Ziheng Yang
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567028
- eISBN:
- 9780191728280
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The field of molecular evolution has experienced explosive growth in recent years due to the rapid accumulation of genetic sequence data, continuous improvements to computer hardware and software, ...
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The field of molecular evolution has experienced explosive growth in recent years due to the rapid accumulation of genetic sequence data, continuous improvements to computer hardware and software, and the development of sophisticated analytical methods. The increasing availability of large genomic data sets requires powerful statistical methods to analyse and interpret them, generating both computational and conceptual challenges for the field. This book provides a comprehensive coverage of modern statistical and computational methods used in molecular evolutionary analysis, such as maximum likelihood and Bayesian statistics. It describes the models, methods and algorithms that are most useful for analysing the ever-increasing supply of molecular sequence data, with a view to furthering our understanding of the evolution of genes and genomes. The book emphasizes essential concepts rather than mathematical proofs. It includes detailed derivations and implementation details, as well as numerous illustrations, worked examples, and exercises.Less
The field of molecular evolution has experienced explosive growth in recent years due to the rapid accumulation of genetic sequence data, continuous improvements to computer hardware and software, and the development of sophisticated analytical methods. The increasing availability of large genomic data sets requires powerful statistical methods to analyse and interpret them, generating both computational and conceptual challenges for the field. This book provides a comprehensive coverage of modern statistical and computational methods used in molecular evolutionary analysis, such as maximum likelihood and Bayesian statistics. It describes the models, methods and algorithms that are most useful for analysing the ever-increasing supply of molecular sequence data, with a view to furthering our understanding of the evolution of genes and genomes. The book emphasizes essential concepts rather than mathematical proofs. It includes detailed derivations and implementation details, as well as numerous illustrations, worked examples, and exercises.
Wai-yim Ching and Paul Rulis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199575800
- eISBN:
- 9780191740992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575800.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This introductory chapter gives an overall view of the realm of density functional theory based electronic structure calculations and their impact on complex materials research. There are already ...
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This introductory chapter gives an overall view of the realm of density functional theory based electronic structure calculations and their impact on complex materials research. There are already many excellent methods and packages that use different strategies and which focus on different aspects of materials or specific properties. The unique role of the OLCAO method is emphasized.Less
This introductory chapter gives an overall view of the realm of density functional theory based electronic structure calculations and their impact on complex materials research. There are already many excellent methods and packages that use different strategies and which focus on different aspects of materials or specific properties. The unique role of the OLCAO method is emphasized.
Jeremy Avigad
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199296453
- eISBN:
- 9780191711961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296453.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
The use of computers in mathematics raises a number of questions of a generally epistemological character. This chapter surveys the ways in which computers are used in mathematics, clarifies some of ...
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The use of computers in mathematics raises a number of questions of a generally epistemological character. This chapter surveys the ways in which computers are used in mathematics, clarifies some of the questions that arise, and assesses the philosophical methods that may be brought to bear. In particular, it explores the sense in which computational methods provide ‘evidence’ for mathematical assertions, as well as mathematical ‘understanding’.Less
The use of computers in mathematics raises a number of questions of a generally epistemological character. This chapter surveys the ways in which computers are used in mathematics, clarifies some of the questions that arise, and assesses the philosophical methods that may be brought to bear. In particular, it explores the sense in which computational methods provide ‘evidence’ for mathematical assertions, as well as mathematical ‘understanding’.
Craig Boutilier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199856800
- eISBN:
- 9780199301508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199856800.003.0041
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The goal of decision support is to develop methods that assist decision makers. In this chapter computational methods are brought to bear on a multi-dimensional choice problem with the two-part ...
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The goal of decision support is to develop methods that assist decision makers. In this chapter computational methods are brought to bear on a multi-dimensional choice problem with the two-part challenge of efficiently determining the decision-maker’s preferences and then finding the best choice. Computer-aided decision support is growing rapidly. This chapter introduces some technical methods of broad applicability in this area, including specification of utility functions with uncertainty, Markov decision processes, and robust optimization. The author exploits the notion of minimax regret, where the goal is to find an option that minimizes the maximum regret relative to all possible manifestations of an uncertain utility function. This approach is robust to incomplete information and facilitates the important process of preference elicitation from the client. There are opportunities for using such approaches to investigate human decision making based on incomplete information; the impact of cognitive costs, biases, and heuristics; and choices made by groups.Less
The goal of decision support is to develop methods that assist decision makers. In this chapter computational methods are brought to bear on a multi-dimensional choice problem with the two-part challenge of efficiently determining the decision-maker’s preferences and then finding the best choice. Computer-aided decision support is growing rapidly. This chapter introduces some technical methods of broad applicability in this area, including specification of utility functions with uncertainty, Markov decision processes, and robust optimization. The author exploits the notion of minimax regret, where the goal is to find an option that minimizes the maximum regret relative to all possible manifestations of an uncertain utility function. This approach is robust to incomplete information and facilitates the important process of preference elicitation from the client. There are opportunities for using such approaches to investigate human decision making based on incomplete information; the impact of cognitive costs, biases, and heuristics; and choices made by groups.
John K. Tsotsos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015417
- eISBN:
- 9780262295420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015417.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision
This chapter examines the role of computational methods in determining brain mechanisms. Computation is a key basis for modeling complex phenomena such as cognition. Computation’s language is the ...
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This chapter examines the role of computational methods in determining brain mechanisms. Computation is a key basis for modeling complex phenomena such as cognition. Computation’s language is the best available source for providing information regarding information encoding, its storage, modification, and use by natural and synthetic systems. Computation also involves the investigation of natural and artificial information-gathering techniques. Computing principles are categorized into a number of sections, including computation, communication, and coordination. These sections or categories form the basis of computation’s language. Tools and concepts available within these categories emerge as a strong and suitable medium for expressing natural information process theories. Computational language has also played a key role in understanding perceptions.Less
This chapter examines the role of computational methods in determining brain mechanisms. Computation is a key basis for modeling complex phenomena such as cognition. Computation’s language is the best available source for providing information regarding information encoding, its storage, modification, and use by natural and synthetic systems. Computation also involves the investigation of natural and artificial information-gathering techniques. Computing principles are categorized into a number of sections, including computation, communication, and coordination. These sections or categories form the basis of computation’s language. Tools and concepts available within these categories emerge as a strong and suitable medium for expressing natural information process theories. Computational language has also played a key role in understanding perceptions.
Kenji Doya, Makoto Ito, and Kazuyuki Samejima
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600434
- eISBN:
- 9780191725623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600434.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
When determining the neural correlates of decision making, a major difficulty is the non-stationarity of the brain's response. The evaluation of the same action should vary over time depending on the ...
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When determining the neural correlates of decision making, a major difficulty is the non-stationarity of the brain's response. The evaluation of the same action should vary over time depending on the subject's choice and reward history. The speed at which such subjective evaluations changes should differ among subjects, or even in the same subject in different sessions. A recently emerging paradigm for coping with this difficulty is to estimate the time course of the internal variables of a mathematical model of decision making from each subject's sequence of stimuli, actions, and obtained rewards in each experimental session, and use that as a marker for detecting the neurons or brain regions implicated. This chapter reviews mathematical models describing the adaptive process of decision making, computational methods for estimating the model variables from observed data, and examples of applications of such model-based analysis to behavioural tests, neural recording, and functional brain imaging.Less
When determining the neural correlates of decision making, a major difficulty is the non-stationarity of the brain's response. The evaluation of the same action should vary over time depending on the subject's choice and reward history. The speed at which such subjective evaluations changes should differ among subjects, or even in the same subject in different sessions. A recently emerging paradigm for coping with this difficulty is to estimate the time course of the internal variables of a mathematical model of decision making from each subject's sequence of stimuli, actions, and obtained rewards in each experimental session, and use that as a marker for detecting the neurons or brain regions implicated. This chapter reviews mathematical models describing the adaptive process of decision making, computational methods for estimating the model variables from observed data, and examples of applications of such model-based analysis to behavioural tests, neural recording, and functional brain imaging.
Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, and Quentin D. Atkinson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262019750
- eISBN:
- 9780262318297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019750.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Computational methods derived from evolutionary biology are increasingly being applied to the study of cultural evolution. This is particularly the case in studies of language evolution, where ...
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Computational methods derived from evolutionary biology are increasingly being applied to the study of cultural evolution. This is particularly the case in studies of language evolution, where phylogenetic methods have recently been used to test hypotheses about divergence dates, rates of lexical change, borrowing, and putative language universals. This chapter outlines three new and related questions that could be productively tackled with computational phylogenetic methods: What drives language diversification? What drives differences in the rate of linguistic change (disparity)? Can we identify cultural and linguistic homelands?Less
Computational methods derived from evolutionary biology are increasingly being applied to the study of cultural evolution. This is particularly the case in studies of language evolution, where phylogenetic methods have recently been used to test hypotheses about divergence dates, rates of lexical change, borrowing, and putative language universals. This chapter outlines three new and related questions that could be productively tackled with computational phylogenetic methods: What drives language diversification? What drives differences in the rate of linguistic change (disparity)? Can we identify cultural and linguistic homelands?
Abraham Loeb and Steven R. Furlanetto
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144917
- eISBN:
- 9781400845606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144917.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter studies the evolution of perturbations in the nonlinear regime. It focuses for the most part on analytic models that shed light on the physical processes involved. The advent of computer ...
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This chapter studies the evolution of perturbations in the nonlinear regime. It focuses for the most part on analytic models that shed light on the physical processes involved. The advent of computer technology has made numerical studies of nonlinear evolution almost routine, and many of today's theoretical calculations follow this path. The analytic approaches described here inform these calculations, but the numerical simulations help to sharpen this chapter's conclusions and predictions. The chapter discusses this synergy and describes “semianalytic” models that can be written analytically but whose ultimate justification lies in their good agreement with numerical simulations. It also describes the fundamental aspects of computational methods.Less
This chapter studies the evolution of perturbations in the nonlinear regime. It focuses for the most part on analytic models that shed light on the physical processes involved. The advent of computer technology has made numerical studies of nonlinear evolution almost routine, and many of today's theoretical calculations follow this path. The analytic approaches described here inform these calculations, but the numerical simulations help to sharpen this chapter's conclusions and predictions. The chapter discusses this synergy and describes “semianalytic” models that can be written analytically but whose ultimate justification lies in their good agreement with numerical simulations. It also describes the fundamental aspects of computational methods.
Robert H. Swendsen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646944
- eISBN:
- 9780191775123
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646944.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book is an introduction to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Relevant probability theory is included. Part 1 develops the basic ideas of statistical mechanics, as illustrated by a ...
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This book is an introduction to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Relevant probability theory is included. Part 1 develops the basic ideas of statistical mechanics, as illustrated by a complete derivation of the entropy of the classical ideal gas based on Boltzmann's 1877 definition. This leads to a systematic development of thermodynamics in Part 2. Part 3 is devoted to classical statistical mechanics, including a discussion of irreversibility. Part 4 covers quantum statistical mechanics, including lattice vibrations, black-body radiation, Bose-Einstein statistics, Fermi-Dirac statistics, and the Ising model of phase transitions. The text presents many problems that support conceptual development, with a strong emphasis on computational methods. A manual with complete solutions to all problems is available to instructors.Less
This book is an introduction to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Relevant probability theory is included. Part 1 develops the basic ideas of statistical mechanics, as illustrated by a complete derivation of the entropy of the classical ideal gas based on Boltzmann's 1877 definition. This leads to a systematic development of thermodynamics in Part 2. Part 3 is devoted to classical statistical mechanics, including a discussion of irreversibility. Part 4 covers quantum statistical mechanics, including lattice vibrations, black-body radiation, Bose-Einstein statistics, Fermi-Dirac statistics, and the Ising model of phase transitions. The text presents many problems that support conceptual development, with a strong emphasis on computational methods. A manual with complete solutions to all problems is available to instructors.
Johanna Drucker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226165073
- eISBN:
- 9780226165097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226165097.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter discusses the differences between digital humanities and speculative computing. It explains that the early character of digital humanities was formed by concessions to the exigencies of ...
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This chapter discusses the differences between digital humanities and speculative computing. It explains that the early character of digital humanities was formed by concessions to the exigencies of computational disciplines and humanists played by the rules of computer science and its formal logic. Speculative computing, on the other hand, is a set of principles through which to push back on the cultural authority by which computational methods instrumentalize their effects across many disciplines.Less
This chapter discusses the differences between digital humanities and speculative computing. It explains that the early character of digital humanities was formed by concessions to the exigencies of computational disciplines and humanists played by the rules of computer science and its formal logic. Speculative computing, on the other hand, is a set of principles through which to push back on the cultural authority by which computational methods instrumentalize their effects across many disciplines.
Werner Goebl, Simon Dixon, and Emery Schubert
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199659647
- eISBN:
- 9780191771651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659647.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter introduces the reader to developing and state-of-the-art tools for measuring musical expressivity. It summarizes recent quantitative measurement and analysis techniques of three domains ...
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This chapter introduces the reader to developing and state-of-the-art tools for measuring musical expressivity. It summarizes recent quantitative measurement and analysis techniques of three domains of musical expressiveness: body motion, musical sound, and listeners’ continuous response to musical sound. It outlines computational methods to quantitatively assess expressive aspects of the body movements of the performing musicians, to extract expressive information from the musical sound itself, and to examine the perception of expressiveness through self-report continuous response methods. The chapter highlights the critical philosophical implications of making measurements of expressiveness, specifically in distinguishing between the measurement of physical aspects, such as motion and musical characteristics, and experiential aspects—the actual sensation of expressiveness experienced by the perceiver. The key philosophical point that unifies the chapter is that each of these aspects is understood through the world of ideas, definitions, and, most importantly, instruments for measuring physical and psychometric signals.Less
This chapter introduces the reader to developing and state-of-the-art tools for measuring musical expressivity. It summarizes recent quantitative measurement and analysis techniques of three domains of musical expressiveness: body motion, musical sound, and listeners’ continuous response to musical sound. It outlines computational methods to quantitatively assess expressive aspects of the body movements of the performing musicians, to extract expressive information from the musical sound itself, and to examine the perception of expressiveness through self-report continuous response methods. The chapter highlights the critical philosophical implications of making measurements of expressiveness, specifically in distinguishing between the measurement of physical aspects, such as motion and musical characteristics, and experiential aspects—the actual sensation of expressiveness experienced by the perceiver. The key philosophical point that unifies the chapter is that each of these aspects is understood through the world of ideas, definitions, and, most importantly, instruments for measuring physical and psychometric signals.
Dorottya Fabian, Renee Timmers, and Emery Schubert (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199659647
- eISBN:
- 9780191771651
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659647.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Social Psychology
What does it mean to be expressive in music performance in diverse historical and cultural domains? What are the means at the disposal of a performer in various time periods and musical practice ...
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What does it mean to be expressive in music performance in diverse historical and cultural domains? What are the means at the disposal of a performer in various time periods and musical practice conventions? And what are the conceptualizations of expression and the roles of performers that shape expressive performance? For the first time, a wide variety of perspectives are assembled in one volume investigating expressiveness in performance in various styles and cultures, including the ways in which the improvisations of Louis Armstrong, studio-fashioned electronic dance music, and the songs of Bedzan Pygmies can be considered expressive. The volume is unique in combining historical, systematic, computational, and phenomenological approaches to performance, and in including empirical investigations of western and non-western classical music as well as western and non-western popular and folk music. The highlighted conceptualizations and materializations of expressiveness in performance are as diverse as one would hope them to be. More awareness of and focus on oral traditions and player interaction are needed for performance research to break away from the dogma of notation. While this challenges existing methods, computational and empirical approaches are nevertheless not only crucial, but also may become central to furthering our understanding of what makes music performance expressive.Less
What does it mean to be expressive in music performance in diverse historical and cultural domains? What are the means at the disposal of a performer in various time periods and musical practice conventions? And what are the conceptualizations of expression and the roles of performers that shape expressive performance? For the first time, a wide variety of perspectives are assembled in one volume investigating expressiveness in performance in various styles and cultures, including the ways in which the improvisations of Louis Armstrong, studio-fashioned electronic dance music, and the songs of Bedzan Pygmies can be considered expressive. The volume is unique in combining historical, systematic, computational, and phenomenological approaches to performance, and in including empirical investigations of western and non-western classical music as well as western and non-western popular and folk music. The highlighted conceptualizations and materializations of expressiveness in performance are as diverse as one would hope them to be. More awareness of and focus on oral traditions and player interaction are needed for performance research to break away from the dogma of notation. While this challenges existing methods, computational and empirical approaches are nevertheless not only crucial, but also may become central to furthering our understanding of what makes music performance expressive.
Sauro Succi
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199592357
- eISBN:
- 9780191847967
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199592357.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Over the past near three decades, the Lattice Boltzmann method has gained a prominent role as an efficient computational method for the numerical simulation of a wide variety of complex states of ...
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Over the past near three decades, the Lattice Boltzmann method has gained a prominent role as an efficient computational method for the numerical simulation of a wide variety of complex states of flowing matter across a broad range of scales, from fully developed turbulence, to multiphase micro-flows, all the way down to nano-biofluidics and lately, even quantum-relativistic subnuclear fluids. After providing a self-contained introduction to the kinetic theory of fluids and a thorough account of its transcription to the lattice framework, this book presents a survey of the major developments which have led to the impressive growth of the Lattice Boltzmann across most walks of fluid dynamics and its interfaces with allied disciplines, such as statistical physics, material science, soft matter and biology. This includes recent developments of Lattice Boltzmann methods for non-ideal fluids, micro- and nanofluidic flows with suspended bodies of assorted nature and extensions to strong non-equilibrium flows beyond the realm of continuum fluid mechanics. In the final part, the book also presents the extension of the Lattice Boltzmann method to quantum and relativistic fluids, in an attempt to match the major surge of interest spurred by recent developments in the area of strongly interacting holographic fluids, such as quark-gluon plasmas and electron flows in graphene. It is hoped that this book may provide a source information and possibly inspiration to a broad audience of scientists dealing with the physics of classical and quantum flowing matter across many scales of motion.Less
Over the past near three decades, the Lattice Boltzmann method has gained a prominent role as an efficient computational method for the numerical simulation of a wide variety of complex states of flowing matter across a broad range of scales, from fully developed turbulence, to multiphase micro-flows, all the way down to nano-biofluidics and lately, even quantum-relativistic subnuclear fluids. After providing a self-contained introduction to the kinetic theory of fluids and a thorough account of its transcription to the lattice framework, this book presents a survey of the major developments which have led to the impressive growth of the Lattice Boltzmann across most walks of fluid dynamics and its interfaces with allied disciplines, such as statistical physics, material science, soft matter and biology. This includes recent developments of Lattice Boltzmann methods for non-ideal fluids, micro- and nanofluidic flows with suspended bodies of assorted nature and extensions to strong non-equilibrium flows beyond the realm of continuum fluid mechanics. In the final part, the book also presents the extension of the Lattice Boltzmann method to quantum and relativistic fluids, in an attempt to match the major surge of interest spurred by recent developments in the area of strongly interacting holographic fluids, such as quark-gluon plasmas and electron flows in graphene. It is hoped that this book may provide a source information and possibly inspiration to a broad audience of scientists dealing with the physics of classical and quantum flowing matter across many scales of motion.
Edward P. Stabler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199677139
- eISBN:
- 9780191756368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677139.003.0018
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
Bever calls grammar “the epicenter of all language behavior” but observes that the relation between grammar and models of linguistic behavior remains unclear. This chapter reviews some major advances ...
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Bever calls grammar “the epicenter of all language behavior” but observes that the relation between grammar and models of linguistic behavior remains unclear. This chapter reviews some major advances in our understanding of common features of diverse grammar formalisms. Stabler argues that mild context-sensitive grammars can both define the sentences of human languages (weak adequacy) and also provide the structures of those languages (strong adequacy). He also points out that different formalisms (context-free grammars (CFG), tree-adjoining grammars (TAG), combinatory categorial grammars (CCG), set-local multicomponent grammars (MCTAG), abstract categorial grammars (ACG2,4), multiple context-free grammars (MCFG), Minimalist grammars (MG), and context-sensitive grammars (CSG)) are weakly equivalent in the sense that they define exactly the same sets of sentences. These grammars are expressive enough to define the discontinuous dependencies of human languages. Furthermore, computational methods provide tools for describing rather abstract similarities of structures and languages.Less
Bever calls grammar “the epicenter of all language behavior” but observes that the relation between grammar and models of linguistic behavior remains unclear. This chapter reviews some major advances in our understanding of common features of diverse grammar formalisms. Stabler argues that mild context-sensitive grammars can both define the sentences of human languages (weak adequacy) and also provide the structures of those languages (strong adequacy). He also points out that different formalisms (context-free grammars (CFG), tree-adjoining grammars (TAG), combinatory categorial grammars (CCG), set-local multicomponent grammars (MCTAG), abstract categorial grammars (ACG2,4), multiple context-free grammars (MCFG), Minimalist grammars (MG), and context-sensitive grammars (CSG)) are weakly equivalent in the sense that they define exactly the same sets of sentences. These grammars are expressive enough to define the discontinuous dependencies of human languages. Furthermore, computational methods provide tools for describing rather abstract similarities of structures and languages.
Johanna Drucker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226165073
- eISBN:
- 9780226165097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226165097.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter suggests that discussion of new media should be considered in its relation to aesthetics. This would bring digital art into dialogue with other artistic practices that are part of a ...
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This chapter suggests that discussion of new media should be considered in its relation to aesthetics. This would bring digital art into dialogue with other artistic practices that are part of a contemporary landscape of imaginative and creative work and would put the fate of aesthetics in an era of new media under consideration. This chapter also criticizes the notion of the so-called hybrid aesthetics and generative aesthetics as problematic and proposes a speculative aesthetics that is grounded in the language of computational method.Less
This chapter suggests that discussion of new media should be considered in its relation to aesthetics. This would bring digital art into dialogue with other artistic practices that are part of a contemporary landscape of imaginative and creative work and would put the fate of aesthetics in an era of new media under consideration. This chapter also criticizes the notion of the so-called hybrid aesthetics and generative aesthetics as problematic and proposes a speculative aesthetics that is grounded in the language of computational method.
Robert H. Swendsen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646944
- eISBN:
- 9780191775123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646944.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter introduces the necessary concepts of probability theory for discrete random events, which is then used in Chapter 4. The problems at the end of the chapter emphasize computational ...
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This chapter introduces the necessary concepts of probability theory for discrete random events, which is then used in Chapter 4. The problems at the end of the chapter emphasize computational methods, which are extremely helpful in developing intuition about the properties of random variables.Less
This chapter introduces the necessary concepts of probability theory for discrete random events, which is then used in Chapter 4. The problems at the end of the chapter emphasize computational methods, which are extremely helpful in developing intuition about the properties of random variables.
Didier Sornette
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175959
- eISBN:
- 9781400885091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175959.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter explains what financial crashes are and why, how, and when they occur. More specifically, it examines the mechanisms underlying crashes; whether we can forecast crashes; whether we could ...
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This chapter explains what financial crashes are and why, how, and when they occur. More specifically, it examines the mechanisms underlying crashes; whether we can forecast crashes; whether we could control or at least have some influence on crashes; whether crashes indicate a fundamental instability in the world financial structure; and what could be changed to modify or suppress these instabilities. The chapter considers the stock market crash of October 1987 and the main explanations for its occurrence, as well as other financial crashes in history, including the tulip mania, the South Sea bubble, and the great crash of October 1929. It also discusses extreme events in complex systems and concludes with an analysis of a new set of computational methods that can be used in the prediction of large-scale financial crashes.Less
This chapter explains what financial crashes are and why, how, and when they occur. More specifically, it examines the mechanisms underlying crashes; whether we can forecast crashes; whether we could control or at least have some influence on crashes; whether crashes indicate a fundamental instability in the world financial structure; and what could be changed to modify or suppress these instabilities. The chapter considers the stock market crash of October 1987 and the main explanations for its occurrence, as well as other financial crashes in history, including the tulip mania, the South Sea bubble, and the great crash of October 1929. It also discusses extreme events in complex systems and concludes with an analysis of a new set of computational methods that can be used in the prediction of large-scale financial crashes.
