Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The traditional understandings that structure the relationships between public servants and the wider political system are said to have undergone considerable change. But what are these formalized ...
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The traditional understandings that structure the relationships between public servants and the wider political system are said to have undergone considerable change. But what are these formalized and implicit understandings? What are the key dimensions of such bargains? In what conditions do bargains rise and fall? And has there been a universal and uniform change in these bargains? This book offers a distinct perspective to answer these questions. It develops a unique analytical perspective to account for diverse bargains within systems of executive government. Drawing on comparative experiences from different state traditions, it examines ideas and contemporary developments along three key dimensions of any Public Service Bargain: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. The book points to diverse and differentiated developments across national systems of executive government, and suggests how different ‘bargains’ are prone to cheating by their constituent parties. It explores the context in which managerial bargains — widely seen to be at the heart of contemporary administrative reform movements — are likely to catch on and considers how cheating is likely to destabilize such bargains.Less
The traditional understandings that structure the relationships between public servants and the wider political system are said to have undergone considerable change. But what are these formalized and implicit understandings? What are the key dimensions of such bargains? In what conditions do bargains rise and fall? And has there been a universal and uniform change in these bargains? This book offers a distinct perspective to answer these questions. It develops a unique analytical perspective to account for diverse bargains within systems of executive government. Drawing on comparative experiences from different state traditions, it examines ideas and contemporary developments along three key dimensions of any Public Service Bargain: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. The book points to diverse and differentiated developments across national systems of executive government, and suggests how different ‘bargains’ are prone to cheating by their constituent parties. It explores the context in which managerial bargains — widely seen to be at the heart of contemporary administrative reform movements — are likely to catch on and considers how cheating is likely to destabilize such bargains.
Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter introduces the notion of Public Service Bargain (PSB) and points to variations in its three dimensions: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. Based on these variations, it ...
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This chapter introduces the notion of Public Service Bargain (PSB) and points to variations in its three dimensions: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. Based on these variations, it discusses the centrality of PSBs for politics and points to the intellectual origins of the idea. The distinction between trustee- and agency-bargains is introduced.Less
This chapter introduces the notion of Public Service Bargain (PSB) and points to variations in its three dimensions: reward, competency, and loyalty and responsibility. Based on these variations, it discusses the centrality of PSBs for politics and points to the intellectual origins of the idea. The distinction between trustee- and agency-bargains is introduced.
Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter explores the competency dimension of public service bargains, in the sense of skills, ability, or experience. It discusses four types of competency bargains: wonk, sage, deliverer, and ...
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This chapter explores the competency dimension of public service bargains, in the sense of skills, ability, or experience. It discusses four types of competency bargains: wonk, sage, deliverer, and go-between bargains, exploring their strengths and weaknesses. The chapter notes how elements from these four types can be combined and concludes with a discussion of trends and changes over time, which suggest that tendencies have been far from a one way adoption of managerialist themes of ‘delivery’.Less
This chapter explores the competency dimension of public service bargains, in the sense of skills, ability, or experience. It discusses four types of competency bargains: wonk, sage, deliverer, and go-between bargains, exploring their strengths and weaknesses. The chapter notes how elements from these four types can be combined and concludes with a discussion of trends and changes over time, which suggest that tendencies have been far from a one way adoption of managerialist themes of ‘delivery’.
Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The first part of this chapter brings together the earlier analysis and considers combinations of public service bargains, suggesting there are many possible combinations, but also some elements that ...
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The first part of this chapter brings together the earlier analysis and considers combinations of public service bargains, suggesting there are many possible combinations, but also some elements that do not seem to mix effectively. It then goes on to show how the various dimensions of PSBs have combined over time in two state traditions, Germany and the UK. It shows how a PSB lens can be utilized in different historical perspectives, ranging from the long-term perspective covering two centuries to the analysis of the past two decades.Less
The first part of this chapter brings together the earlier analysis and considers combinations of public service bargains, suggesting there are many possible combinations, but also some elements that do not seem to mix effectively. It then goes on to show how the various dimensions of PSBs have combined over time in two state traditions, Germany and the UK. It shows how a PSB lens can be utilized in different historical perspectives, ranging from the long-term perspective covering two centuries to the analysis of the past two decades.
Richard Whitley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205172
- eISBN:
- 9780191709555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205172.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in ...
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This chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in Chapter 6 to explain how leading firms in differently organized market economies develop distinctive innovative competences and strategies. It argues that firms have several choices in developing innovative competences and selecting innovation strategies that are guided by dominant institutions. These institutions include those governing the development of skills and labour markets, capital markets, and inter-firm relationships as well as the organization and conduct of research in the public sciences. As a result, societies with distinctive institutional frameworks encourage the development of particular kinds of innovative capabilities, and so manifest contrasting types of technological development and sectoral specialization, as illustrated by the examples of late 20th-century Germany, Japan, and the USA.Less
This chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in Chapter 6 to explain how leading firms in differently organized market economies develop distinctive innovative competences and strategies. It argues that firms have several choices in developing innovative competences and selecting innovation strategies that are guided by dominant institutions. These institutions include those governing the development of skills and labour markets, capital markets, and inter-firm relationships as well as the organization and conduct of research in the public sciences. As a result, societies with distinctive institutional frameworks encourage the development of particular kinds of innovative capabilities, and so manifest contrasting types of technological development and sectoral specialization, as illustrated by the examples of late 20th-century Germany, Japan, and the USA.
Derek Doyle, David Jeffrey, and Kenneth Calman
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632272
- eISBN:
- 9780191730245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632272.003.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Palliative care aims to give the best quality of life for patients with incurable life-threatening diseases. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms associated with these ...
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Palliative care aims to give the best quality of life for patients with incurable life-threatening diseases. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms associated with these diseases. Palliative care also aims to provide a support system to aid the family in coping with the patient's illness and their bereavement. One of the most significant phases of palliative care is the terminal care that takes place in the last days of life and which aims to provide a dignified death for the patient. This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the primary care teams in providing palliative care within the home setting. Among these are communication problems; continuity of care; competency of the multidisciplinary specialist palliative care teams; team work within the multidisciplinary teams; ethical issues and dilemmas; investment of time by the health care providers; needs of the relatives and carers; and partnership between the family, patients, and professionals.Less
Palliative care aims to give the best quality of life for patients with incurable life-threatening diseases. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms associated with these diseases. Palliative care also aims to provide a support system to aid the family in coping with the patient's illness and their bereavement. One of the most significant phases of palliative care is the terminal care that takes place in the last days of life and which aims to provide a dignified death for the patient. This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the primary care teams in providing palliative care within the home setting. Among these are communication problems; continuity of care; competency of the multidisciplinary specialist palliative care teams; team work within the multidisciplinary teams; ethical issues and dilemmas; investment of time by the health care providers; needs of the relatives and carers; and partnership between the family, patients, and professionals.
Bernhard Wessels and Achim Kielhorn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296607
- eISBN:
- 9780191599620
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296606.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Why has economic integration been followed by political integration, and what are the factors of resistance working against it? This chapter takes a rationalistic and institutional perspective on the ...
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Why has economic integration been followed by political integration, and what are the factors of resistance working against it? This chapter takes a rationalistic and institutional perspective on the process of shifting competencies in the EU. Drawing on the debate about globalization, the hypotheses that the globalization of problems and the globalization of the economy are of crucial importance are tested, and are found to clearly support policy shift. From the debate about institutions as constraints and facilitators of action, a further two hypotheses are derived. Vested interests are found to place an institutional constraint on political flexibility, and national institutional settings are found to account for the differences in support for shifting competencies between members of national parliaments.Less
Why has economic integration been followed by political integration, and what are the factors of resistance working against it? This chapter takes a rationalistic and institutional perspective on the process of shifting competencies in the EU. Drawing on the debate about globalization, the hypotheses that the globalization of problems and the globalization of the economy are of crucial importance are tested, and are found to clearly support policy shift. From the debate about institutions as constraints and facilitators of action, a further two hypotheses are derived. Vested interests are found to place an institutional constraint on political flexibility, and national institutional settings are found to account for the differences in support for shifting competencies between members of national parliaments.
David P. Farrington and Brandon C. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304091
- eISBN:
- 9780199944071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304091.003.0019
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter discusses individual-based prevention programs for potential criminals. It explains that these types of programs target risk factors for delinquency and later offending that are found ...
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This chapter discusses individual-based prevention programs for potential criminals. It explains that these types of programs target risk factors for delinquency and later offending that are found within the individual. They have as explicit aims the betterment of children's immediate learning and social and emotional competencies, as well as the improvement of children's success over the life-course. They are implemented at a time when children are most impressionable and hence receptive to intervention. This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on what works to prevent delinquency and later criminal offending through individual-based interventions that are delivered in the early years of life.Less
This chapter discusses individual-based prevention programs for potential criminals. It explains that these types of programs target risk factors for delinquency and later offending that are found within the individual. They have as explicit aims the betterment of children's immediate learning and social and emotional competencies, as well as the improvement of children's success over the life-course. They are implemented at a time when children are most impressionable and hence receptive to intervention. This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on what works to prevent delinquency and later criminal offending through individual-based interventions that are delivered in the early years of life.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm ...
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This chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm with innovative products and technical expertise, and sought to engineer new synergies between the distinctive professional competencies of Japanese and British technical staff. Local management were granted considerable operational autonomy to pursue this objective, but ultimately they failed because of intense international competition and a programme of parent company rationalization. This chapter develops a detailed analysis of the rescue, restructuring, and eventual closure of the subsidiary, tracing the selective appropriation and melding of national, corporate, and sector management approaches that were involved. On this basis, it explores the scope, vicissitudes, and limits of developing such local research, design, development, and production capabilities, illuminating the conditions under which inward investors may upgrade their research and development capabilities or concentrate their resources elsewhere.Less
This chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm with innovative products and technical expertise, and sought to engineer new synergies between the distinctive professional competencies of Japanese and British technical staff. Local management were granted considerable operational autonomy to pursue this objective, but ultimately they failed because of intense international competition and a programme of parent company rationalization. This chapter develops a detailed analysis of the rescue, restructuring, and eventual closure of the subsidiary, tracing the selective appropriation and melding of national, corporate, and sector management approaches that were involved. On this basis, it explores the scope, vicissitudes, and limits of developing such local research, design, development, and production capabilities, illuminating the conditions under which inward investors may upgrade their research and development capabilities or concentrate their resources elsewhere.
Richard E. Boyatzis and Stephen P. Kelner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Implicit motives manifest themselves in patterns of behavior that we call competencies. Since 1970, the study of competencies and their predictive relationship to effectiveness in many occupations in ...
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Implicit motives manifest themselves in patterns of behavior that we call competencies. Since 1970, the study of competencies and their predictive relationship to effectiveness in many occupations in many types of organizations, sectors, and countries has allowed for the understanding of how functionally related clusters of behavior organized around a specific unconscious intent. Because of the behavioral nature of the competencies, measurement is more observable than projective tests, more holistic (i.e., incorporating physiological states as well as mental and emotional ones), and easier to use in applied settings. In this chapter, the history of research evidence is reviewed along with the theoretical distinctions and an empirically tested model for developing competencies in adults.Less
Implicit motives manifest themselves in patterns of behavior that we call competencies. Since 1970, the study of competencies and their predictive relationship to effectiveness in many occupations in many types of organizations, sectors, and countries has allowed for the understanding of how functionally related clusters of behavior organized around a specific unconscious intent. Because of the behavioral nature of the competencies, measurement is more observable than projective tests, more holistic (i.e., incorporating physiological states as well as mental and emotional ones), and easier to use in applied settings. In this chapter, the history of research evidence is reviewed along with the theoretical distinctions and an empirically tested model for developing competencies in adults.
Ian Runcie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199558612
- eISBN:
- 9780191595011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558612.003.0032
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Formal competencies are prescribed at all levels of training in an attempt to improve patient safety. Competencies often fail to scratch the surface of true professionalism. Ultimately, competence is ...
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Formal competencies are prescribed at all levels of training in an attempt to improve patient safety. Competencies often fail to scratch the surface of true professionalism. Ultimately, competence is the responsibility of the individual doctor. This chapter discusses the three pillars competence: knowledge, skills, and wisdom.Less
Formal competencies are prescribed at all levels of training in an attempt to improve patient safety. Competencies often fail to scratch the surface of true professionalism. Ultimately, competence is the responsibility of the individual doctor. This chapter discusses the three pillars competence: knowledge, skills, and wisdom.
Frank Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199282838
- eISBN:
- 9780191712487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282838.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter takes up an essential contention of deliberative democracy, namely the idea that citizens can improve their communicative competencies in ways that lead to self-transformative learning. ...
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This chapter takes up an essential contention of deliberative democracy, namely the idea that citizens can improve their communicative competencies in ways that lead to self-transformative learning. It explores this argument by examining the nature of critical social learning, in particular the way it turns on underlying assumptions and tacit understandings. Toward this end, the text employs theoretical contributions from the field of adult education, especially work on ‘transformational learning’ pioneered by theorists such as Freire and Mezirow. In the process, it speaks to the role of differences in deliberative theory — especially those related to culture, gender, class, or race — and their crucial function in the dialectical processes of argumentation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of tacit knowledge for expert practices and the facilitation of democratic dialogue.Less
This chapter takes up an essential contention of deliberative democracy, namely the idea that citizens can improve their communicative competencies in ways that lead to self-transformative learning. It explores this argument by examining the nature of critical social learning, in particular the way it turns on underlying assumptions and tacit understandings. Toward this end, the text employs theoretical contributions from the field of adult education, especially work on ‘transformational learning’ pioneered by theorists such as Freire and Mezirow. In the process, it speaks to the role of differences in deliberative theory — especially those related to culture, gender, class, or race — and their crucial function in the dialectical processes of argumentation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of tacit knowledge for expert practices and the facilitation of democratic dialogue.
Thomas Hafemeister
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479804856
- eISBN:
- 9781479850754
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479804856.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The American criminal justice system is based on the bedrock principles of fairness and justice for all. In striving to ensure that all criminal defendants are treated equally under the law, it ...
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The American criminal justice system is based on the bedrock principles of fairness and justice for all. In striving to ensure that all criminal defendants are treated equally under the law, it endeavors to handle like-cases in like-fashion, adhering to the proposition that the same rules and procedures should be employed regardless of a defendant’s wealth or poverty, social status, race, ethnicity, or gender. Yet, exceptions have been recognized when special circumstances are perceived to have driven a defendant’s behavior or are likely to skew the defendant’s trial. Examples include the right to act in self-defense and to be appointed an attorney if you cannot afford one. Another set of exceptions, but ones that are much more controversial, poorly articulated, and inconsistently applied, involves criminal defendants with a mental disorder. Some of these individuals are perceived to be less culpable, as well as less capable of exercising the rights all defendants retain within the justice system, more in need of mental health services than criminal prosecution, and warranting enhanced protections at trial. As a result, special rules and procedures have evolved over the centuries, often without fanfare and even today with little systematic examination, to be applied to cases involving defendants with a mental disorder. This book offers that systematic examination. It identifies the various stages of criminal justice proceedings when the mental status of a criminal defendant may be relevant, associated legal and policy issues, the history and evolution of these issues, how they are currently resolved, and how forensic mental health assessments are conducted and employed during criminal proceedings.Less
The American criminal justice system is based on the bedrock principles of fairness and justice for all. In striving to ensure that all criminal defendants are treated equally under the law, it endeavors to handle like-cases in like-fashion, adhering to the proposition that the same rules and procedures should be employed regardless of a defendant’s wealth or poverty, social status, race, ethnicity, or gender. Yet, exceptions have been recognized when special circumstances are perceived to have driven a defendant’s behavior or are likely to skew the defendant’s trial. Examples include the right to act in self-defense and to be appointed an attorney if you cannot afford one. Another set of exceptions, but ones that are much more controversial, poorly articulated, and inconsistently applied, involves criminal defendants with a mental disorder. Some of these individuals are perceived to be less culpable, as well as less capable of exercising the rights all defendants retain within the justice system, more in need of mental health services than criminal prosecution, and warranting enhanced protections at trial. As a result, special rules and procedures have evolved over the centuries, often without fanfare and even today with little systematic examination, to be applied to cases involving defendants with a mental disorder. This book offers that systematic examination. It identifies the various stages of criminal justice proceedings when the mental status of a criminal defendant may be relevant, associated legal and policy issues, the history and evolution of these issues, how they are currently resolved, and how forensic mental health assessments are conducted and employed during criminal proceedings.
Paul White and Jeff French
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550692
- eISBN:
- 9780191720413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550692.003.19
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews the skill base for individual and organizational competencies in social marketing. It highlights the issues contributing to the development of standards for social marketing; ...
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This chapter reviews the skill base for individual and organizational competencies in social marketing. It highlights the issues contributing to the development of standards for social marketing; provides an insight into the challenges of developing skills in social marketing, both as an integrated skill-set within other disciplines and as a dedicated capacity; sets out core competencies for social marketing; highlights the principles of ‘team competencies’ versus ‘individual competencies’; and examines the opportunities to integrate social marketing practice and principles into existing professional frameworks.Less
This chapter reviews the skill base for individual and organizational competencies in social marketing. It highlights the issues contributing to the development of standards for social marketing; provides an insight into the challenges of developing skills in social marketing, both as an integrated skill-set within other disciplines and as a dedicated capacity; sets out core competencies for social marketing; highlights the principles of ‘team competencies’ versus ‘individual competencies’; and examines the opportunities to integrate social marketing practice and principles into existing professional frameworks.
John Kay
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289883
- eISBN:
- 9780191718205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828988X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
‘Architecture’ is introduced as the first of the three primary sources of distinctive capabilities and it refers to a network of relationship contracts within, or around, the firm. It can be ...
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‘Architecture’ is introduced as the first of the three primary sources of distinctive capabilities and it refers to a network of relationship contracts within, or around, the firm. It can be subdivided into internal architecture (relationships with employees), external architecture (relationships with their suppliers and customers) and networks (relationships among a group of firms engaged in related activities). It adds value by helping create organizational knowledge and routines that enable the company to respond flexibly to changing circumstances and allows easy exchange of information. Note that such capabilities can only add value in a long‐term context, which penalizes opportunistic behaviour.Less
‘Architecture’ is introduced as the first of the three primary sources of distinctive capabilities and it refers to a network of relationship contracts within, or around, the firm. It can be subdivided into internal architecture (relationships with employees), external architecture (relationships with their suppliers and customers) and networks (relationships among a group of firms engaged in related activities). It adds value by helping create organizational knowledge and routines that enable the company to respond flexibly to changing circumstances and allows easy exchange of information. Note that such capabilities can only add value in a long‐term context, which penalizes opportunistic behaviour.
John Kay
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289883
- eISBN:
- 9780191718205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828988X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The second primary distinctive capability is ‘Reputation’, as it is the most important commercial mechanism for conveying information. Reputation can be costly to build, yet once established, it can ...
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The second primary distinctive capability is ‘Reputation’, as it is the most important commercial mechanism for conveying information. Reputation can be costly to build, yet once established, it can yield substantial added value, particularly in markets where the quality of the product is immediately observable.Less
The second primary distinctive capability is ‘Reputation’, as it is the most important commercial mechanism for conveying information. Reputation can be costly to build, yet once established, it can yield substantial added value, particularly in markets where the quality of the product is immediately observable.
Guerda Nicolas, Bridget Hirsch, and Clelia Beltrame
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter describes various social factors in the lives of Haitian women that intersect with the experience of depression. It presents an overview of socio-political influences on the health and ...
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This chapter describes various social factors in the lives of Haitian women that intersect with the experience of depression. It presents an overview of socio-political influences on the health and well-being of Haitian women, as well as an examination of various health-related beliefs and practices that shape the ways in which their physical and emotional problems are understood. The chapter traces the history of Haitian culture with a particular emphasis on the roles of women in social and political movements. Gender emerges as a complex and evolving variable in the lives of Haitians, especially within the context of women's participation in grassroots organizations and the movement toward democratization. Besides tracing the history and impact of social movements in Haiti, the chapter also uses the Multicultural Competency Model to demonstrate the association between culture and depression for Haitian women.Less
This chapter describes various social factors in the lives of Haitian women that intersect with the experience of depression. It presents an overview of socio-political influences on the health and well-being of Haitian women, as well as an examination of various health-related beliefs and practices that shape the ways in which their physical and emotional problems are understood. The chapter traces the history of Haitian culture with a particular emphasis on the roles of women in social and political movements. Gender emerges as a complex and evolving variable in the lives of Haitians, especially within the context of women's participation in grassroots organizations and the movement toward democratization. Besides tracing the history and impact of social movements in Haiti, the chapter also uses the Multicultural Competency Model to demonstrate the association between culture and depression for Haitian women.
Haroutune Armenian, Michael E. Thompson, and Jonathan Samet
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239481
- eISBN:
- 9780191716973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239481.003.030
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents a competency-based approach to education in epidemiology. The approach matches the active and applied nature of epidemiology, whether in the research or practice setting. It can ...
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This chapter presents a competency-based approach to education in epidemiology. The approach matches the active and applied nature of epidemiology, whether in the research or practice setting. It can facilitate overall curriculum planning and the tailoring of the curriculum to match not only the expectations of students and faculty, but of the work settings where the graduates will take positions. The availability of a listing of competencies can also facilitate evaluation, providing a clear message to students as to expectations, and a framework for the evaluation process, regardless of the approach.Less
This chapter presents a competency-based approach to education in epidemiology. The approach matches the active and applied nature of epidemiology, whether in the research or practice setting. It can facilitate overall curriculum planning and the tailoring of the curriculum to match not only the expectations of students and faculty, but of the work settings where the graduates will take positions. The availability of a listing of competencies can also facilitate evaluation, providing a clear message to students as to expectations, and a framework for the evaluation process, regardless of the approach.
Benjamin Coriat and Giovanni Dosi
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296041
- eISBN:
- 9780191596070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296045.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Highlights the specificity of organizational competencies and their routinized, inertial, and conflictual properties from the perspective of the individual firm, arguing that persistent and ...
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Highlights the specificity of organizational competencies and their routinized, inertial, and conflictual properties from the perspective of the individual firm, arguing that persistent and distinctive variation among firms can best be understood by taking these properties into account, but only after also taking account of the pervasive influence of institutions in different countries. The role of organizational routines in explaining firm differences is addressed; with the critical competencies of firms embodied in the operational routines, they are difficult to copy and their evolution is constrained by both the characteristics of the firm itself and the environment of the firm. This is designated ‘competence specificity’, where competencies are seen not only as involving problem‐solving and learning skills, but also as including skills and rules governing firm internal relationships; hence, there is also a dual role of organizational routines—as problem‐solving procedures, and as governance devices or mechanisms for coordination. The firm is then interpreted as a behavioural entity that must compromise between several different functions and activities; this complex picture is not reducible to viewing a firm simply as a nexus of contracts, instead, competencies and routines are viewed as co‐evolving with the environment in which they are embedded. Inertia is thus ‘built into’ this concept of the firm, and in prying open this ‘organizational black box’, the authors also indicate several avenues for future research.Less
Highlights the specificity of organizational competencies and their routinized, inertial, and conflictual properties from the perspective of the individual firm, arguing that persistent and distinctive variation among firms can best be understood by taking these properties into account, but only after also taking account of the pervasive influence of institutions in different countries. The role of organizational routines in explaining firm differences is addressed; with the critical competencies of firms embodied in the operational routines, they are difficult to copy and their evolution is constrained by both the characteristics of the firm itself and the environment of the firm. This is designated ‘competence specificity’, where competencies are seen not only as involving problem‐solving and learning skills, but also as including skills and rules governing firm internal relationships; hence, there is also a dual role of organizational routines—as problem‐solving procedures, and as governance devices or mechanisms for coordination. The firm is then interpreted as a behavioural entity that must compromise between several different functions and activities; this complex picture is not reducible to viewing a firm simply as a nexus of contracts, instead, competencies and routines are viewed as co‐evolving with the environment in which they are embedded. Inertia is thus ‘built into’ this concept of the firm, and in prying open this ‘organizational black box’, the authors also indicate several avenues for future research.
John Kay
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292227
- eISBN:
- 9780191596520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292228.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
“Architecture” is introduced as the basis of competitive advantage for many companies. It refers to a network of relationship contracts within, or around, the firm. It can be sub‐divided into ...
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“Architecture” is introduced as the basis of competitive advantage for many companies. It refers to a network of relationship contracts within, or around, the firm. It can be sub‐divided into internal architecture (relationships with employees), external architecture (relationships with their suppliers and customers) and networks (relationships among a group of firms engaged in related activities). It adds value by helping to create organizational knowledge and routines that enable the company to respond flexibly to changing circumstances and allow easy exchanges of information. Such capabilities can only add value in the context of a long‐term relationship, which penalizes opportunistic behaviour.Less
“Architecture” is introduced as the basis of competitive advantage for many companies. It refers to a network of relationship contracts within, or around, the firm. It can be sub‐divided into internal architecture (relationships with employees), external architecture (relationships with their suppliers and customers) and networks (relationships among a group of firms engaged in related activities). It adds value by helping to create organizational knowledge and routines that enable the company to respond flexibly to changing circumstances and allow easy exchanges of information. Such capabilities can only add value in the context of a long‐term relationship, which penalizes opportunistic behaviour.
