Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
A manufacturer of a product that transports, processes, and packages bulk materials with a pneumatic process sued a competing manufacturer that uses a screw process using the latter company's ...
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A manufacturer of a product that transports, processes, and packages bulk materials with a pneumatic process sued a competing manufacturer that uses a screw process using the latter company's advertising, which compared and evaluated the two methods, and charged that these advertisements constituted a deceptive trade practice. The plaintiff claimed that in these advertisements the defendant not only made false, misleading, and disparaging comments but also failed to reveal the industry data, studies, statistics, and other information that might substantiate its claims. Syntax analysis of these advertisements revealed that in these advertisements the verb tenses indicated that the defendant did not claim that comparisons with other types of conveyors were based on studies or tests. Semantic analysis of the word “ratings” conveys that this word indicates a subjective estimate or comparison, one not requiring research or tests. It also showed that the terms used in the comparisons (best, good, fair, poor, worst) are used regularly to indicate attitudes, beliefs, or dislikes, as opposed to the numerical, statistical measures of qualities that are used in reporting research findings.Less
A manufacturer of a product that transports, processes, and packages bulk materials with a pneumatic process sued a competing manufacturer that uses a screw process using the latter company's advertising, which compared and evaluated the two methods, and charged that these advertisements constituted a deceptive trade practice. The plaintiff claimed that in these advertisements the defendant not only made false, misleading, and disparaging comments but also failed to reveal the industry data, studies, statistics, and other information that might substantiate its claims. Syntax analysis of these advertisements revealed that in these advertisements the verb tenses indicated that the defendant did not claim that comparisons with other types of conveyors were based on studies or tests. Semantic analysis of the word “ratings” conveys that this word indicates a subjective estimate or comparison, one not requiring research or tests. It also showed that the terms used in the comparisons (best, good, fair, poor, worst) are used regularly to indicate attitudes, beliefs, or dislikes, as opposed to the numerical, statistical measures of qualities that are used in reporting research findings.
Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378351
- eISBN:
- 9780199864645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a ...
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Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.Less
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.
Matthew Clayton
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199268948
- eISBN:
- 9780191603693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199268940.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter sets out the liberal ideals of justice and legitimacy that form the basis of the conception of upbringing defended in later chapters. It begins with a summary of Rawls’s conception of ...
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This chapter sets out the liberal ideals of justice and legitimacy that form the basis of the conception of upbringing defended in later chapters. It begins with a summary of Rawls’s conception of political morality, then discusses the different dimensions of liberal autonomy and summarizes Rawls’s case for anti-perfectionist justice. Section 3 considers certain objections to Rawls’s political liberalism and against Rawls, asserting the view that autonomy should be treated as valuable in non-political lives. Section 4 sets out a conception of advantage with which to judge the demands of justice, drawing on Rawls’s account of the interests of citizens and Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme. Finally, the questions addressed in later chapters are clarified by reference to recent discussions of the issue of the site of political morality offered by G.A. Cohen and Andrew Williams.Less
This chapter sets out the liberal ideals of justice and legitimacy that form the basis of the conception of upbringing defended in later chapters. It begins with a summary of Rawls’s conception of political morality, then discusses the different dimensions of liberal autonomy and summarizes Rawls’s case for anti-perfectionist justice. Section 3 considers certain objections to Rawls’s political liberalism and against Rawls, asserting the view that autonomy should be treated as valuable in non-political lives. Section 4 sets out a conception of advantage with which to judge the demands of justice, drawing on Rawls’s account of the interests of citizens and Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme. Finally, the questions addressed in later chapters are clarified by reference to recent discussions of the issue of the site of political morality offered by G.A. Cohen and Andrew Williams.
Corinne G. Dempsey
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860333
- eISBN:
- 9780199919598
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860333.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Bringing the Sacred Down to Earth celebrates the merits of carefully contextualized comparison as an illuminating approach to the study of religion. Drawing from ethnographical work in ...
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Bringing the Sacred Down to Earth celebrates the merits of carefully contextualized comparison as an illuminating approach to the study of religion. Drawing from ethnographical work in several sites over a period of sixteen years, Dempsey juxtaposes Hindu and Christian, Indian and Euroamerican religious expressions that take shape as folklore figures, democratizing theologies, sanctified terrain, and extraordinary human abilities. She uncovers how these expressions, all of which lend sacred meaning and power to the material realities of religious participants, push against systems promoting otherworldly abstractions. The book’s comparison of these religious modes deepens insights into the qualities and interpretations of the earthbound sacred, sheds light on contours otherwise obscured, and suggests possibilities for bridging human contingencies across religious and cultural divides. The method and structure of this book represent a two-tiered rebuttal to two similarly constructed critiques. A complaint commonly lodged against comparison is that it imposes abstractions that erase culturally embedded realities. Critics of religion view religious systems as likewise imposing spiritualized conceptions that neglect earthly realities. As both sets of critics see it, scholarly comparison and religion, dictated from above, easily lend themselves to imperialistic structures of oppression. Unsurprisingly, as frameworks that name and claim varieties of power, both are often guilty as charged. Yet by comparing contextually across religious and cultural divides, this book demonstrates how practitioners variously engage with religious forms and experiences that meet earthly concerns and dismantle oppressive abstractions in the process.Less
Bringing the Sacred Down to Earth celebrates the merits of carefully contextualized comparison as an illuminating approach to the study of religion. Drawing from ethnographical work in several sites over a period of sixteen years, Dempsey juxtaposes Hindu and Christian, Indian and Euroamerican religious expressions that take shape as folklore figures, democratizing theologies, sanctified terrain, and extraordinary human abilities. She uncovers how these expressions, all of which lend sacred meaning and power to the material realities of religious participants, push against systems promoting otherworldly abstractions. The book’s comparison of these religious modes deepens insights into the qualities and interpretations of the earthbound sacred, sheds light on contours otherwise obscured, and suggests possibilities for bridging human contingencies across religious and cultural divides. The method and structure of this book represent a two-tiered rebuttal to two similarly constructed critiques. A complaint commonly lodged against comparison is that it imposes abstractions that erase culturally embedded realities. Critics of religion view religious systems as likewise imposing spiritualized conceptions that neglect earthly realities. As both sets of critics see it, scholarly comparison and religion, dictated from above, easily lend themselves to imperialistic structures of oppression. Unsurprisingly, as frameworks that name and claim varieties of power, both are often guilty as charged. Yet by comparing contextually across religious and cultural divides, this book demonstrates how practitioners variously engage with religious forms and experiences that meet earthly concerns and dismantle oppressive abstractions in the process.
Laurence Whitehead
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253289
- eISBN:
- 9780191600326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253285.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Opens with a brief consideration of some key questions of comparative method when applied to democratizations that are understood as long‐term, dynamic, and open‐ended processes. It then considers ...
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Opens with a brief consideration of some key questions of comparative method when applied to democratizations that are understood as long‐term, dynamic, and open‐ended processes. It then considers two alternative strategies of comparison that may be particularly appropriate for democratization studies. These are broad comparisons across large regions (such as continents) on the one hand and ‘paired’ national comparisons on the other.Less
Opens with a brief consideration of some key questions of comparative method when applied to democratizations that are understood as long‐term, dynamic, and open‐ended processes. It then considers two alternative strategies of comparison that may be particularly appropriate for democratization studies. These are broad comparisons across large regions (such as continents) on the one hand and ‘paired’ national comparisons on the other.
Rita Claes, René Schalk, and Jeroen de Jong
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542697
- eISBN:
- 9780191715389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542697.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
The study was designed to explore the impact of any country differences on the use of and impact of temporary employment contracts. In addition, data were collected from three broad sectors to ...
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The study was designed to explore the impact of any country differences on the use of and impact of temporary employment contracts. In addition, data were collected from three broad sectors to represent different types of work. This chapter reports the effects of country and sector on the results. A first step was to agree a number of relevant dimensions on which to compare countries and a number of institutional and cultural factors were identified. However comparison across the six European countries and Israel revealed rather few differences of the sort that might be expected to have an impact on temporary employment. Despite this, there are large national differences in the use of temporary workers. The statistical analysis of our survey data reveals that the amount of variation in outcomes that can be explained by the country or sector level is small. It rarely exceeded ten per cent and was generally overwhelmed by the much greater influence of factors at the organizational and workplace levels.Less
The study was designed to explore the impact of any country differences on the use of and impact of temporary employment contracts. In addition, data were collected from three broad sectors to represent different types of work. This chapter reports the effects of country and sector on the results. A first step was to agree a number of relevant dimensions on which to compare countries and a number of institutional and cultural factors were identified. However comparison across the six European countries and Israel revealed rather few differences of the sort that might be expected to have an impact on temporary employment. Despite this, there are large national differences in the use of temporary workers. The statistical analysis of our survey data reveals that the amount of variation in outcomes that can be explained by the country or sector level is small. It rarely exceeded ten per cent and was generally overwhelmed by the much greater influence of factors at the organizational and workplace levels.
Sydney Finkelstein, Donald C. Hambrick, and Albert A. Cannella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162073
- eISBN:
- 9780199867332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Research on the determinants of executive compensation has a very long tradition in a variety of academic fields. This chapter focuses on the key ideas that emerge from a review of this work, ...
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Research on the determinants of executive compensation has a very long tradition in a variety of academic fields. This chapter focuses on the key ideas that emerge from a review of this work, especially in the management literature. Executive pay is generally determined by economic factors, social factors, and political factors, each of which is examined in this chapter. Economic factors include size, performance, human capital, risk, and marginal product. Managerial discretion, discussed in Chapter 2, also plays a big role. Social factors tend to fall into three categories—institutional pressures, social comparison processes, and social capital—each of which suggests alternative predictors of executive compensation. Finally, political factors are very much about power. The chapter concludes with a short section on the compensation of general managers at a business-unit level.Less
Research on the determinants of executive compensation has a very long tradition in a variety of academic fields. This chapter focuses on the key ideas that emerge from a review of this work, especially in the management literature. Executive pay is generally determined by economic factors, social factors, and political factors, each of which is examined in this chapter. Economic factors include size, performance, human capital, risk, and marginal product. Managerial discretion, discussed in Chapter 2, also plays a big role. Social factors tend to fall into three categories—institutional pressures, social comparison processes, and social capital—each of which suggests alternative predictors of executive compensation. Finally, political factors are very much about power. The chapter concludes with a short section on the compensation of general managers at a business-unit level.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and ...
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This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and market or official exchange rates. The United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index is discussed.Less
This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and market or official exchange rates. The United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index is discussed.
Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199270712
- eISBN:
- 9780191603266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270716.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of ...
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This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of policy programmes are particularly suited for a systematic empirical welfare state analyses. Reviewing factors which impinged on policy change, it argues for a multi-causal accounts of change taking account of institutional variation and diverse actor constellation across welfare state programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the EU on national policy making which has been fairly modest in the three domains covered, but it likely to gain relevance in all of them.Less
This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of policy programmes are particularly suited for a systematic empirical welfare state analyses. Reviewing factors which impinged on policy change, it argues for a multi-causal accounts of change taking account of institutional variation and diverse actor constellation across welfare state programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the EU on national policy making which has been fairly modest in the three domains covered, but it likely to gain relevance in all of them.
Laurence Whitehead
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253289
- eISBN:
- 9780191600326
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253285.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Argues that democratization is best understood as a long‐term, dynamic, and open‐ended process extending over generations. Standard models of causal explanation, therefore, need to be supplemented by ...
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Argues that democratization is best understood as a long‐term, dynamic, and open‐ended process extending over generations. Standard models of causal explanation, therefore, need to be supplemented by more interpretative approaches. Basic questions of citizen security, the nature of public accountability, and the role of money as a source of political power need reconsideration. The book proposes a range of new perspectives on the complex linkages between democratization and state formation, on the logic of paired comparisons and comparisons between large regions of the world, and on the relationship between democratic ideals and ‘really existing’ democratic outcomes.Less
Argues that democratization is best understood as a long‐term, dynamic, and open‐ended process extending over generations. Standard models of causal explanation, therefore, need to be supplemented by more interpretative approaches. Basic questions of citizen security, the nature of public accountability, and the role of money as a source of political power need reconsideration. The book proposes a range of new perspectives on the complex linkages between democratization and state formation, on the logic of paired comparisons and comparisons between large regions of the world, and on the relationship between democratic ideals and ‘really existing’ democratic outcomes.
Richard Breen and Ruud Luijkx
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Presents the results of the comparative analyses of absolute mobility and social fluidity in 11 European countries covering the period 1970 to 2000. Findings are presented separately for men and for ...
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Presents the results of the comparative analyses of absolute mobility and social fluidity in 11 European countries covering the period 1970 to 2000. Findings are presented separately for men and for women. We find a marked convergence between countries in their patterns and rates of absolute social mobility. There is also a widespread tendency for class inequalities in mobility chances to diminish over time, though there remain quite substantial variations in this respect between countries.Less
Presents the results of the comparative analyses of absolute mobility and social fluidity in 11 European countries covering the period 1970 to 2000. Findings are presented separately for men and for women. We find a marked convergence between countries in their patterns and rates of absolute social mobility. There is also a widespread tendency for class inequalities in mobility chances to diminish over time, though there remain quite substantial variations in this respect between countries.
Susan J. Carroll and Debra J. Liebowitz
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293484
- eISBN:
- 9780191598944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293488.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter suggests general research needs and directions for research on women and American politics. The authors call upon researchers to think in more complicated ways about the category ...
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This chapter suggests general research needs and directions for research on women and American politics. The authors call upon researchers to think in more complicated ways about the category “women,” employ a more diverse range of research methods, expand existing conceptions of the “political,” conduct research that is relevant to activists as well as academics, and add a comparative perspective to their work.Less
This chapter suggests general research needs and directions for research on women and American politics. The authors call upon researchers to think in more complicated ways about the category “women,” employ a more diverse range of research methods, expand existing conceptions of the “political,” conduct research that is relevant to activists as well as academics, and add a comparative perspective to their work.
Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533206
- eISBN:
- 9780191714498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533206.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Comparison between cultures throws light on each one. It helps to explain similarities and divergences. To do so effectively, one needs to compare all relevant genres and periods. There has been no ...
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Comparison between cultures throws light on each one. It helps to explain similarities and divergences. To do so effectively, one needs to compare all relevant genres and periods. There has been no systematic comparison between Western, Islamic, and Byzantine political thought, at least since Weber. Political thought here includes both philosophical argument and everyday beliefs. Each of these cultures was monotheistic and neoplatonic, but they applied these features differently.Less
Comparison between cultures throws light on each one. It helps to explain similarities and divergences. To do so effectively, one needs to compare all relevant genres and periods. There has been no systematic comparison between Western, Islamic, and Byzantine political thought, at least since Weber. Political thought here includes both philosophical argument and everyday beliefs. Each of these cultures was monotheistic and neoplatonic, but they applied these features differently.
Peter Gottschalk
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195393019
- eISBN:
- 9780199979264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393019.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Religion scholar Jonathan Z. Smith identifies five modes of social comparison: the ethnographic, encyclopedic, morphologic, evolutionary, and statistical. Each mode essentially shapes the perception ...
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Religion scholar Jonathan Z. Smith identifies five modes of social comparison: the ethnographic, encyclopedic, morphologic, evolutionary, and statistical. Each mode essentially shapes the perception of difference and similarity. This is particularly evident in the hierarchies and teleologies that form central parts of some modes, often valuing the members of one category over another because they are “higher” or “more advanced.” These modes bear examination because each form of social or cultural knowledge operative in British India–or anywhere–necessarily depends on at least one of these modes.Less
Religion scholar Jonathan Z. Smith identifies five modes of social comparison: the ethnographic, encyclopedic, morphologic, evolutionary, and statistical. Each mode essentially shapes the perception of difference and similarity. This is particularly evident in the hierarchies and teleologies that form central parts of some modes, often valuing the members of one category over another because they are “higher” or “more advanced.” These modes bear examination because each form of social or cultural knowledge operative in British India–or anywhere–necessarily depends on at least one of these modes.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195178111
- eISBN:
- 9780199783670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter surveys the relevant bargaining theory, namely the Nash bargaining solution, the utilitarian bargaining solution, and the egalitarian bargaining solution. The importance of how ...
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This chapter surveys the relevant bargaining theory, namely the Nash bargaining solution, the utilitarian bargaining solution, and the egalitarian bargaining solution. The importance of how interpersonal comparisons of utility are made is emphasized.Less
This chapter surveys the relevant bargaining theory, namely the Nash bargaining solution, the utilitarian bargaining solution, and the egalitarian bargaining solution. The importance of how interpersonal comparisons of utility are made is emphasized.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195178111
- eISBN:
- 9780199783670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Sympathy refers to caring about another to some degree as one cares for oneself. Empathy refers to the capacity to put yourself in the position of others to see things from their point of view. ...
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Sympathy refers to caring about another to some degree as one cares for oneself. Empathy refers to the capacity to put yourself in the position of others to see things from their point of view. Empathetic preferences compare being one person in one situation with being another person in another situation. John Harsanyi showed that mild assumptions imply that to have empathetic preferences is the same thing as having rates at which the utility units of different people are to be traded off against one another. A consequence is that empathetic preferences have the same structure as Hamilton's rule, and so may have originated from strangers adopted into a clan being treated as surrogate kinfolk. But since empathetic preferences are cultural artifacts, they are subject to cultural evolution. The idea of an empathy equilibrium is introduced to capture the medium-run effects of such cultural evolution on empathetic preferences.Less
Sympathy refers to caring about another to some degree as one cares for oneself. Empathy refers to the capacity to put yourself in the position of others to see things from their point of view. Empathetic preferences compare being one person in one situation with being another person in another situation. John Harsanyi showed that mild assumptions imply that to have empathetic preferences is the same thing as having rates at which the utility units of different people are to be traded off against one another. A consequence is that empathetic preferences have the same structure as Hamilton's rule, and so may have originated from strangers adopted into a clan being treated as surrogate kinfolk. But since empathetic preferences are cultural artifacts, they are subject to cultural evolution. The idea of an empathy equilibrium is introduced to capture the medium-run effects of such cultural evolution on empathetic preferences.
Margit Tavits
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553327
- eISBN:
- 9780191721007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553327.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter applies alternative research methods to test the effect of direct elections on presidential activism. First, the Slovakian case offers a setting of a natural experiment because it ...
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This chapter applies alternative research methods to test the effect of direct elections on presidential activism. First, the Slovakian case offers a setting of a natural experiment because it changed its presidential election method from indirect to direct contest in 1998. Contrary to the conventional argument, the change did not induce the expected increase in presidential activism. This chapter also compares three pairs of otherwise similar countries one of which uses direct while the other indirect elections in order to determine whether the former have more active presidents. No such effect is detected. Rather, these comparisons further confirm the theory that political opportunity framework determines levels of presidential activism. Finally, this chapter considers other potential influences on presidents' involvement in politics, such as their personalities, specific historical circumstances, and the country's level of economic and democratic development. These alternative explanations do not find support.Less
This chapter applies alternative research methods to test the effect of direct elections on presidential activism. First, the Slovakian case offers a setting of a natural experiment because it changed its presidential election method from indirect to direct contest in 1998. Contrary to the conventional argument, the change did not induce the expected increase in presidential activism. This chapter also compares three pairs of otherwise similar countries one of which uses direct while the other indirect elections in order to determine whether the former have more active presidents. No such effect is detected. Rather, these comparisons further confirm the theory that political opportunity framework determines levels of presidential activism. Finally, this chapter considers other potential influences on presidents' involvement in politics, such as their personalities, specific historical circumstances, and the country's level of economic and democratic development. These alternative explanations do not find support.
Laurence Whitehead
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253289
- eISBN:
- 9780191600326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253285.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Provides a case study of the democratization of Chile viewed as an exemplary case, i.e. one that is not only of importance in itself, but is also instructional for comparativists with no special ...
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Provides a case study of the democratization of Chile viewed as an exemplary case, i.e. one that is not only of importance in itself, but is also instructional for comparativists with no special commitment to this particular instance. It draws from three main methods: theoretical reflection, structured comparison, and historical enquiry, all three of which can be combined. Among other specificities of the Chilean case, it highlights the redemocratization aspect of the Chilean experience, some peculiarities of the country's political class, and the Chilean view of the country's distinctive place in the world.Less
Provides a case study of the democratization of Chile viewed as an exemplary case, i.e. one that is not only of importance in itself, but is also instructional for comparativists with no special commitment to this particular instance. It draws from three main methods: theoretical reflection, structured comparison, and historical enquiry, all three of which can be combined. Among other specificities of the Chilean case, it highlights the redemocratization aspect of the Chilean experience, some peculiarities of the country's political class, and the Chilean view of the country's distinctive place in the world.
Ian Carter
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294535
- eISBN:
- 9780191598951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294530.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
If freedom’s non-specific value is sufficiently strong, then freedom should be considered one of the currencies of distributive justice. A theorist who affirms that freedom is one of the currencies ...
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If freedom’s non-specific value is sufficiently strong, then freedom should be considered one of the currencies of distributive justice. A theorist who affirms that freedom is one of the currencies of distributive justice can be said to affirm a freedom-based theory of justice. Given such a theory, the definition of freedom should itself be independent of that of justice, and thus a non-moralized definition. A freedom-based theory of justice can contain various alternative principles for the distribution of freedom, such as maximal freedom, equal freedom, maximal equal freedom and maximin freedom. These principles in turn make varying demands on our powers of measuring freedom in terms of the possibility of interpersonal comparisons, cardinality and unidimensionality.Less
If freedom’s non-specific value is sufficiently strong, then freedom should be considered one of the currencies of distributive justice. A theorist who affirms that freedom is one of the currencies of distributive justice can be said to affirm a freedom-based theory of justice. Given such a theory, the definition of freedom should itself be independent of that of justice, and thus a non-moralized definition. A freedom-based theory of justice can contain various alternative principles for the distribution of freedom, such as maximal freedom, equal freedom, maximal equal freedom and maximin freedom. These principles in turn make varying demands on our powers of measuring freedom in terms of the possibility of interpersonal comparisons, cardinality and unidimensionality.
Jean Blondel, Richard Sinnott, and Palle Svensson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293088
- eISBN:
- 9780191598814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293089.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Examines the cross‐country variations in turnout in European Parliament elections and of variations in the variables associated with turnout. Countries are considered in three groups—high turnout, ...
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Examines the cross‐country variations in turnout in European Parliament elections and of variations in the variables associated with turnout. Countries are considered in three groups—high turnout, medium turnout, and low turnout countries. Within the groups defined, each of the 12 member states is considered separately, paying due attention to the national, institutional, cultural, and political context.Less
Examines the cross‐country variations in turnout in European Parliament elections and of variations in the variables associated with turnout. Countries are considered in three groups—high turnout, medium turnout, and low turnout countries. Within the groups defined, each of the 12 member states is considered separately, paying due attention to the national, institutional, cultural, and political context.
