinction between the first and second generation novelists are discussed in the chapter. Despite the differences among the two generations, a sense of spatial confinement is what is shared among them both. These immigration novels emphasise the creation of a new national identity from the changing circumstances.
Thomas Dixon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264263
- eISBN:
- 9780191734816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264263.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This chapter uses the historical account of Victorian science, religion, and ethics as the basis for some brief reflections on philosophical problems and political pitfalls that are in some cases ...
More
This chapter uses the historical account of Victorian science, religion, and ethics as the basis for some brief reflections on philosophical problems and political pitfalls that are in some cases still associated with concepts of altruism. It was a sense of intellectual confinement that led nineteenth-century theorists such as Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer to invent new words with which to construct new scientific visions of humanity and society. Terms such as ‘sociology’ and ‘altruism’ made those new visions possible. People have now inherited the categories that they created, and those categories can themselves be confining rather than liberating. By providing accounts of the contingent circumstances in which they were created, the intellectual historian can draw attention to the provisional nature of our categories and can thus help to undermine the sense that they are inevitable, or even natural.Less
This chapter uses the historical account of Victorian science, religion, and ethics as the basis for some brief reflections on philosophical problems and political pitfalls that are in some cases still associated with concepts of altruism. It was a sense of intellectual confinement that led nineteenth-century theorists such as Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer to invent new words with which to construct new scientific visions of humanity and society. Terms such as ‘sociology’ and ‘altruism’ made those new visions possible. People have now inherited the categories that they created, and those categories can themselves be confining rather than liberating. By providing accounts of the contingent circumstances in which they were created, the intellectual historian can draw attention to the provisional nature of our categories and can thus help to undermine the sense that they are inevitable, or even natural.
David Polizzi
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447337539
- eISBN:
- 9781447337553
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447337539.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Solitary confinement has been used in correctional practice since the very inception of the penitentiary system in the United States. However, by the late 1840’s, it usefulness as a rehabilitative ...
More
Solitary confinement has been used in correctional practice since the very inception of the penitentiary system in the United States. However, by the late 1840’s, it usefulness as a rehabilitative strategy was placed into question. By the late 1880’s, it’s utility as a mode of rationalized retribution quickly became the sole function of this type of correctional strategy. By the 1980’s, a number of states in the U.S began to build supermax penitentiaries. Within the current context, isolated confinement has become a regular correctional strategy of every state correctional system in the U.S., including the federal supermax facility located in Colorado. As the use of solitary and supermax confinement became more mainstream, the U.S. Supreme Court was often called upon to determine if this type of correctional strategy violated constitutional protection. Though the Supreme Court has moved rather slowly on this issue, it has begun to prohibit certain individuals to be placed in this type of confinement due to the psychological damage it can impose on certain individuals. What has been consistently observed both historically and within the context of personal accounts of this experience is the profound effects of isolated confinement. The phenomenology of this event is evoked within the relationality between the structural limitations of the physical space of solitary and individual experience. Within this context, the most basic aspects of embodied existence—the possibility of human touch, the possibility of bodily movement by which to take up the world and the absence of direct intersubjective experience—are denied.Less
Solitary confinement has been used in correctional practice since the very inception of the penitentiary system in the United States. However, by the late 1840’s, it usefulness as a rehabilitative strategy was placed into question. By the late 1880’s, it’s utility as a mode of rationalized retribution quickly became the sole function of this type of correctional strategy. By the 1980’s, a number of states in the U.S began to build supermax penitentiaries. Within the current context, isolated confinement has become a regular correctional strategy of every state correctional system in the U.S., including the federal supermax facility located in Colorado. As the use of solitary and supermax confinement became more mainstream, the U.S. Supreme Court was often called upon to determine if this type of correctional strategy violated constitutional protection. Though the Supreme Court has moved rather slowly on this issue, it has begun to prohibit certain individuals to be placed in this type of confinement due to the psychological damage it can impose on certain individuals. What has been consistently observed both historically and within the context of personal accounts of this experience is the profound effects of isolated confinement. The phenomenology of this event is evoked within the relationality between the structural limitations of the physical space of solitary and individual experience. Within this context, the most basic aspects of embodied existence—the possibility of human touch, the possibility of bodily movement by which to take up the world and the absence of direct intersubjective experience—are denied.
Bruce A. Arrigo, Heather Y. Bersot, and Brian G. Sellers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195372212
- eISBN:
- 9780199897247
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372212.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This book demonstrates how the forces of captivity and risk management dangerously co-habit justice at the self/society divide. This cohabitation is the power to harm (i.e., to reduce being and to ...
More
This book demonstrates how the forces of captivity and risk management dangerously co-habit justice at the self/society divide. This cohabitation is the power to harm (i.e., to reduce being and to repress becoming), for the kept and their keepers, for their managers and their watchers. This harm as “madness” occurs through interactive symbolic, linguistic, materially and cultural intensities. Overcoming these intensities or “conditions of control” for one and all necessitates the cultivation of transformative and dynamic habits of character. Embodying such citizenship makes the evolving praxis of social justice (as fair-minded and dignified, therapeutic and healing, restorative and communal) that much more possible. The theoretical, empirical, and policy dimensions of this thesis are examined by way of judicial decision-making that sustains captivity and risk management in three controversial total confinement contexts. These contexts include developmentally immature juveniles waived to the adult system and found competent to stand trial; psychiatrically disordered inmates placed in long-term disciplinary segregation where said isolation is not deemed cruel and unusual punishment; and formerly incarcerated sexually violent predators subjected to multiple forms of civil detention, re-entry surveillance, and communal inspection. The judicially endorsed harm that follows in each instance extends to victims, offenders, and the communities that bind both groups. The book concludes with a series of provocative, yet sensible, recommendations in theory development; methodology and future research; immediate and emergent praxis interventions; pedagogy and (continual) training; and institutional practice, programming, and policy. These reforms are relevant for the legal, psychiatric, clinical forensic, scholarly academic, bioethical, and human service/social welfare communities. Collectively, these change initiatives suggest several vibrant directions by which to activate captivity’s release, to re-evaluate the risk management thesis, and to experience character’s promise in our lives, in the lives of others, in mental health law, and in all expressions of dynamic human/social cohabitation.Less
This book demonstrates how the forces of captivity and risk management dangerously co-habit justice at the self/society divide. This cohabitation is the power to harm (i.e., to reduce being and to repress becoming), for the kept and their keepers, for their managers and their watchers. This harm as “madness” occurs through interactive symbolic, linguistic, materially and cultural intensities. Overcoming these intensities or “conditions of control” for one and all necessitates the cultivation of transformative and dynamic habits of character. Embodying such citizenship makes the evolving praxis of social justice (as fair-minded and dignified, therapeutic and healing, restorative and communal) that much more possible. The theoretical, empirical, and policy dimensions of this thesis are examined by way of judicial decision-making that sustains captivity and risk management in three controversial total confinement contexts. These contexts include developmentally immature juveniles waived to the adult system and found competent to stand trial; psychiatrically disordered inmates placed in long-term disciplinary segregation where said isolation is not deemed cruel and unusual punishment; and formerly incarcerated sexually violent predators subjected to multiple forms of civil detention, re-entry surveillance, and communal inspection. The judicially endorsed harm that follows in each instance extends to victims, offenders, and the communities that bind both groups. The book concludes with a series of provocative, yet sensible, recommendations in theory development; methodology and future research; immediate and emergent praxis interventions; pedagogy and (continual) training; and institutional practice, programming, and policy. These reforms are relevant for the legal, psychiatric, clinical forensic, scholarly academic, bioethical, and human service/social welfare communities. Collectively, these change initiatives suggest several vibrant directions by which to activate captivity’s release, to re-evaluate the risk management thesis, and to experience character’s promise in our lives, in the lives of others, in mental health law, and in all expressions of dynamic human/social cohabitation.
Rashad Shabazz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039645
- eISBN:
- 9780252097737
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039645.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Over 277,000 African Americans migrated to Chicago between 1900 and 1940, an influx unsurpassed in any other northern city. From the start, carceral powers literally and figuratively created a ...
More
Over 277,000 African Americans migrated to Chicago between 1900 and 1940, an influx unsurpassed in any other northern city. From the start, carceral powers literally and figuratively created a prison-like environment to contain these African Americans within the so-called Black Belt on the city's South Side. A geographic study of race and gender, this book casts light upon the ubiquitous—and ordinary—ways carceral power functions in places where African Americans live. Moving from the kitchenette to the prison cell, and mining forgotten facts from sources as diverse as maps and memoirs, the book explores the myriad architectures of confinement, policing, surveillance, urban planning, and incarceration. In particular, it investigates how the ongoing carceral effort oriented and imbued black male bodies and gender performance from the Progressive era to the present. The result is an essential interdisciplinary study that highlights the racialization of space, the role of containment in subordinating African Americans, the politics of mobility under conditions of alleged freedom, and the ways black men cope with—and resist—spacial containment. A timely response to the massive upswing in carceral forms within society, the book examines how these mechanisms came to exist, why society aimed them against African Americans, and the consequences for black communities and black masculinity both historically and today.Less
Over 277,000 African Americans migrated to Chicago between 1900 and 1940, an influx unsurpassed in any other northern city. From the start, carceral powers literally and figuratively created a prison-like environment to contain these African Americans within the so-called Black Belt on the city's South Side. A geographic study of race and gender, this book casts light upon the ubiquitous—and ordinary—ways carceral power functions in places where African Americans live. Moving from the kitchenette to the prison cell, and mining forgotten facts from sources as diverse as maps and memoirs, the book explores the myriad architectures of confinement, policing, surveillance, urban planning, and incarceration. In particular, it investigates how the ongoing carceral effort oriented and imbued black male bodies and gender performance from the Progressive era to the present. The result is an essential interdisciplinary study that highlights the racialization of space, the role of containment in subordinating African Americans, the politics of mobility under conditions of alleged freedom, and the ways black men cope with—and resist—spacial containment. A timely response to the massive upswing in carceral forms within society, the book examines how these mechanisms came to exist, why society aimed them against African Americans, and the consequences for black communities and black masculinity both historically and today.
Abu Ali Abdur’Rahman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823265299
- eISBN:
- 9780823266685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823265299.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter presents a testimony against the use of solitary confinement from the perspective of the author who has spent many of his teenage and adult years in solitary. Submitted to the June 2012 ...
More
This chapter presents a testimony against the use of solitary confinement from the perspective of the author who has spent many of his teenage and adult years in solitary. Submitted to the June 2012 Senate Subcommittee on Solitary Confinement, this statement describes the damaging effects of his confinements as well as the link between confinement and the institutional failure to address sexual abuse in prison. Acknowledging his and others' injuries and failures, the author argues for the need for a social space to heal and grow. Further, he argues against the “criminalization of mental illness” and for a transformation of the prison into a psychologically and socially aware space offering direction to those who have suffered confinement, poverty, racism, and class oppression.Less
This chapter presents a testimony against the use of solitary confinement from the perspective of the author who has spent many of his teenage and adult years in solitary. Submitted to the June 2012 Senate Subcommittee on Solitary Confinement, this statement describes the damaging effects of his confinements as well as the link between confinement and the institutional failure to address sexual abuse in prison. Acknowledging his and others' injuries and failures, the author argues for the need for a social space to heal and grow. Further, he argues against the “criminalization of mental illness” and for a transformation of the prison into a psychologically and socially aware space offering direction to those who have suffered confinement, poverty, racism, and class oppression.
Richard L. Lippke
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199209125
- eISBN:
- 9780191695766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209125.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter makes the case for minimally restrictive and reasonably humane prison conditions, ones referred to as the ‘minimum conditions of confinement’ (MCC). It contrasts such conditions with ...
More
This chapter makes the case for minimally restrictive and reasonably humane prison conditions, ones referred to as the ‘minimum conditions of confinement’ (MCC). It contrasts such conditions with ones termed as ‘extreme conditions of confinement’ (ECC). The latter are prison conditions that impose quite severe restrictions and deprivations on inmates, ones not unlike those found in many super maximum-security prisons (or supermax prisons) throughout the United States. As regards the difference between the MCC and the ECC, it is argued that we should strongly prefer the former because they are more in accordance with the retributive and crime reduction aims of legal punishment. Yet the arguments employed to show this, even if successful, take us only part-way toward a full defense of the MCC.Less
This chapter makes the case for minimally restrictive and reasonably humane prison conditions, ones referred to as the ‘minimum conditions of confinement’ (MCC). It contrasts such conditions with ones termed as ‘extreme conditions of confinement’ (ECC). The latter are prison conditions that impose quite severe restrictions and deprivations on inmates, ones not unlike those found in many super maximum-security prisons (or supermax prisons) throughout the United States. As regards the difference between the MCC and the ECC, it is argued that we should strongly prefer the former because they are more in accordance with the retributive and crime reduction aims of legal punishment. Yet the arguments employed to show this, even if successful, take us only part-way toward a full defense of the MCC.
David Polizzi
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447337539
- eISBN:
- 9781447337553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447337539.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Solitary confinement evokes a manner of human torture that does not need to include the actual presence of another individual to inflict this physical or psychological harm. Its sole intent is to ...
More
Solitary confinement evokes a manner of human torture that does not need to include the actual presence of another individual to inflict this physical or psychological harm. Its sole intent is to inflict harm and wear down the individual so confined. First it takes away the world and or time, then it takes the human self as well.Less
Solitary confinement evokes a manner of human torture that does not need to include the actual presence of another individual to inflict this physical or psychological harm. Its sole intent is to inflict harm and wear down the individual so confined. First it takes away the world and or time, then it takes the human self as well.
Bruce A. Arrigo, Heather Y. Bersot, and Brian G. Sellers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195372212
- eISBN:
- 9780199897247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372212.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter provides background on types of solitary confinement (administrative/disciplinary; short/long-term), reviews the empirical literature on inmate mental health and segregation, and ...
More
This chapter provides background on types of solitary confinement (administrative/disciplinary; short/long-term), reviews the empirical literature on inmate mental health and segregation, and describes isolation for incarcerates with pre-existing mental health conditions in relation to cruel and unusual punishment. The prevailing case law in this area is identified (N = 6)–including how these court opinions were selected–and the two-phase textual analysis of these decisions is outlined consistent with the methodological aims of psychological jurisprudence. Reliance on the method indicates that the courts’ jurisprudential ethic concerning inmate mental health, solitary confinement, and cruel and unusual punishment does not grow excellence in character for all parties concerned. Indeed, it is not as fully responsive as it could (and should) be to the needs of all those who live/work within correctional environs. The implications of these findings are reviewed in relation to the dynamics of madness, citizenship, and social justice.Less
This chapter provides background on types of solitary confinement (administrative/disciplinary; short/long-term), reviews the empirical literature on inmate mental health and segregation, and describes isolation for incarcerates with pre-existing mental health conditions in relation to cruel and unusual punishment. The prevailing case law in this area is identified (N = 6)–including how these court opinions were selected–and the two-phase textual analysis of these decisions is outlined consistent with the methodological aims of psychological jurisprudence. Reliance on the method indicates that the courts’ jurisprudential ethic concerning inmate mental health, solitary confinement, and cruel and unusual punishment does not grow excellence in character for all parties concerned. Indeed, it is not as fully responsive as it could (and should) be to the needs of all those who live/work within correctional environs. The implications of these findings are reviewed in relation to the dynamics of madness, citizenship, and social justice.
Bruce A. Arrigo, Heather Y. Bersot, and Brian G. Sellers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195372212
- eISBN:
- 9780199897247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372212.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter provides background on sexually violent predators (SVPs), reviews the social and behavioural science literature documenting the recidivism effects of confinement, and describes the ...
More
This chapter provides background on sexually violent predators (SVPs), reviews the social and behavioural science literature documenting the recidivism effects of confinement, and describes the concept of community re-entry (i.e., notification and offender registries). The precedent-setting case law in this area is identified (N = 5)–including how these court opinions were selected–and the two-phase textual analysis of these decisions is explained consistent with the purposes of psychological jurisprudence. Reliance on its method reveals that the Courts’ jurisprudential ethic concerning sexually violent predators, criminal and civil confinement, and community re-entry does not grow excellence in character for all parties concerned. Indeed, it is not as responsive as it could (and should) be to the needs of victims, offenders, and the communities that tether and interconnect them. The implications of these findings are considered in relation to the dynamics of madness, citizenship, and social justice.Less
This chapter provides background on sexually violent predators (SVPs), reviews the social and behavioural science literature documenting the recidivism effects of confinement, and describes the concept of community re-entry (i.e., notification and offender registries). The precedent-setting case law in this area is identified (N = 5)–including how these court opinions were selected–and the two-phase textual analysis of these decisions is explained consistent with the purposes of psychological jurisprudence. Reliance on its method reveals that the Courts’ jurisprudential ethic concerning sexually violent predators, criminal and civil confinement, and community re-entry does not grow excellence in character for all parties concerned. Indeed, it is not as responsive as it could (and should) be to the needs of victims, offenders, and the communities that tether and interconnect them. The implications of these findings are considered in relation to the dynamics of madness, citizenship, and social justice.
Bruce A. Arrigo, Heather Y. Bersot, and Brian G. Sellers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195372212
- eISBN:
- 9780199897247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372212.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter explores the relevance of psychological jurisprudence as policy. Specifically, several provisional, though concrete, recommendations for legal reform are presented. These proposals for ...
More
This chapter explores the relevance of psychological jurisprudence as policy. Specifically, several provisional, though concrete, recommendations for legal reform are presented. These proposals for progressive change demonstrate how the law’s approach to the three total confinement practices systematically reviewed in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 could (and should) be more in keeping with principles emanating from restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, and commonsense justice. As such, these recommendations explain how dignity, healing, and critique could be advanced by way of the practice of psychological jurisprudence. This includes changes that further more humane judicial decision-making, as well as reforms that foster more pro-social dispute resolution by and among other legal actors. Several tentative observations also are enumerated that draw attention to the current barriers that impede the possibility of achieving these well-intentioned policy initiatives.Less
This chapter explores the relevance of psychological jurisprudence as policy. Specifically, several provisional, though concrete, recommendations for legal reform are presented. These proposals for progressive change demonstrate how the law’s approach to the three total confinement practices systematically reviewed in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 could (and should) be more in keeping with principles emanating from restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, and commonsense justice. As such, these recommendations explain how dignity, healing, and critique could be advanced by way of the practice of psychological jurisprudence. This includes changes that further more humane judicial decision-making, as well as reforms that foster more pro-social dispute resolution by and among other legal actors. Several tentative observations also are enumerated that draw attention to the current barriers that impede the possibility of achieving these well-intentioned policy initiatives.
