Doris Penka
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567263
- eISBN:
- 9780191723261
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567263.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This exploration of the syntax-semantics interface is concerned with negative indefinites like English ‘nobody’, ‘nothing’, etc. and their counterparts in other languages. A cross-linguistically ...
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This exploration of the syntax-semantics interface is concerned with negative indefinites like English ‘nobody’, ‘nothing’, etc. and their counterparts in other languages. A cross-linguistically unified analysis is proposed and applied to several languages. While negative indefinites are standardly assumed to be semantically negative quantifiers, this work argues for a different analysis. It is motivated by three phenomena, which negative indefinites give rise to in different languages and which are unexpected under the negative quantifier analysis. The first, negative concord, has been widely discussed in both semantic and syntactic literature. The fact that in many languages negative indefinites can co-occur with other seemingly negative elements without contributing a negation to the semantics motivates the assumption that these expressions are not inherently negative. Following recent work on negative concord, an analysis is elaborated that is based on the assumption that negative indefinites are semantically non-negative and must be licensed by a — possibly covert — negation. This analysis explains the behaviour of negative indefinites in a number of languages. In a next step, this analysis is extended to languages that do not exhibit negative concord. Motivation for this comes from the fact that even in non-negative concord languages, the negative quantifier analysis cannot account for the semantics of negative indefinites. Crucial evidence comes from the existence of split readings, in which another operator takes scope in between the negative and the indefinite meaning component. Moreover, in many languages the distribution of negative indefinites is subject to syntactic restrictions. It is shown how this follows from the proposed analysis and independently motivated syntactic properties.Less
This exploration of the syntax-semantics interface is concerned with negative indefinites like English ‘nobody’, ‘nothing’, etc. and their counterparts in other languages. A cross-linguistically unified analysis is proposed and applied to several languages. While negative indefinites are standardly assumed to be semantically negative quantifiers, this work argues for a different analysis. It is motivated by three phenomena, which negative indefinites give rise to in different languages and which are unexpected under the negative quantifier analysis. The first, negative concord, has been widely discussed in both semantic and syntactic literature. The fact that in many languages negative indefinites can co-occur with other seemingly negative elements without contributing a negation to the semantics motivates the assumption that these expressions are not inherently negative. Following recent work on negative concord, an analysis is elaborated that is based on the assumption that negative indefinites are semantically non-negative and must be licensed by a — possibly covert — negation. This analysis explains the behaviour of negative indefinites in a number of languages. In a next step, this analysis is extended to languages that do not exhibit negative concord. Motivation for this comes from the fact that even in non-negative concord languages, the negative quantifier analysis cannot account for the semantics of negative indefinites. Crucial evidence comes from the existence of split readings, in which another operator takes scope in between the negative and the indefinite meaning component. Moreover, in many languages the distribution of negative indefinites is subject to syntactic restrictions. It is shown how this follows from the proposed analysis and independently motivated syntactic properties.
David C. Steinmetz
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130485
- eISBN:
- 9780199869008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130480.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Martin Bucer, one of the principal pastors and theologians in Strasbourg, played a major role in the continental Reformation and a subordinate, but still important, role in the English Reformation. ...
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Martin Bucer, one of the principal pastors and theologians in Strasbourg, played a major role in the continental Reformation and a subordinate, but still important, role in the English Reformation. His efforts to achieve reconciliation between Protestants and Catholics and among the various, often quarrelsome, Protestant communities were especially influential. He participated in discussions of the Eucharist between Lutherans and Reformed, leading to the Wittenberg Concord of 1536, which attempted to reconcile the conflicting positions of the supporters of Luther and Zwingli. Bucer emphasized the role of the Holy Spirit in justification and the formation of disciplined Christian communities. Ecclesiastical, political, and social tasks overlapped for Bucer, who drew no sharp distinction between the spheres of church and state.Less
Martin Bucer, one of the principal pastors and theologians in Strasbourg, played a major role in the continental Reformation and a subordinate, but still important, role in the English Reformation. His efforts to achieve reconciliation between Protestants and Catholics and among the various, often quarrelsome, Protestant communities were especially influential. He participated in discussions of the Eucharist between Lutherans and Reformed, leading to the Wittenberg Concord of 1536, which attempted to reconcile the conflicting positions of the supporters of Luther and Zwingli. Bucer emphasized the role of the Holy Spirit in justification and the formation of disciplined Christian communities. Ecclesiastical, political, and social tasks overlapped for Bucer, who drew no sharp distinction between the spheres of church and state.
Doris Penka
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567263
- eISBN:
- 9780191723261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567263.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter is concerned with the phenomenon of negative concord, where multiple instances of morph-syntactically negative elements contribute a single negation to the semantics. It discusses ...
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This chapter is concerned with the phenomenon of negative concord, where multiple instances of morph-syntactically negative elements contribute a single negation to the semantics. It discusses different approaches which treat negative indefinites in languages exhibiting negative concord as either negative polarity items, negative quantifiers, or as ambiguous between both. It shows that none of these can fully account for the behaviour of negative indefinites. The approach of Zeijlstra (2004), which analyses negative concord as form of syntactic agreement and assumes that negative indefinites are semantically non-negative indefinites that have to be licensed by negation, is shown to be able to account for a wide range of data. This approach is elaborated and revised to accommodate the behaviour of negative indefinites in a wider range of negative concord languages.Less
This chapter is concerned with the phenomenon of negative concord, where multiple instances of morph-syntactically negative elements contribute a single negation to the semantics. It discusses different approaches which treat negative indefinites in languages exhibiting negative concord as either negative polarity items, negative quantifiers, or as ambiguous between both. It shows that none of these can fully account for the behaviour of negative indefinites. The approach of Zeijlstra (2004), which analyses negative concord as form of syntactic agreement and assumes that negative indefinites are semantically non-negative indefinites that have to be licensed by negation, is shown to be able to account for a wide range of data. This approach is elaborated and revised to accommodate the behaviour of negative indefinites in a wider range of negative concord languages.
Joy Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162591
- eISBN:
- 9781400852475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162591.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter begins with Cicero's dialogue de Republica, examining the roles of antagonism, consensus, and institutionalization in republic politics. For Roman citizens, contest and strife were daily ...
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This chapter begins with Cicero's dialogue de Republica, examining the roles of antagonism, consensus, and institutionalization in republic politics. For Roman citizens, contest and strife were daily features of their lives, from energetic verbal and physical abuse to the emphasis on competition in political discourse. Struggle characterized the relations within the governing elite, between senate and tribunes, between senate and popular assemblies, and among familial and economic interest groups. The chapter presents Cicero as a thinker concerned with a collective of antagonists and competing interests, against conventional portrayals of his ideal republic as a homogeneous, unified, harmonious community. It highlights three themes that will recur in different ways: the place of the people; the formation of concord and consensus; and the role of aesthetics in Cicero's conception of the constitution at the republic's foundation.Less
This chapter begins with Cicero's dialogue de Republica, examining the roles of antagonism, consensus, and institutionalization in republic politics. For Roman citizens, contest and strife were daily features of their lives, from energetic verbal and physical abuse to the emphasis on competition in political discourse. Struggle characterized the relations within the governing elite, between senate and tribunes, between senate and popular assemblies, and among familial and economic interest groups. The chapter presents Cicero as a thinker concerned with a collective of antagonists and competing interests, against conventional portrayals of his ideal republic as a homogeneous, unified, harmonious community. It highlights three themes that will recur in different ways: the place of the people; the formation of concord and consensus; and the role of aesthetics in Cicero's conception of the constitution at the republic's foundation.
Joy Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162591
- eISBN:
- 9781400852475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162591.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen ...
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This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen that incorporates both the will to harmony ostensibly adopted by much classical writing and the presence of experiment and self-division that characterizes all our lives. Building from the argument made in Chapter 1 about Cicero's dialogues and speeches, it sketches out the kind of citizen who can live in a world where the drive to achieve concordia or consensus thrives within a framing of politics as conflict. This citizen is a virtuosic speaker of and to an acknowledged multiplicity, and the patterns of thought and action modeled by oratory have consequences for deliberative and judicial political institutions.Less
This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen that incorporates both the will to harmony ostensibly adopted by much classical writing and the presence of experiment and self-division that characterizes all our lives. Building from the argument made in Chapter 1 about Cicero's dialogues and speeches, it sketches out the kind of citizen who can live in a world where the drive to achieve concordia or consensus thrives within a framing of politics as conflict. This citizen is a virtuosic speaker of and to an acknowledged multiplicity, and the patterns of thought and action modeled by oratory have consequences for deliberative and judicial political institutions.
Richard Higgins and Robert D. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520294042
- eISBN:
- 9780520967311
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294042.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his ...
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Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his creative response to them as a poet, his philosophical understanding of them, the joy they gave him and the spiritual bond he felt with them. It includes excerpts from Thoreau’s extraordinary writing about trees from 1837 to 1861, illustrated with Higgins’s photography. The excerpts show his detailed observations on trees, his sense of loss at the ravaging of the forest during his life and the delight he took in the splendor of Concord’s woods and meadows. They also show his response to individual trees: an iconic Concord elm, a stand of old-growth oaks he discovered, his beloved white pines, trees made new by snow and trees as ships at sea. Higgins shows that Thoreau probed the complex lives of trees in the forest as a scientist and, as a poet and spiritual seeker, saw them as miracles that encapsulate all that is good about nature.Less
Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his creative response to them as a poet, his philosophical understanding of them, the joy they gave him and the spiritual bond he felt with them. It includes excerpts from Thoreau’s extraordinary writing about trees from 1837 to 1861, illustrated with Higgins’s photography. The excerpts show his detailed observations on trees, his sense of loss at the ravaging of the forest during his life and the delight he took in the splendor of Concord’s woods and meadows. They also show his response to individual trees: an iconic Concord elm, a stand of old-growth oaks he discovered, his beloved white pines, trees made new by snow and trees as ships at sea. Higgins shows that Thoreau probed the complex lives of trees in the forest as a scientist and, as a poet and spiritual seeker, saw them as miracles that encapsulate all that is good about nature.
Daniel Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205394
- eISBN:
- 9780191709265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205394.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter begins with a discussion of Thomas Aquinas' views on friendship. For him, friendship is the paradigm ideal for the relationships that rational beings should cultivate. The set of ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of Thomas Aquinas' views on friendship. For him, friendship is the paradigm ideal for the relationships that rational beings should cultivate. The set of potential friends includes besides fellow human beings, also angels and God. Friendship and Thomistic amicitia, the importance of friends, and acts of friendship (benevolence, concord, and beneficence) are discussed.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of Thomas Aquinas' views on friendship. For him, friendship is the paradigm ideal for the relationships that rational beings should cultivate. The set of potential friends includes besides fellow human beings, also angels and God. Friendship and Thomistic amicitia, the importance of friends, and acts of friendship (benevolence, concord, and beneficence) are discussed.
Agnes Jäger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199560547
- eISBN:
- 9780191721267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560547.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Historical Linguistics
This chapter explains the main negation markers in the history of German are the neg‐particles ni/ne (Neg°), ni(c)ht (SpecNegP), and n‐words. It also details the ratio of these and their ...
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This chapter explains the main negation markers in the history of German are the neg‐particles ni/ne (Neg°), ni(c)ht (SpecNegP), and n‐words. It also details the ratio of these and their co‐occurrence change diachronically due to phonetic weakening and reinforcement of the neg‐particle and a profound change in the indefinite system. It finds that the underlying syntactic structure remained unchanged.Less
This chapter explains the main negation markers in the history of German are the neg‐particles ni/ne (Neg°), ni(c)ht (SpecNegP), and n‐words. It also details the ratio of these and their co‐occurrence change diachronically due to phonetic weakening and reinforcement of the neg‐particle and a profound change in the indefinite system. It finds that the underlying syntactic structure remained unchanged.
Ahmad Alqassas
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474433143
- eISBN:
- 9781474460156
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433143.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book studies the micro-variation in the syntax of negation of Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic. By including new and recently published data that support key issues for the syntax of ...
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This book studies the micro-variation in the syntax of negation of Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic. By including new and recently published data that support key issues for the syntax of negation, the book challenges the standard parametric view that negation has a fixed parametrized position in syntactic structure. It particularly argues for a multi-locus analysis with syntactic, semantic, morphosyntactic and diachronic implications for the various structural positions. Thus accounting for numerous word order restrictions, semantic ambiguities and pragmatic interpretations without complicating narrow syntax with special operations, configurations or constraints. The book includes data from Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic, which shed light on word order contrasts in negative clauses and their interaction with tense/aspect, mood/modality, semantic scope over adverbs, and negative sensitive items. It also has new data challenging the standard claim in Arabic linguistics literature that negation has a fixed parametrized position in the clause structure. The book brings a new perspective on the role of negation in licensing negative sensitive items, scoping over propositions and interacting with pragmatic notions such as presupposition and speech acts.Less
This book studies the micro-variation in the syntax of negation of Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic. By including new and recently published data that support key issues for the syntax of negation, the book challenges the standard parametric view that negation has a fixed parametrized position in syntactic structure. It particularly argues for a multi-locus analysis with syntactic, semantic, morphosyntactic and diachronic implications for the various structural positions. Thus accounting for numerous word order restrictions, semantic ambiguities and pragmatic interpretations without complicating narrow syntax with special operations, configurations or constraints. The book includes data from Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic, which shed light on word order contrasts in negative clauses and their interaction with tense/aspect, mood/modality, semantic scope over adverbs, and negative sensitive items. It also has new data challenging the standard claim in Arabic linguistics literature that negation has a fixed parametrized position in the clause structure. The book brings a new perspective on the role of negation in licensing negative sensitive items, scoping over propositions and interacting with pragmatic notions such as presupposition and speech acts.
Bruce Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 1985
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119357
- eISBN:
- 9780191671159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119357.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the ...
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This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the elements concerned with congruence. The chapters then presents some introductory remarks on case and verb forms. This is followed by a discussion of the basic concords of OE, covering agreement between subject and predicate, agreement between a noun or pronoun and attributive or appositive elements, and agreement between antecedent and pronoun.Less
This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the elements concerned with congruence. The chapters then presents some introductory remarks on case and verb forms. This is followed by a discussion of the basic concords of OE, covering agreement between subject and predicate, agreement between a noun or pronoun and attributive or appositive elements, and agreement between antecedent and pronoun.
Kyle Gann
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252040856
- eISBN:
- 9780252099366
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040856.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
In January 1921, New York insurance company executive Charles Ives mailed self-published scores of a piano sonata he had written to 200 strangers. Unprecedentedly complex and modern beyond any music ...
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In January 1921, New York insurance company executive Charles Ives mailed self-published scores of a piano sonata he had written to 200 strangers. Unprecedentedly complex and modern beyond any music the recipients had seen before, the piece was subtitled “Concord, Mass., 1840-1860,” and the four sonata movements were named for American authors: “Emerson,” “Hawthorne,” “The Alcotts,” “Thoreau.” Ridiculed in the press at first, the Concord Sonata gained admirers (including composers like Copland and Gershwin and writers like Henry Bellamann), and when finally given its complete world premiere by John Kirkpatrick in 1939, it was hailed as “the greatest music composed by an American.” The piece is so complex that it has never been fully analyzed before, and this book is the first to explore and detail its methods on every page. Likewise, Ives wrote a book to accompany the sonata, titled Essays Before a Sonata, purporting to explain his aesthetic thinking, and no one has ever before seriously examined Ives’s aesthetic through-argument.Less
In January 1921, New York insurance company executive Charles Ives mailed self-published scores of a piano sonata he had written to 200 strangers. Unprecedentedly complex and modern beyond any music the recipients had seen before, the piece was subtitled “Concord, Mass., 1840-1860,” and the four sonata movements were named for American authors: “Emerson,” “Hawthorne,” “The Alcotts,” “Thoreau.” Ridiculed in the press at first, the Concord Sonata gained admirers (including composers like Copland and Gershwin and writers like Henry Bellamann), and when finally given its complete world premiere by John Kirkpatrick in 1939, it was hailed as “the greatest music composed by an American.” The piece is so complex that it has never been fully analyzed before, and this book is the first to explore and detail its methods on every page. Likewise, Ives wrote a book to accompany the sonata, titled Essays Before a Sonata, purporting to explain his aesthetic thinking, and no one has ever before seriously examined Ives’s aesthetic through-argument.
Andrew Billingsley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195161793
- eISBN:
- 9780199849512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161793.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes 12 great black urban churches with outstanding programs on a scale grand enough to make their cities more livable. That is, they have used their financial resources to ...
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This chapter describes 12 great black urban churches with outstanding programs on a scale grand enough to make their cities more livable. That is, they have used their financial resources to influence services, facilities, and institutions that benefit not just particular individuals but large sectors of the community. Specifically addressed are the three churches in the East: the Concord Baptist Church in Brooklyn, the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem and the Allen A.M.E. Church in Queens; three churches in the West: the First A.M.E. Church and the Second Baptist Church, both of Los Angeles and Allen Temple Baptist Church of Oakland; three gates in the North: Zion Baptist Church in Philadelphia, Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit and Olivet Institutional Baptist Church in Cleveland; and the three churches in the South: Third Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church in New Orleans, Wheat Street Baptist Church in Atlanta and Canaan Missionary Baptist Church in Louisville, Kentucky.Less
This chapter describes 12 great black urban churches with outstanding programs on a scale grand enough to make their cities more livable. That is, they have used their financial resources to influence services, facilities, and institutions that benefit not just particular individuals but large sectors of the community. Specifically addressed are the three churches in the East: the Concord Baptist Church in Brooklyn, the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem and the Allen A.M.E. Church in Queens; three churches in the West: the First A.M.E. Church and the Second Baptist Church, both of Los Angeles and Allen Temple Baptist Church of Oakland; three gates in the North: Zion Baptist Church in Philadelphia, Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit and Olivet Institutional Baptist Church in Cleveland; and the three churches in the South: Third Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church in New Orleans, Wheat Street Baptist Church in Atlanta and Canaan Missionary Baptist Church in Louisville, Kentucky.
David C. Paul
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037498
- eISBN:
- 9780252094699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037498.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This book, a sweeping survey of intellectual and musical history, tells the new story of how the music of American composer Charles E. Ives (1874–1954) was shaped by shifting conceptions of American ...
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This book, a sweeping survey of intellectual and musical history, tells the new story of how the music of American composer Charles E. Ives (1874–1954) was shaped by shifting conceptions of American identity within and outside of musical culture. The book focuses on the critics, composers, performers, and scholars whose contributions were most influential in shaping the critical discourse on Ives, many of them marquee names of American musical culture themselves, including Henry Cowell, Aaron Copland, Elliott Carter, and Leonard Bernstein. The book explores both how Ives positioned his music amid changing philosophical and aesthetic currents and how others interpreted his contributions to American music. Although Ives's initial efforts to find a public in the early 1920s attracted a few devotees, the resurgence of interest in the American literary past during the 1930s made a concert staple of his “Concord” Sonata, a work dedicated to nineteenth-century transcendentalist writers. The book shows how Ives was subsequently deployed as an icon of American freedom during the early Cold War period and how he came to be instigated at the head of a line of “American maverick” composers. It also examines why a recent cadre of scholars has beset the composer with Gilded Age social anxieties.Less
This book, a sweeping survey of intellectual and musical history, tells the new story of how the music of American composer Charles E. Ives (1874–1954) was shaped by shifting conceptions of American identity within and outside of musical culture. The book focuses on the critics, composers, performers, and scholars whose contributions were most influential in shaping the critical discourse on Ives, many of them marquee names of American musical culture themselves, including Henry Cowell, Aaron Copland, Elliott Carter, and Leonard Bernstein. The book explores both how Ives positioned his music amid changing philosophical and aesthetic currents and how others interpreted his contributions to American music. Although Ives's initial efforts to find a public in the early 1920s attracted a few devotees, the resurgence of interest in the American literary past during the 1930s made a concert staple of his “Concord” Sonata, a work dedicated to nineteenth-century transcendentalist writers. The book shows how Ives was subsequently deployed as an icon of American freedom during the early Cold War period and how he came to be instigated at the head of a line of “American maverick” composers. It also examines why a recent cadre of scholars has beset the composer with Gilded Age social anxieties.
Philip Gleason
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195098280
- eISBN:
- 9780197560884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195098280.003.0018
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
Besides its massive impact on the institutional side of Catholic higher education, World War II affected the thinking of Catholic educators. We have ...
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Besides its massive impact on the institutional side of Catholic higher education, World War II affected the thinking of Catholic educators. We have already touched upon this dimension in noting how the war and postwar growth required them to expand their horizons and redouble their efforts in research, fundraising, and administration generally. Here we look more closely at how Catholics were affected by the great ideological revival of democracy that accompanied the war. This kind of influence was sometimes explicitly noted by Catholic leaders, as when Archbishop Richard Gushing of Boston called attention to the “neo-democratic mentality of returning servicemen and the university-age generation generally”; others recognized that it created problems since the Catholic church was so widely perceived as incompatible with democracy and “the American way of life.” We shall postpone examination of controversies stemming from this source to the next chapter, turning our attention in this one to the assimilative tendencies reflected in Catholics’ new appreciation for liberal democratic values, and to the major curricular concerns of the era which were also affected by the war. In no area did the democratic revival have a more profound long range effect than in the impetus it lent to the movement for racial equality and civil rights for African Americans. The publication in 1944 of Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma marked an epoch in national understanding of what the book’s subtitle called “the Negro problem and modern democracy.” Myrdal himself stressed the importance of the wartime context, which made it impossible to ignore racial discrimination at home while waging war against Nazi racism. At the same time, increasing black militance, the massive migration of African Americans to northern industrial centers, and above all the great Detroit race riot of 1943—reinforced by the anti-Mexican “Zoot Suit” riots in Los Angeles the same summer—suddenly made the improvement of race relations an imperative for American society as a whole. By the end of the war, no fewer than 123 national organizations were working actively to “reduce intergroup tensions,” and the civil rights movement began a steady advance that led directly to the great judicial and political victories it won in the fifties and sixties.
Less
Besides its massive impact on the institutional side of Catholic higher education, World War II affected the thinking of Catholic educators. We have already touched upon this dimension in noting how the war and postwar growth required them to expand their horizons and redouble their efforts in research, fundraising, and administration generally. Here we look more closely at how Catholics were affected by the great ideological revival of democracy that accompanied the war. This kind of influence was sometimes explicitly noted by Catholic leaders, as when Archbishop Richard Gushing of Boston called attention to the “neo-democratic mentality of returning servicemen and the university-age generation generally”; others recognized that it created problems since the Catholic church was so widely perceived as incompatible with democracy and “the American way of life.” We shall postpone examination of controversies stemming from this source to the next chapter, turning our attention in this one to the assimilative tendencies reflected in Catholics’ new appreciation for liberal democratic values, and to the major curricular concerns of the era which were also affected by the war. In no area did the democratic revival have a more profound long range effect than in the impetus it lent to the movement for racial equality and civil rights for African Americans. The publication in 1944 of Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma marked an epoch in national understanding of what the book’s subtitle called “the Negro problem and modern democracy.” Myrdal himself stressed the importance of the wartime context, which made it impossible to ignore racial discrimination at home while waging war against Nazi racism. At the same time, increasing black militance, the massive migration of African Americans to northern industrial centers, and above all the great Detroit race riot of 1943—reinforced by the anti-Mexican “Zoot Suit” riots in Los Angeles the same summer—suddenly made the improvement of race relations an imperative for American society as a whole. By the end of the war, no fewer than 123 national organizations were working actively to “reduce intergroup tensions,” and the civil rights movement began a steady advance that led directly to the great judicial and political victories it won in the fifties and sixties.
Robert Milder
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199917259
- eISBN:
- 9780190252908
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199917259.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
This book presents a literary/biographical study of Nathaniel Hawthorne's full career. It presents a self-divided man and writer strongly attracted to reality for its own sake and remarkably adept at ...
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This book presents a literary/biographical study of Nathaniel Hawthorne's full career. It presents a self-divided man and writer strongly attracted to reality for its own sake and remarkably adept at rendering it yet fearful of the nothingness he intuited at its heart. Making use of Hawthorne’s notebooks and letters as well as nearly all of his important fiction, this biography distinguishes between “two Hawthornes,” then maps them onto the physical and cultural locales that were formative for Hawthorne’s character and work: Salem, Massachusetts, Hawthorne’s ancestral home and ingrained point of reference; Concord, Massachusetts, where came into contact with Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller and absorbed the Adamic spirit of the American Renaissance; England, where he served for five years as consul in Liverpool, incorporating an element of Englishness; and Italy, where he found himself, like Henry James’s expatriate Americans, confronted by an older, denser civilization morally and culturally at variance with his own.Less
This book presents a literary/biographical study of Nathaniel Hawthorne's full career. It presents a self-divided man and writer strongly attracted to reality for its own sake and remarkably adept at rendering it yet fearful of the nothingness he intuited at its heart. Making use of Hawthorne’s notebooks and letters as well as nearly all of his important fiction, this biography distinguishes between “two Hawthornes,” then maps them onto the physical and cultural locales that were formative for Hawthorne’s character and work: Salem, Massachusetts, Hawthorne’s ancestral home and ingrained point of reference; Concord, Massachusetts, where came into contact with Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller and absorbed the Adamic spirit of the American Renaissance; England, where he served for five years as consul in Liverpool, incorporating an element of Englishness; and Italy, where he found himself, like Henry James’s expatriate Americans, confronted by an older, denser civilization morally and culturally at variance with his own.
Richard Higgins and Richard Higgins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520294042
- eISBN:
- 9780520967311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294042.003.0014
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Thoreau’s love of trees led him to romanticize them and to invest them with noble qualities he thought society lacked. As Concord’s rural character began to fade, Thoreau used trees as symbols of a ...
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Thoreau’s love of trees led him to romanticize them and to invest them with noble qualities he thought society lacked. As Concord’s rural character began to fade, Thoreau used trees as symbols of a simpler, more heroic past. When the Davis Elm, a huge, century-old, landmark elm in Concord, was suddenly felled in 1856, Thoreau angrily delivered a mock eulogy. He made the tree a symbol of the town.He said a kingpost of the town had been cut down. He cast the Davis Elm and all of Concord’s elms as beacons of moral principle—and he depicted them as “citizens” of the town who discharge their duties more faithfully than its people.Less
Thoreau’s love of trees led him to romanticize them and to invest them with noble qualities he thought society lacked. As Concord’s rural character began to fade, Thoreau used trees as symbols of a simpler, more heroic past. When the Davis Elm, a huge, century-old, landmark elm in Concord, was suddenly felled in 1856, Thoreau angrily delivered a mock eulogy. He made the tree a symbol of the town.He said a kingpost of the town had been cut down. He cast the Davis Elm and all of Concord’s elms as beacons of moral principle—and he depicted them as “citizens” of the town who discharge their duties more faithfully than its people.
Eulàlia Bonet
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019675
- eISBN:
- 9780262314572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019675.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter compares three possible analyses of DP-internal concord asymmetries, the first two having originally been designed to handle subject-verb asymmetries. The one-step analysis by ...
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This chapter compares three possible analyses of DP-internal concord asymmetries, the first two having originally been designed to handle subject-verb asymmetries. The one-step analysis by Samek-Lodovici would especially run into problems with the fact that, in certain dialects of Spanish, the asymmetry is triggered by specific nouns and only in the singular. In the second proposal, a two-step process, there is full concord syntactically and, at PF, weakening rules restricted to prosodic phrases determine the final asymmetric concord. This proposal raises several questions concerning the construction of initial prosodic phrasing and encounters problems especially with the analysis of Asturian, where there is gender concord prenominally but mass concord postnominally.Less
This chapter compares three possible analyses of DP-internal concord asymmetries, the first two having originally been designed to handle subject-verb asymmetries. The one-step analysis by Samek-Lodovici would especially run into problems with the fact that, in certain dialects of Spanish, the asymmetry is triggered by specific nouns and only in the singular. In the second proposal, a two-step process, there is full concord syntactically and, at PF, weakening rules restricted to prosodic phrases determine the final asymmetric concord. This proposal raises several questions concerning the construction of initial prosodic phrasing and encounters problems especially with the analysis of Asturian, where there is gender concord prenominally but mass concord postnominally.
Elly van Gelderen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199756056
- eISBN:
- 9780199896882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199756056.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The Negative Cycle may be one of the most pervasive of cyclical changes. This chapter provides examples of (partial) negative cycles from a variety of languages and show that there are two ...
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The Negative Cycle may be one of the most pervasive of cyclical changes. This chapter provides examples of (partial) negative cycles from a variety of languages and show that there are two grammaticalization paths, one involving an indefinite phrase and one a verbal head. Old Norse provides a good instance of the first cycle and Chinese of the second. Other languages mix the two, e.g. those in the Uralic, Afro-Asiatic, and Athabascan families. Compared to the agreement cycle, the negative cycle (and technically it is not one cycle but two) is a minor one since no language will be characterized as synthetic or analytic just on the basis of the negative.Less
The Negative Cycle may be one of the most pervasive of cyclical changes. This chapter provides examples of (partial) negative cycles from a variety of languages and show that there are two grammaticalization paths, one involving an indefinite phrase and one a verbal head. Old Norse provides a good instance of the first cycle and Chinese of the second. Other languages mix the two, e.g. those in the Uralic, Afro-Asiatic, and Athabascan families. Compared to the agreement cycle, the negative cycle (and technically it is not one cycle but two) is a minor one since no language will be characterized as synthetic or analytic just on the basis of the negative.
Anne Breitbarth, Christopher Lucas, and David Willis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199602544
- eISBN:
- 9780191810947
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199602544.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The book constitutes the second volume of the two-volume work The history of negation in the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. While the first volume united a rich collection of ten case ...
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The book constitutes the second volume of the two-volume work The history of negation in the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. While the first volume united a rich collection of ten case studies, the current second volume turns to the patterns and processes in the historical development of the expression of negation and its interaction with indefinites from a more general theoretical perspective. The volume is subdivided into two parts, one dealing with Jespersen’s cycle and one dealing with developments affecting indefinites in the scope of negation (the quantifier and free-choice cycles), including the diachronic development of negative concord. In each case, there are relevant empirical observations across the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. The book considers both language-internal and language-contact motivations for the changes observed, developing a generative account of the developments in terms of semantic change, reanalysis, and child-language acquisition, integrating insights from functionalist approaches that invoke language use as a motivation behind these cycles. Language contact is shown to have played a significant role in the spread of negation systems. The result is a holistic account of language change in the domain of negation, developed from comparing the diachronies of languages across Europe and incorporating insights from a wide range of theoretical perspectives.Less
The book constitutes the second volume of the two-volume work The history of negation in the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. While the first volume united a rich collection of ten case studies, the current second volume turns to the patterns and processes in the historical development of the expression of negation and its interaction with indefinites from a more general theoretical perspective. The volume is subdivided into two parts, one dealing with Jespersen’s cycle and one dealing with developments affecting indefinites in the scope of negation (the quantifier and free-choice cycles), including the diachronic development of negative concord. In each case, there are relevant empirical observations across the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. The book considers both language-internal and language-contact motivations for the changes observed, developing a generative account of the developments in terms of semantic change, reanalysis, and child-language acquisition, integrating insights from functionalist approaches that invoke language use as a motivation behind these cycles. Language contact is shown to have played a significant role in the spread of negation systems. The result is a holistic account of language change in the domain of negation, developed from comparing the diachronies of languages across Europe and incorporating insights from a wide range of theoretical perspectives.
Patrick Chura
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034935
- eISBN:
- 9780813038278
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034935.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Henry David Thoreau, one of America's most prominent environmental writers, supported himself as a land surveyor for much of his life, parceling land that would be sold off to loggers. This book ...
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Henry David Thoreau, one of America's most prominent environmental writers, supported himself as a land surveyor for much of his life, parceling land that would be sold off to loggers. This book analyzes this seeming contradiction to show how the best surveyor in Concord combined civil engineering with civil disobedience. Placing Thoreau's surveying in historical context, the book explains the cultural and ideological implications of surveying work in the mid-nineteenth century. It explains the ways in which Thoreau's environmentalist disposition and philosophical convictions asserted themselves, even as he reduced the land to measurable terms and acted as an agent for bringing it under proprietary control. The book also describes in detail Thoreau's 1846 survey of Walden Pond. By identifying the origins of Walden in—of all places—surveying data, the book re-creates a previously lost supporting manuscript of this American classic.Less
Henry David Thoreau, one of America's most prominent environmental writers, supported himself as a land surveyor for much of his life, parceling land that would be sold off to loggers. This book analyzes this seeming contradiction to show how the best surveyor in Concord combined civil engineering with civil disobedience. Placing Thoreau's surveying in historical context, the book explains the cultural and ideological implications of surveying work in the mid-nineteenth century. It explains the ways in which Thoreau's environmentalist disposition and philosophical convictions asserted themselves, even as he reduced the land to measurable terms and acted as an agent for bringing it under proprietary control. The book also describes in detail Thoreau's 1846 survey of Walden Pond. By identifying the origins of Walden in—of all places—surveying data, the book re-creates a previously lost supporting manuscript of this American classic.
