John K Tsotsos, Albert L Rothenstein, Evgueni Simine, and Andrei Zaharescu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334364
- eISBN:
- 9780199932283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334364.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Visual attention seems to be a magnet for experiment and theory. Indeed, the quantity of experimental methods and data seems overwhelming and new theories appear with increasing frequency. Yet, ...
More
Visual attention seems to be a magnet for experiment and theory. Indeed, the quantity of experimental methods and data seems overwhelming and new theories appear with increasing frequency. Yet, somehow, progress seems slow, and instead of moving closer to a deep understanding of visual attention, the field seems to continually diverge. Why is this? This chapter suggests that there is too great an emphasis on finding explanations or models of the phenomenology rather than on seeking an explanation of the underlying causes of the phenomenon. With the belief that the language of computation—distinct from mathematics or equation simulation alone—can provide a theoretical foundation for such an investigation, it outlines the computational problems that lead to the capacity to attend—in other words, the causal need for attention in vision. It describes selection, restriction, and suppression strategies to deal with those problems. It then discuses the selective tuning model which combines most of these strategies into a coherent processing structure.Less
Visual attention seems to be a magnet for experiment and theory. Indeed, the quantity of experimental methods and data seems overwhelming and new theories appear with increasing frequency. Yet, somehow, progress seems slow, and instead of moving closer to a deep understanding of visual attention, the field seems to continually diverge. Why is this? This chapter suggests that there is too great an emphasis on finding explanations or models of the phenomenology rather than on seeking an explanation of the underlying causes of the phenomenon. With the belief that the language of computation—distinct from mathematics or equation simulation alone—can provide a theoretical foundation for such an investigation, it outlines the computational problems that lead to the capacity to attend—in other words, the causal need for attention in vision. It describes selection, restriction, and suppression strategies to deal with those problems. It then discuses the selective tuning model which combines most of these strategies into a coherent processing structure.
Vincent Conitzer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014809
- eISBN:
- 9780262295284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014809.003.0008
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
An agent acting in the world generally needs to spend some time and other resources on deliberation, to assess the quality of the various plans of action available to it. Determining which ...
More
An agent acting in the world generally needs to spend some time and other resources on deliberation, to assess the quality of the various plans of action available to it. Determining which deliberation actions to perform is the metareasoning problem, in which the agent needs to reason about the reasoning it will perform. This chapter discusses how to formulate variants of the metareasoning problem as computational problems, and shows that these computational problems are generally hard.Less
An agent acting in the world generally needs to spend some time and other resources on deliberation, to assess the quality of the various plans of action available to it. Determining which deliberation actions to perform is the metareasoning problem, in which the agent needs to reason about the reasoning it will perform. This chapter discusses how to formulate variants of the metareasoning problem as computational problems, and shows that these computational problems are generally hard.
Lance Fortnow
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175782
- eISBN:
- 9781400846610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175782.003.0010
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Programming Languages
This chapter explores some of today's great challenges of computing. These challenges include parallel computation, dealing with big data, and the networking of everything. The chapter then argues ...
More
This chapter explores some of today's great challenges of computing. These challenges include parallel computation, dealing with big data, and the networking of everything. The chapter then argues that P versus NP goes well beyond a simple mathematical puzzle. The P versus NP problem is a way of thinking, a way to classify computational problems by their inherent difficulty. P versus NP also brings communities together. There are NP-complete problems in physics, biology, economics, and many other fields. Physicists and economists work on very different problems, but they share a commonality that can give great benefits from sharing tools and techniques. Tools developed to find the ground state of a physical system can help find equilibrium behavior in a complex economic environment. Ultimately, the inherent difficulty of NP problems leads to new technologies.Less
This chapter explores some of today's great challenges of computing. These challenges include parallel computation, dealing with big data, and the networking of everything. The chapter then argues that P versus NP goes well beyond a simple mathematical puzzle. The P versus NP problem is a way of thinking, a way to classify computational problems by their inherent difficulty. P versus NP also brings communities together. There are NP-complete problems in physics, biology, economics, and many other fields. Physicists and economists work on very different problems, but they share a commonality that can give great benefits from sharing tools and techniques. Tools developed to find the ground state of a physical system can help find equilibrium behavior in a complex economic environment. Ultimately, the inherent difficulty of NP problems leads to new technologies.
Reza Shadmehr and Sandro Mussa-Ivaldi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262016964
- eISBN:
- 9780262301282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016964.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
This chapter reviews the computational problems that the brain must solve for creating and maintaining a representation of the extrapersonal space. It specifically addresses the simplified model of a ...
More
This chapter reviews the computational problems that the brain must solve for creating and maintaining a representation of the extrapersonal space. It specifically addresses the simplified model of a gerbil, with a single one-dimensional “eye,” moving over a two-dimensional plane. It introduces the general issues encountered in forming and maintaining a space map. This chapter shows that the map of space built during navigation by combining the process and the observation models defines a spatial domain that offers a support for storing and retrieving memories of rewarding events, such as the discovery of food, as well as of adverse and dangerous situations.Less
This chapter reviews the computational problems that the brain must solve for creating and maintaining a representation of the extrapersonal space. It specifically addresses the simplified model of a gerbil, with a single one-dimensional “eye,” moving over a two-dimensional plane. It introduces the general issues encountered in forming and maintaining a space map. This chapter shows that the map of space built during navigation by combining the process and the observation models defines a spatial domain that offers a support for storing and retrieving memories of rewarding events, such as the discovery of food, as well as of adverse and dangerous situations.
