Regine Eckardt
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262601
- eISBN:
- 9780191718939
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262601.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book investigates meaning change in grammaticalization in terms of truth conditional semantics and a well-explicated syntax-semantics interface. Following a survey of earlier theories of ...
More
This book investigates meaning change in grammaticalization in terms of truth conditional semantics and a well-explicated syntax-semantics interface. Following a survey of earlier theories of grammaticalization, particularly those that focus on the meaning side, four major case studies of meaning change in grammaticalization probe the hypothesis that this type of change is best viewed as a restructuring at the syntax-semantics interface. The case studies cover the emergence of going to future in English, the negation particles in French, the emergence of the scalar particle selbst (even) in German as well as the quasi determiner lauter (many/only) in German. Each study starts with a presentation of data that illustrates the change in question, and lists open issues about these data that could not be answered (or even formulated) in earlier theoretical frameworks. A careful investigation of the neat interplay of syntax and semantics in the phase of change demonstrates that speakers ingenuously exploit the structures of language in order to adjust it to new needs, while at the same time keeping it a well-defined tool of communication.Less
This book investigates meaning change in grammaticalization in terms of truth conditional semantics and a well-explicated syntax-semantics interface. Following a survey of earlier theories of grammaticalization, particularly those that focus on the meaning side, four major case studies of meaning change in grammaticalization probe the hypothesis that this type of change is best viewed as a restructuring at the syntax-semantics interface. The case studies cover the emergence of going to future in English, the negation particles in French, the emergence of the scalar particle selbst (even) in German as well as the quasi determiner lauter (many/only) in German. Each study starts with a presentation of data that illustrates the change in question, and lists open issues about these data that could not be answered (or even formulated) in earlier theoretical frameworks. A careful investigation of the neat interplay of syntax and semantics in the phase of change demonstrates that speakers ingenuously exploit the structures of language in order to adjust it to new needs, while at the same time keeping it a well-defined tool of communication.
Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter examines four possible avenues to rectify the economic impediments to derivative actions. The first two focus on short-term solutions and involve the company and the claimant ...
More
This chapter examines four possible avenues to rectify the economic impediments to derivative actions. The first two focus on short-term solutions and involve the company and the claimant shareholder. Section 7.2.1 considers making a mandatory requirement for the company to pay the costs of the action. Section 7.2.2 then looks at the merits and demerits of rewarding the shareholder with part of the proceeds of a successful action. The last two sections concentrate on solutions in which the risk of loss is shifted on to the claimant's attorney. Section 7.3 explores new possibilities in the guise of conditional fee agreements; Section 7.4 assesses the possibility of adopting a US-style contingency fees in the limited context of derivative actions. Section 7.5 concludes.Less
This chapter examines four possible avenues to rectify the economic impediments to derivative actions. The first two focus on short-term solutions and involve the company and the claimant shareholder. Section 7.2.1 considers making a mandatory requirement for the company to pay the costs of the action. Section 7.2.2 then looks at the merits and demerits of rewarding the shareholder with part of the proceeds of a successful action. The last two sections concentrate on solutions in which the risk of loss is shifted on to the claimant's attorney. Section 7.3 explores new possibilities in the guise of conditional fee agreements; Section 7.4 assesses the possibility of adopting a US-style contingency fees in the limited context of derivative actions. Section 7.5 concludes.
Jonathan Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199258871
- eISBN:
- 9780191597046
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258872.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Conditionals are of two basic kinds, often called ‘indicative’ and ‘subjunctive’. This book expounds and evaluates the main literature about each kind. It eventually defends the view of Adams and ...
More
Conditionals are of two basic kinds, often called ‘indicative’ and ‘subjunctive’. This book expounds and evaluates the main literature about each kind. It eventually defends the view of Adams and Edgington that indicatives are devices for expressing subjective probabilities, and the view of Stalnaker and Lewis that subjunctives are statements about close possible worlds. But it also discusses other views, e.g. that indicatives are really material conditionals, and Goodman's approach to subjunctives.Less
Conditionals are of two basic kinds, often called ‘indicative’ and ‘subjunctive’. This book expounds and evaluates the main literature about each kind. It eventually defends the view of Adams and Edgington that indicatives are devices for expressing subjective probabilities, and the view of Stalnaker and Lewis that subjunctives are statements about close possible worlds. But it also discusses other views, e.g. that indicatives are really material conditionals, and Goodman's approach to subjunctives.
Walter Ott
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199570430
- eISBN:
- 9780191722394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570430.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
These two analyses of law, while consistent, allow us to explain Malebranche's complex attitude toward the connection between causation and explanation. Taken as summaries of God's volitions, laws ...
More
These two analyses of law, while consistent, allow us to explain Malebranche's complex attitude toward the connection between causation and explanation. Taken as summaries of God's volitions, laws cannot serve as explanations, since all bodily events have one and the same cause, namely, God. Taken, however, as conditionals, which themselves are made true in virtue of God's volitional activity, such laws can serve as explanations (though they can for that reason no longer be genuine causes).Less
These two analyses of law, while consistent, allow us to explain Malebranche's complex attitude toward the connection between causation and explanation. Taken as summaries of God's volitions, laws cannot serve as explanations, since all bodily events have one and the same cause, namely, God. Taken, however, as conditionals, which themselves are made true in virtue of God's volitional activity, such laws can serve as explanations (though they can for that reason no longer be genuine causes).
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195107630
- eISBN:
- 9780199852956
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195107630.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
This book examines the three leading traditional solutions to the dilemma of divine foreknowledge and human free will—those arising from Boethius, William of Ockham, and Luis de Molina. Though all ...
More
This book examines the three leading traditional solutions to the dilemma of divine foreknowledge and human free will—those arising from Boethius, William of Ockham, and Luis de Molina. Though all three solutions are rejected in their best-known forms, three new solutions are proposed, and the book concludes that divine foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom. The discussion includes the relation between the foreknowledge dilemma and problems about the nature of time and the causal relation; the logic of counterfactual conditionals; and the differences between divine and human knowing states. An appendix introduces a new foreknowledge dilemma that purports to show that omniscient foreknowledge conflicts with deep intuitions about temporal asymmetry, quite apart from considerations of free will. This book shows that only a narrow range of solutions can handle this new dilemma.Less
This book examines the three leading traditional solutions to the dilemma of divine foreknowledge and human free will—those arising from Boethius, William of Ockham, and Luis de Molina. Though all three solutions are rejected in their best-known forms, three new solutions are proposed, and the book concludes that divine foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom. The discussion includes the relation between the foreknowledge dilemma and problems about the nature of time and the causal relation; the logic of counterfactual conditionals; and the differences between divine and human knowing states. An appendix introduces a new foreknowledge dilemma that purports to show that omniscient foreknowledge conflicts with deep intuitions about temporal asymmetry, quite apart from considerations of free will. This book shows that only a narrow range of solutions can handle this new dilemma.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0018
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm can make optimal marketing decisions after allowing for the effects of competitive reaction. It considers multiproduct firms, explicitly allow for cost and demand ...
More
This chapter shows how the firm can make optimal marketing decisions after allowing for the effects of competitive reaction. It considers multiproduct firms, explicitly allow for cost and demand uncertainty, distinguish between different behavioral modes for the firm, and show how the firm should adapt its marketing decisions when new information becomes available to it or to its competitors in the future. In particular, it shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to make optimal decisions after simultaneously allowing for competitive reaction and the arrival of new information.Less
This chapter shows how the firm can make optimal marketing decisions after allowing for the effects of competitive reaction. It considers multiproduct firms, explicitly allow for cost and demand uncertainty, distinguish between different behavioral modes for the firm, and show how the firm should adapt its marketing decisions when new information becomes available to it or to its competitors in the future. In particular, it shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to make optimal decisions after simultaneously allowing for competitive reaction and the arrival of new information.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or ...
More
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions. Specifically, it analyzes how the firm can evaluate the effects of strategic flexibility in decision making; in particular, it shows how the firm can use the real options methodology to measure and reward managers so that they focus on long-run performance.Less
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions. Specifically, it analyzes how the firm can evaluate the effects of strategic flexibility in decision making; in particular, it shows how the firm can use the real options methodology to measure and reward managers so that they focus on long-run performance.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to choose bundling strategies to increase its performance. Topics covered include: how to price interdependent products, how and when ...
More
This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to choose bundling strategies to increase its performance. Topics covered include: how to price interdependent products, how and when to use cross-couponing strategies, how to allow for production capacity constraints, and how to reward managers of multidivisional firms when cross-couponing strategies are used. It analyzes why many bundling strategies fail in the marketplace; in addition, it proposes new metrics for measuring consumers' willingness to pay for products and bundles.Less
This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to choose bundling strategies to increase its performance. Topics covered include: how to price interdependent products, how and when to use cross-couponing strategies, how to allow for production capacity constraints, and how to reward managers of multidivisional firms when cross-couponing strategies are used. It analyzes why many bundling strategies fail in the marketplace; in addition, it proposes new metrics for measuring consumers' willingness to pay for products and bundles.
David Bilchitz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199552160
- eISBN:
- 9780191709456
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552160.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This book addresses the pressing issues of severe poverty and inequality, and questions why violations of socio-economic rights are treated with less urgency than violations of civil and political ...
More
This book addresses the pressing issues of severe poverty and inequality, and questions why violations of socio-economic rights are treated with less urgency than violations of civil and political rights. Socio-economic rights have been widely regarded as aspirational goals, rhetorically useful, but having few practical implications for government policy and the distribution of resources within a polity. It is not therefore surprising that socio-economic rights have been systematically neglected in the world today, with millions still lacking access even to basic shelter, food, or health-care. This book seeks to provide a sustained argument for placing renewed emphasis upon socio-economic rights in the fight against desperate poverty. It utilizes a combination of political philosophy, constitutional law and public policy in its focus on the right to food, housing and health-care. Part I involves the development of a philosophical theory of rights that provides a common normative foundation for both civil and political right and socio-economic rights. This theory involves developing an understanding of value that recognises individuals have fundamental interests of differing levels of urgency. A general theory of judicial review is also put forward that provides a justification for judicial involvement in the enforcement of socio-economic rights. Part II considers the implications of this general philosophical theory for the interpretation and enforcement of socio-economic rights in law. The focus is upon South Africa, where entrenched, directly justiciable socio-economic rights are expressly protected in the Constitution. The South African approach is shown to have important policy implications both for developing and developed countries and can, it is hoped, assist in creating an urgency and commitment towards eradicating extreme poverty.Less
This book addresses the pressing issues of severe poverty and inequality, and questions why violations of socio-economic rights are treated with less urgency than violations of civil and political rights. Socio-economic rights have been widely regarded as aspirational goals, rhetorically useful, but having few practical implications for government policy and the distribution of resources within a polity. It is not therefore surprising that socio-economic rights have been systematically neglected in the world today, with millions still lacking access even to basic shelter, food, or health-care. This book seeks to provide a sustained argument for placing renewed emphasis upon socio-economic rights in the fight against desperate poverty. It utilizes a combination of political philosophy, constitutional law and public policy in its focus on the right to food, housing and health-care. Part I involves the development of a philosophical theory of rights that provides a common normative foundation for both civil and political right and socio-economic rights. This theory involves developing an understanding of value that recognises individuals have fundamental interests of differing levels of urgency. A general theory of judicial review is also put forward that provides a justification for judicial involvement in the enforcement of socio-economic rights. Part II considers the implications of this general philosophical theory for the interpretation and enforcement of socio-economic rights in law. The focus is upon South Africa, where entrenched, directly justiciable socio-economic rights are expressly protected in the Constitution. The South African approach is shown to have important policy implications both for developing and developed countries and can, it is hoped, assist in creating an urgency and commitment towards eradicating extreme poverty.
Samuel Newlands and Larry M. Jorgensen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542680
- eISBN:
- 9780191715396
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542680.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The Molinist posits ‘brutely true’ conditionals about what individuals would or will do if put in certain circumstances (called the Molinist's conditionals ‘conditionals of freedom’ or ‘CFs’) The ...
More
The Molinist posits ‘brutely true’ conditionals about what individuals would or will do if put in certain circumstances (called the Molinist's conditionals ‘conditionals of freedom’ or ‘CFs’) The circumstances in question are indeterministic ones, since Molinists are libertarians; if a creature is really free in a given set of circumstances, then the laws of nature and prior states of the world do not determine which among a number of alternatives is chosen. The point of positing CFs is to allow God absolute, ‘risk free’ providential control. He has to know the end from the beginning; the Molinist's conditionals put God in a position to make an initial creative choice, knowing in advance what would happen on each alternative. So long as he also arrives at settled intentions about what to do when free creatures do what they will do, all of the future is deducible from his initial choice of a world-type. This chapter discusses the sort of ‘priority’ CFs must have in the order of explanation, if not the temporal order. God must be able to take them into account ‘before’ he decides what to do — although this ‘before’ is generally not supposed to be a temporal one. This chapter constructs a new anti-Molinist argument. It argues that the Molinist has to admit the possibilities of worlds in which the CFs would give God too much control over every possible creature. If one of these worlds had been actual, God would not have been able to create free creatures. And this is a highly undesirable result, from a theological point of view.Less
The Molinist posits ‘brutely true’ conditionals about what individuals would or will do if put in certain circumstances (called the Molinist's conditionals ‘conditionals of freedom’ or ‘CFs’) The circumstances in question are indeterministic ones, since Molinists are libertarians; if a creature is really free in a given set of circumstances, then the laws of nature and prior states of the world do not determine which among a number of alternatives is chosen. The point of positing CFs is to allow God absolute, ‘risk free’ providential control. He has to know the end from the beginning; the Molinist's conditionals put God in a position to make an initial creative choice, knowing in advance what would happen on each alternative. So long as he also arrives at settled intentions about what to do when free creatures do what they will do, all of the future is deducible from his initial choice of a world-type. This chapter discusses the sort of ‘priority’ CFs must have in the order of explanation, if not the temporal order. God must be able to take them into account ‘before’ he decides what to do — although this ‘before’ is generally not supposed to be a temporal one. This chapter constructs a new anti-Molinist argument. It argues that the Molinist has to admit the possibilities of worlds in which the CFs would give God too much control over every possible creature. If one of these worlds had been actual, God would not have been able to create free creatures. And this is a highly undesirable result, from a theological point of view.
Christopher G. Small and Jinfang Wang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506881
- eISBN:
- 9780191709258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506881.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter demonstrates that the numerical methods of earlier chapters are not constrained by statistical philosophy. The theory of Bayesian estimating functions is developed. It is shown that this ...
More
This chapter demonstrates that the numerical methods of earlier chapters are not constrained by statistical philosophy. The theory of Bayesian estimating functions is developed. It is shown that this theory has Bayesian analogues for many of the concepts introduced in earlier chapters. While point estimation is often considered of secondary importance to Bayesians, the Bayesian estimating function methodology does have important applications in areas such as actuarial science.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the numerical methods of earlier chapters are not constrained by statistical philosophy. The theory of Bayesian estimating functions is developed. It is shown that this theory has Bayesian analogues for many of the concepts introduced in earlier chapters. While point estimation is often considered of secondary importance to Bayesians, the Bayesian estimating function methodology does have important applications in areas such as actuarial science.
E. J. Lowe
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199254392
- eISBN:
- 9780191603600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199254397.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The distinction between natural necessity and metaphysical necessity is examined. An account is advanced of the logical form of statements of natural law, contrasting with that of D. M. Armstrong. ...
More
The distinction between natural necessity and metaphysical necessity is examined. An account is advanced of the logical form of statements of natural law, contrasting with that of D. M. Armstrong. The relationship between law-statements and counterfactual conditionals is discussed. The claim of scientific essentialists that natural laws are metaphysically necessary is challenged as resting on a questionable account of the identity conditions of properties. It is argued that Saul Kripke’s model of a posteriori knowledge of necessary truths does not enable us to understand how knowledge of natural laws is possible on the scientific essentialist view of them.Less
The distinction between natural necessity and metaphysical necessity is examined. An account is advanced of the logical form of statements of natural law, contrasting with that of D. M. Armstrong. The relationship between law-statements and counterfactual conditionals is discussed. The claim of scientific essentialists that natural laws are metaphysically necessary is challenged as resting on a questionable account of the identity conditions of properties. It is argued that Saul Kripke’s model of a posteriori knowledge of necessary truths does not enable us to understand how knowledge of natural laws is possible on the scientific essentialist view of them.
John F. Horty
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195134612
- eISBN:
- 9780199833269
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195134613.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Develops deontic logic against the background of a rigorous theory of agency in branching, or indeterministic, time. It is often assumed that the notion of what an agent ought to do can be identified ...
More
Develops deontic logic against the background of a rigorous theory of agency in branching, or indeterministic, time. It is often assumed that the notion of what an agent ought to do can be identified with that of what it ought to be that the agent does. The book provides a framework in which this assumption can be formulated precisely and shown to be mistaken. In its place, it offers an alternative account of what agents ought to do that relies on an analogy between action in indeterministic time and choice under uncertainty, as it is studied in decision theory. This alternative account is then related to issues involving conditional obligation, group obligation, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism.Less
Develops deontic logic against the background of a rigorous theory of agency in branching, or indeterministic, time. It is often assumed that the notion of what an agent ought to do can be identified with that of what it ought to be that the agent does. The book provides a framework in which this assumption can be formulated precisely and shown to be mistaken. In its place, it offers an alternative account of what agents ought to do that relies on an analogy between action in indeterministic time and choice under uncertainty, as it is studied in decision theory. This alternative account is then related to issues involving conditional obligation, group obligation, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism.
Stephen Schiffer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199257768
- eISBN:
- 9780191602313
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257760.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
There exist such things as the things we mean and believe, and they are what the book calls pleonastic propositions. The book is about what these propositions are in themselves, and about their place ...
More
There exist such things as the things we mean and believe, and they are what the book calls pleonastic propositions. The book is about what these propositions are in themselves, and about their place in nature, language, and thought. Chapters 1 and 2 advance the theory of pleonastic propositions, and of pleonastic entities generally. The remaining six chapters bring that theory to bear on issues in the theory of content: the existence and nature of meanings; knowledge of meaning; the relation between content-involving facts and underlying physical facts; vagueness and indeterminacy; conditionals; normative discourse; and the role of pleonastic propositions in explanation, prediction, and knowledge acquisition.Less
There exist such things as the things we mean and believe, and they are what the book calls pleonastic propositions. The book is about what these propositions are in themselves, and about their place in nature, language, and thought. Chapters 1 and 2 advance the theory of pleonastic propositions, and of pleonastic entities generally. The remaining six chapters bring that theory to bear on issues in the theory of content: the existence and nature of meanings; knowledge of meaning; the relation between content-involving facts and underlying physical facts; vagueness and indeterminacy; conditionals; normative discourse; and the role of pleonastic propositions in explanation, prediction, and knowledge acquisition.
Lane Kenworthy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199550593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550593.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
This chapter begins by examining the relationship between government benefits and inequality and between benefits and employment. It uses a new approach to measuring comparative benefit generosity, ...
More
This chapter begins by examining the relationship between government benefits and inequality and between benefits and employment. It uses a new approach to measuring comparative benefit generosity, the outlines a policy package that can potentially provide generous benefits to working-age individuals and households who need them without creating excessive employment disincentives. The package features generous transfers to those unable to work due to involuntary job loss, sickness, disability, or family responsibilities. However, benefits provided on a temporary basis should be of relatively short duration, and eligibility criteria for those provided on a permanent basis should be fairly strict. In exchange for this strictness, extensive support should be provided for those entering or returning to the work force, in the form of training, job placement, public employment, and childcare. A key component of the benefit package is an employment-conditional earnings subsidy.Less
This chapter begins by examining the relationship between government benefits and inequality and between benefits and employment. It uses a new approach to measuring comparative benefit generosity, the outlines a policy package that can potentially provide generous benefits to working-age individuals and households who need them without creating excessive employment disincentives. The package features generous transfers to those unable to work due to involuntary job loss, sickness, disability, or family responsibilities. However, benefits provided on a temporary basis should be of relatively short duration, and eligibility criteria for those provided on a permanent basis should be fairly strict. In exchange for this strictness, extensive support should be provided for those entering or returning to the work force, in the form of training, job placement, public employment, and childcare. A key component of the benefit package is an employment-conditional earnings subsidy.
J. L. Mackie
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198246428
- eISBN:
- 9780191597954
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198246420.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
In this book, J. L. Mackie makes a careful study of several philosophical issues involved in his account of causation. Mackie follows Hume's distinction between causation as a concept and causation ...
More
In this book, J. L. Mackie makes a careful study of several philosophical issues involved in his account of causation. Mackie follows Hume's distinction between causation as a concept and causation as it is ‘in the objects’ and attempts to provide an account of both aspects. Mackie examines the treatment of causation by philosophers such as Hume, Kant, Mill, Russell, Ducasse, Kneale, Hart and Honore, and von Wright. Mackie's own account involves an analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals though these are judged to be incapable of giving a complete account of causation. Mackie argues that regularity theory too can only offer an incomplete picture of the nature of causation. In the course of his analysis, Mackie critically examines the account of causation offered by Kant, as well as the contemporary Kantian approaches offered by philosophers such as Bennett and Strawson. Also addressed are issues such as the direction of causation, the relation of statistical laws and functional laws, the role of causal statements in legal contexts, and the understanding of causes both as ‘facts’ and ‘events’. Throughout the discussion of these topics, Mackie develops his own complex account of the nature of causation, finally bringing his analysis to bear in regard to the topic of teleology and the question of whether final causes can be justifiably reduced to efficient causes.Less
In this book, J. L. Mackie makes a careful study of several philosophical issues involved in his account of causation. Mackie follows Hume's distinction between causation as a concept and causation as it is ‘in the objects’ and attempts to provide an account of both aspects. Mackie examines the treatment of causation by philosophers such as Hume, Kant, Mill, Russell, Ducasse, Kneale, Hart and Honore, and von Wright. Mackie's own account involves an analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals though these are judged to be incapable of giving a complete account of causation. Mackie argues that regularity theory too can only offer an incomplete picture of the nature of causation. In the course of his analysis, Mackie critically examines the account of causation offered by Kant, as well as the contemporary Kantian approaches offered by philosophers such as Bennett and Strawson. Also addressed are issues such as the direction of causation, the relation of statistical laws and functional laws, the role of causal statements in legal contexts, and the understanding of causes both as ‘facts’ and ‘events’. Throughout the discussion of these topics, Mackie develops his own complex account of the nature of causation, finally bringing his analysis to bear in regard to the topic of teleology and the question of whether final causes can be justifiably reduced to efficient causes.
Devi Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549962
- eISBN:
- 9780191720499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549962.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter explores the wider implications of the analysis of choice and circumstance to hunger reduction strategies. It first outlines the two viewpoints that are currently being used to design ...
More
This chapter explores the wider implications of the analysis of choice and circumstance to hunger reduction strategies. It first outlines the two viewpoints that are currently being used to design nutrition interventions. It then examines the rationale behind growth monitoring and promotion, the cornerstone of community nutrition schemes, as well as issues of its implementation in three areas: as a communication tool, as an educational strategy, and as a screening device. The second half of the chapter examines possible alternatives by discussing different strategies to reduce rates of undernutrition such as economic growth, improved infrastructure, and conditional cash transfer schemes. Given alternatives to the TINP model, the question is why the approach to nutrition by the Bank goes unchanged. The chapter concludes by discussing the institutional drivers within the Bank at disciplinary, institutional, and personal levels that nutrition advocates face that limit their ability to pursue new strategies.Less
This chapter explores the wider implications of the analysis of choice and circumstance to hunger reduction strategies. It first outlines the two viewpoints that are currently being used to design nutrition interventions. It then examines the rationale behind growth monitoring and promotion, the cornerstone of community nutrition schemes, as well as issues of its implementation in three areas: as a communication tool, as an educational strategy, and as a screening device. The second half of the chapter examines possible alternatives by discussing different strategies to reduce rates of undernutrition such as economic growth, improved infrastructure, and conditional cash transfer schemes. Given alternatives to the TINP model, the question is why the approach to nutrition by the Bank goes unchanged. The chapter concludes by discussing the institutional drivers within the Bank at disciplinary, institutional, and personal levels that nutrition advocates face that limit their ability to pursue new strategies.
Roy Sorensen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195169720
- eISBN:
- 9780199786343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169727.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This essay argues that Pyrrhonian skeptics, including Fogelin, are conditional skeptics, and hence not really skeptics at all. Conditional skeptics refute themselves, for when they assert ...
More
This essay argues that Pyrrhonian skeptics, including Fogelin, are conditional skeptics, and hence not really skeptics at all. Conditional skeptics refute themselves, for when they assert conditionals, they make assertions. Since these conditionals are philosophical in content, Pyrrhonians do not avoid all philosophical assertions as they claim to do.Less
This essay argues that Pyrrhonian skeptics, including Fogelin, are conditional skeptics, and hence not really skeptics at all. Conditional skeptics refute themselves, for when they assert conditionals, they make assertions. Since these conditionals are philosophical in content, Pyrrhonians do not avoid all philosophical assertions as they claim to do.
Celia Valiente
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242665
- eISBN:
- 9780191600258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242666.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
After the establishment of a democratic constitution in Spain, the Socialist government included abortion law reform on its agenda to modernize Spanish policy in line with other European democracies. ...
More
After the establishment of a democratic constitution in Spain, the Socialist government included abortion law reform on its agenda to modernize Spanish policy in line with other European democracies. Facing intense opposition, the government allowed abortions only for ethical, eugenic, and therapeutic conditions. For the women's movement, abortion reform was a top priority, but activists were not heard directly, and had to settle for this moderate legalization. When the Ministry of Health sought to add further restrictions through a cumbersome set of committees and regulations, the women's movement had a women's policy agency inside the bureaucracy as an ally. The agency intervened to facilitate women's access to abortion services and thus helped the movement gain a successful response from the state.Less
After the establishment of a democratic constitution in Spain, the Socialist government included abortion law reform on its agenda to modernize Spanish policy in line with other European democracies. Facing intense opposition, the government allowed abortions only for ethical, eugenic, and therapeutic conditions. For the women's movement, abortion reform was a top priority, but activists were not heard directly, and had to settle for this moderate legalization. When the Ministry of Health sought to add further restrictions through a cumbersome set of committees and regulations, the women's movement had a women's policy agency inside the bureaucracy as an ally. The agency intervened to facilitate women's access to abortion services and thus helped the movement gain a successful response from the state.
Kevin McDonough
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199253661
- eISBN:
- 9780191601972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253668.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The essays in Part III of the book, on liberal constraints and traditionalist education, argue for a more regulatory conception of liberal education and emphasize the need for some controls over ...
More
The essays in Part III of the book, on liberal constraints and traditionalist education, argue for a more regulatory conception of liberal education and emphasize the need for some controls over cultural and religious educational authority. Kevin McDonough’s essay, on multinational civic education, develops a conception of this that allows for both federal and minority national groups to reinforce conditional civic attachments. This ‘conditionalist’ view of civic education is necessary in multinational federal societies, he argues, because appeals to one set of national attachments may exacerbate rather than alleviate particular injustices in particular circumstances. For example, McDonough argues that when aboriginal women and children are the victims of injustice at the hands of tribal institutions and leaders, they must be able to appeal to their fellow non-aboriginal citizens and federal institutions for assistance, although this is not possible unless citizens – aboriginal and otherwise – have come to regard attachments to the minority nation as conditional rather than absolute. Similarly, citizens whose primary identification is to the federal society must be able to recognize that some of their fellow citizens legitimately have a minority nation as the object of their primary loyalty – otherwise, efforts to support federal intervention in minority national affairs will be vulnerable to forces of cultural insensitivity and arrogance, rather than of liberal justice.Less
The essays in Part III of the book, on liberal constraints and traditionalist education, argue for a more regulatory conception of liberal education and emphasize the need for some controls over cultural and religious educational authority. Kevin McDonough’s essay, on multinational civic education, develops a conception of this that allows for both federal and minority national groups to reinforce conditional civic attachments. This ‘conditionalist’ view of civic education is necessary in multinational federal societies, he argues, because appeals to one set of national attachments may exacerbate rather than alleviate particular injustices in particular circumstances. For example, McDonough argues that when aboriginal women and children are the victims of injustice at the hands of tribal institutions and leaders, they must be able to appeal to their fellow non-aboriginal citizens and federal institutions for assistance, although this is not possible unless citizens – aboriginal and otherwise – have come to regard attachments to the minority nation as conditional rather than absolute. Similarly, citizens whose primary identification is to the federal society must be able to recognize that some of their fellow citizens legitimately have a minority nation as the object of their primary loyalty – otherwise, efforts to support federal intervention in minority national affairs will be vulnerable to forces of cultural insensitivity and arrogance, rather than of liberal justice.
