John S. Dryzek, David Downes, Christian Hunold, David Schlosberg, and Hans‐Kristian Hernes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249022
- eISBN:
- 9780191599095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249024.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
The analysis of the book is grounded in the comparative history of states and social movements. A focus on the environmental movement is explained and justified. States are classified into four ...
More
The analysis of the book is grounded in the comparative history of states and social movements. A focus on the environmental movement is explained and justified. States are classified into four different types in terms of the kind of interest representation they feature, with major consequences that are elaborated in the chapters that follow. Social movements take form in a context largely shaped by the state, so the story begins with a history of the state and its basic priorities. Core concepts such as the state, social movements, and civil society are explained, and the strategy of inquiry is outlined.Less
The analysis of the book is grounded in the comparative history of states and social movements. A focus on the environmental movement is explained and justified. States are classified into four different types in terms of the kind of interest representation they feature, with major consequences that are elaborated in the chapters that follow. Social movements take form in a context largely shaped by the state, so the story begins with a history of the state and its basic priorities. Core concepts such as the state, social movements, and civil society are explained, and the strategy of inquiry is outlined.
Leslie Hannah
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199226009
- eISBN:
- 9780191710315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226009.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The many errors and misjudgments in Alfred D. Chandler's Scale and Scope derive from its framing in an established Anglo-American Whig-Progressive misinterpretation of business and technological ...
More
The many errors and misjudgments in Alfred D. Chandler's Scale and Scope derive from its framing in an established Anglo-American Whig-Progressive misinterpretation of business and technological history. Case studies of copper and tobacco show that his narratives of global oligopolistic competition in these industries require complete inversion: his alleged successes are more appropriately cast as failures and vice-versa. Such cases are not unique, but representative. His central propositions — that the British were rarely capable of building efficient managerial hierarchies, distinctively preferred family to professional management and headquartered proportionately fewer persistent global industrial oligopolists than both Germany and the United States — have all been comprehensively falsified. Further progress in internationally comparative business history requires a return to the higher standards of Chandler's earlier work and more disciplined quantification of comparisons conceived without the bias of hindsight.Less
The many errors and misjudgments in Alfred D. Chandler's Scale and Scope derive from its framing in an established Anglo-American Whig-Progressive misinterpretation of business and technological history. Case studies of copper and tobacco show that his narratives of global oligopolistic competition in these industries require complete inversion: his alleged successes are more appropriately cast as failures and vice-versa. Such cases are not unique, but representative. His central propositions — that the British were rarely capable of building efficient managerial hierarchies, distinctively preferred family to professional management and headquartered proportionately fewer persistent global industrial oligopolists than both Germany and the United States — have all been comprehensively falsified. Further progress in internationally comparative business history requires a return to the higher standards of Chandler's earlier work and more disciplined quantification of comparisons conceived without the bias of hindsight.
Prasannan Parthasarathi
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265321
- eISBN:
- 9780191760495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265321.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
The methods of comparative history pose an analytic focus for global history. Comparison must analyse not just one or two, but multiple paths of economic and historical development in the early ...
More
The methods of comparative history pose an analytic focus for global history. Comparison must analyse not just one or two, but multiple paths of economic and historical development in the early modern world. Comparison must reach beyond the stereotypes of a dynamic Europe and stagnant Asia to show the strikingly different needs and imperatives leading towards different paths of economic and technological change.Less
The methods of comparative history pose an analytic focus for global history. Comparison must analyse not just one or two, but multiple paths of economic and historical development in the early modern world. Comparison must reach beyond the stereotypes of a dynamic Europe and stagnant Asia to show the strikingly different needs and imperatives leading towards different paths of economic and technological change.
Martin Goodman
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263876
- eISBN:
- 9780191682674
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263876.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion in the Ancient World, Judaism
This book tackles a central problem of Jewish and comparative religious history: proselytization and the origins of mission in the Early Church. Why did some individuals in the first four centuries ...
More
This book tackles a central problem of Jewish and comparative religious history: proselytization and the origins of mission in the Early Church. Why did some individuals in the first four centuries of the Christian era believe it desirable to persuade as many outsiders as possible to join their religious group, while others did not? In this book, the author offers a new explanation of the origins of mission in this period, arguing that mission is not an inherent religious instinct, that in antiquity it was found only sporadically among Jews and pagans, and that even Christians rarely stressed its importance in the early centuries. In the first half of the book, he makes a detailed and radical re-evaluation of the evidence for Jewish missionary attitudes in the late Second Temple and Talmudic periods, overturning many commonly held assumptions about the history of Judaism, in particular the view that Jews proselytized energetically in the first century AD. This leads the author on to take issue with the common notion that the early Christian mission to the gentiles imitated or competed with contemporary Jews. Finally, the author puts forward some novel suggestions as to how the Jewish background to Christianity may nonetheless have contributed to the enthusiastic adoption of universal proselytization by some followers of Jesus in the apostolic age.Less
This book tackles a central problem of Jewish and comparative religious history: proselytization and the origins of mission in the Early Church. Why did some individuals in the first four centuries of the Christian era believe it desirable to persuade as many outsiders as possible to join their religious group, while others did not? In this book, the author offers a new explanation of the origins of mission in this period, arguing that mission is not an inherent religious instinct, that in antiquity it was found only sporadically among Jews and pagans, and that even Christians rarely stressed its importance in the early centuries. In the first half of the book, he makes a detailed and radical re-evaluation of the evidence for Jewish missionary attitudes in the late Second Temple and Talmudic periods, overturning many commonly held assumptions about the history of Judaism, in particular the view that Jews proselytized energetically in the first century AD. This leads the author on to take issue with the common notion that the early Christian mission to the gentiles imitated or competed with contemporary Jews. Finally, the author puts forward some novel suggestions as to how the Jewish background to Christianity may nonetheless have contributed to the enthusiastic adoption of universal proselytization by some followers of Jesus in the apostolic age.
Monika Baár
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581184.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The introductory chapter defines the book's major aim, which lies in investigating the life‐work of five historians in comparative and transnational perspective and ascertaining their place in the ...
More
The introductory chapter defines the book's major aim, which lies in investigating the life‐work of five historians in comparative and transnational perspective and ascertaining their place in the intellectual landscape of nineteenth‐century historiography. They are: Joachim Lelewel (Polish, 1786–1861), Simonas Daukantas (Lithuanian, 1793–1864), František Palacký (Czech, 1798–1876), Mihály Horváth (Hungarian, 1804–78), Mihail Kogălniceanu (Romanian, 1818–91). The chapter surveys existing literature and identifies a gap in historiographical literature that exists between large‐scale general accounts and individual case studies and defines the book's scope between these two categories. It takes issue with the widely held view that smaller and marginal historical traditions were necessarily ‘backward’ and thus incapable of producing worthwhile contributions. It also challenges other established perceptions regarding the differences between nationalism in Western and Eastern Europe, especially with the view that intense political engagement was a trait peculiar to historians of Eastern Europe. It then goes on to address the methodological difficulties inherent in transnational comparison and, finally, introduces the major themes of the book.Less
The introductory chapter defines the book's major aim, which lies in investigating the life‐work of five historians in comparative and transnational perspective and ascertaining their place in the intellectual landscape of nineteenth‐century historiography. They are: Joachim Lelewel (Polish, 1786–1861), Simonas Daukantas (Lithuanian, 1793–1864), František Palacký (Czech, 1798–1876), Mihály Horváth (Hungarian, 1804–78), Mihail Kogălniceanu (Romanian, 1818–91). The chapter surveys existing literature and identifies a gap in historiographical literature that exists between large‐scale general accounts and individual case studies and defines the book's scope between these two categories. It takes issue with the widely held view that smaller and marginal historical traditions were necessarily ‘backward’ and thus incapable of producing worthwhile contributions. It also challenges other established perceptions regarding the differences between nationalism in Western and Eastern Europe, especially with the view that intense political engagement was a trait peculiar to historians of Eastern Europe. It then goes on to address the methodological difficulties inherent in transnational comparison and, finally, introduces the major themes of the book.
F. E. Peters
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199747467
- eISBN:
- 9780199894796
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199747467.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
After thirty years of research and publishing on the monotheistic faiths, the author turns here to a comparative study of the founders of Christianity and Islam. Jesus and Muhammad, as two of the ...
More
After thirty years of research and publishing on the monotheistic faiths, the author turns here to a comparative study of the founders of Christianity and Islam. Jesus and Muhammad, as two of the most important figures in human history, have also been among the most studied. Their followers “found” both men in their lifetimes, but it was only in the nineteenth century that the search for the “historical Jesus” and, soon after, for the Prophet of Islam began. The resultant “quest,” as it was called, has proven to be a virtual laboratory for Western historiography. This book looks into that laboratory. First it puts the sources for the two side by side and traces the historians’ parallel efforts to understand the men behind the sources. But comparative historiography leads inevitably to comparative history, and the bulk of the work is devoted to a side-by-side study of the remarkable careers of Jesus of Nazareth and Muhammad of Mecca.Less
After thirty years of research and publishing on the monotheistic faiths, the author turns here to a comparative study of the founders of Christianity and Islam. Jesus and Muhammad, as two of the most important figures in human history, have also been among the most studied. Their followers “found” both men in their lifetimes, but it was only in the nineteenth century that the search for the “historical Jesus” and, soon after, for the Prophet of Islam began. The resultant “quest,” as it was called, has proven to be a virtual laboratory for Western historiography. This book looks into that laboratory. First it puts the sources for the two side by side and traces the historians’ parallel efforts to understand the men behind the sources. But comparative historiography leads inevitably to comparative history, and the bulk of the work is devoted to a side-by-side study of the remarkable careers of Jesus of Nazareth and Muhammad of Mecca.
Matthews James
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655748
- eISBN:
- 9780199949953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655748.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter is a conceptual and methodological introduction to the book. It examines the enduring interest in the Spanish Civil War from both an academic and popular perspective, and charts the ...
More
This chapter is a conceptual and methodological introduction to the book. It examines the enduring interest in the Spanish Civil War from both an academic and popular perspective, and charts the development of military history to include studies of people at war at the lowest level. In this light, conscripts had a degree of agency, rather than as acting simply as pawns within a rigid military apparatus. The chapter also places the study of conscription within the existing historiography of the Spanish Civil War and elucidates on the scope and purpose of carrying out a comparative study. Finally, it introduces the sources used for this study and examines their strengths and limitations.Less
This chapter is a conceptual and methodological introduction to the book. It examines the enduring interest in the Spanish Civil War from both an academic and popular perspective, and charts the development of military history to include studies of people at war at the lowest level. In this light, conscripts had a degree of agency, rather than as acting simply as pawns within a rigid military apparatus. The chapter also places the study of conscription within the existing historiography of the Spanish Civil War and elucidates on the scope and purpose of carrying out a comparative study. Finally, it introduces the sources used for this study and examines their strengths and limitations.
Stefan Berger
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205005
- eISBN:
- 9780191676451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205005.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to provide a historical comparison of the British Labour Party and the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) during the period from 1900 to ...
More
This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to provide a historical comparison of the British Labour Party and the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) during the period from 1900 to 1931. This book explains the methods of comparison and discusses arguments about the essential differences between the British and the German labour movement. It also explains the potential pitfalls of conducting comparative historical studies of nation-states.Less
This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to provide a historical comparison of the British Labour Party and the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) during the period from 1900 to 1931. This book explains the methods of comparison and discusses arguments about the essential differences between the British and the German labour movement. It also explains the potential pitfalls of conducting comparative historical studies of nation-states.
J. R. McNeill
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199768677
- eISBN:
- 9780199979608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768677.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter is a global and comparative analysis of the Middle East and North Africa's environmental history. It argues that three distinct features—termed “eccentricities"—help to explain the ...
More
This chapter is a global and comparative analysis of the Middle East and North Africa's environmental history. It argues that three distinct features—termed “eccentricities"—help to explain the particular environmental history of the region. These eccentricities are in the realms of water, grass, and energy. The eccentricities of the Middle East and North Africa with respect to water include both the obvious shortage of fresh water in much of the region, and the less-noticed distinct and beneficial geography of saltwater seas, gulfs, and bays. The eccentricity of grass in the region derives mainly from the fact that grasslands exist in a complex quilt pattern rather than in huge expanses. Finally, the eccentricities of energy in the Middle East and North Africa reside in the region's long reliance on biomass and animals, its minimal resort to coal, and its near-total refashioning in the age of cheap oil.Less
This chapter is a global and comparative analysis of the Middle East and North Africa's environmental history. It argues that three distinct features—termed “eccentricities"—help to explain the particular environmental history of the region. These eccentricities are in the realms of water, grass, and energy. The eccentricities of the Middle East and North Africa with respect to water include both the obvious shortage of fresh water in much of the region, and the less-noticed distinct and beneficial geography of saltwater seas, gulfs, and bays. The eccentricity of grass in the region derives mainly from the fact that grasslands exist in a complex quilt pattern rather than in huge expanses. Finally, the eccentricities of energy in the Middle East and North Africa reside in the region's long reliance on biomass and animals, its minimal resort to coal, and its near-total refashioning in the age of cheap oil.
Keith Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263204
- eISBN:
- 9780191734205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263204.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
The large oeuvre of Gerald Aylmer, a historian of 17th-century England, can be divided into five main categories. First, there are the occasional studies which were stimulated by the institutions, ...
More
The large oeuvre of Gerald Aylmer, a historian of 17th-century England, can be divided into five main categories. First, there are the occasional studies which were stimulated by the institutions, people and places he encountered. The second category of Gerald's writings stems from his interest in 17th-century radicalism, the aspect of the period with which, like Christopher Hill, he was most warmly in sympathy. Thirdly, there are his general interpretative writings on the 17th century, notably the two text-books, The Struggle for the Constitution and Rebellion or Revolution? Fourthly, there are his essays in comparative history. Although never claiming any expertise outside the history of England, Ireland and colonial America, Gerald was always keen to set his findings into a larger picture. Finally, there is the work for which Gerald Aylmer will be longest remembered, namely his trilogy on 17th-century office-holders.Less
The large oeuvre of Gerald Aylmer, a historian of 17th-century England, can be divided into five main categories. First, there are the occasional studies which were stimulated by the institutions, people and places he encountered. The second category of Gerald's writings stems from his interest in 17th-century radicalism, the aspect of the period with which, like Christopher Hill, he was most warmly in sympathy. Thirdly, there are his general interpretative writings on the 17th century, notably the two text-books, The Struggle for the Constitution and Rebellion or Revolution? Fourthly, there are his essays in comparative history. Although never claiming any expertise outside the history of England, Ireland and colonial America, Gerald was always keen to set his findings into a larger picture. Finally, there is the work for which Gerald Aylmer will be longest remembered, namely his trilogy on 17th-century office-holders.
Alan Mikhail (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199768677
- eISBN:
- 9780199979608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768677.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter introduces the field of Middle East environmental history. It begins by discussing an older geophysical and biological literature that has set the stage for this book. It then points to ...
More
This chapter introduces the field of Middle East environmental history. It begins by discussing an older geophysical and biological literature that has set the stage for this book. It then points to what global environmental historians stand to gain from a consideration of the Middle East and North Africa's ecological past: knowledge of how one of the central regions of Eurasian history fits into global patterns of trade and commerce, the ability to test out theories of environmental change in a region that affords one of the longest documentary records of any on earth, and an understanding of how the cultural traditions of the Middle East and North Africa engaged with nature and environmental processes. This chapter then takes the opposite perspective to explain how Middle East Studies can benefit from adopting some of the methodologies of environmental history. The benefits include breaking out of traditional understandings of periodization and geographic demarcation; including new actors in the historiography of the field; and thinking in new ways about major debates in Middle East Studies, such as imperial decline in the early modern period or the politics of oil in the twentieth century.Less
This chapter introduces the field of Middle East environmental history. It begins by discussing an older geophysical and biological literature that has set the stage for this book. It then points to what global environmental historians stand to gain from a consideration of the Middle East and North Africa's ecological past: knowledge of how one of the central regions of Eurasian history fits into global patterns of trade and commerce, the ability to test out theories of environmental change in a region that affords one of the longest documentary records of any on earth, and an understanding of how the cultural traditions of the Middle East and North Africa engaged with nature and environmental processes. This chapter then takes the opposite perspective to explain how Middle East Studies can benefit from adopting some of the methodologies of environmental history. The benefits include breaking out of traditional understandings of periodization and geographic demarcation; including new actors in the historiography of the field; and thinking in new ways about major debates in Middle East Studies, such as imperial decline in the early modern period or the politics of oil in the twentieth century.
Greg Patmore and Shelton Stromquist (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041839
- eISBN:
- 9780252050503
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041839.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Australia and the United States have long been recognized as fertile fields for comparative history. Both the United States and the Australian colonies were “frontier societies” with considerable ...
More
Australia and the United States have long been recognized as fertile fields for comparative history. Both the United States and the Australian colonies were “frontier societies” with considerable natural resources and without a feudal heritage. Despite their similarities, the histories of Australia and the United States are also marked by striking divergences, notably in the composition of their working classes, their labor relations, and their politics. The essays in this volume break new ground in comparative and transnational history. Together they offer considerable evidence to support the general proposition that despite similarities in the development of their economies and in fabric of their democratic institutions, the labor histories of Australia and the United States manifest notable differences. The essays in this volume make significant contributions to understanding the comparative aspects of Australian and US labor history in five areas specifically. They examine the divergent impact of the Great War on the fortunes of labor and socialist movements, the history of coerced labor, patterns of ethnic and class identification, the forms of working-class collective action and institution building, and struggles over trade union democracy and the viability of independent working-class politics. Additionally, several essays explore the ways in which radical labor and political activists from both countries developed transnational ties that cross-fertilized their respective trade union and political cultures.Less
Australia and the United States have long been recognized as fertile fields for comparative history. Both the United States and the Australian colonies were “frontier societies” with considerable natural resources and without a feudal heritage. Despite their similarities, the histories of Australia and the United States are also marked by striking divergences, notably in the composition of their working classes, their labor relations, and their politics. The essays in this volume break new ground in comparative and transnational history. Together they offer considerable evidence to support the general proposition that despite similarities in the development of their economies and in fabric of their democratic institutions, the labor histories of Australia and the United States manifest notable differences. The essays in this volume make significant contributions to understanding the comparative aspects of Australian and US labor history in five areas specifically. They examine the divergent impact of the Great War on the fortunes of labor and socialist movements, the history of coerced labor, patterns of ethnic and class identification, the forms of working-class collective action and institution building, and struggles over trade union democracy and the viability of independent working-class politics. Additionally, several essays explore the ways in which radical labor and political activists from both countries developed transnational ties that cross-fertilized their respective trade union and political cultures.
Laura Jockusch
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199764556
- eISBN:
- 9780199979578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764556.003.0000
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Historiography
The Introduction leads into the transnational phenomenon of early Jewish Holocaust research by discussing a 1947 conference of Jewish historical commissions and documentation centers in Paris. Most ...
More
The Introduction leads into the transnational phenomenon of early Jewish Holocaust research by discussing a 1947 conference of Jewish historical commissions and documentation centers in Paris. Most of the book’s protagonists were present at this meeting and discussed the major issues relating to the documentation work, all of which will reappear in the book’s subsequent chapters: the purpose and usage of Holocaust documentation, the value of victim and perpetrator sources, research methods and audience, and the question of whether, given their traumatic experience, survivors were capable of historical “objectivity.” Surveying the existing scholarly literature on the topic, the introduction then situates the book within the larger fields of post-1945 European and Jewish histories and Holocaust studies which in recent years began to focus on the aftermath of the Second World War. It elaborates on this study’s innovative take and lays out its method of comparative history, its sources, and research questions.Less
The Introduction leads into the transnational phenomenon of early Jewish Holocaust research by discussing a 1947 conference of Jewish historical commissions and documentation centers in Paris. Most of the book’s protagonists were present at this meeting and discussed the major issues relating to the documentation work, all of which will reappear in the book’s subsequent chapters: the purpose and usage of Holocaust documentation, the value of victim and perpetrator sources, research methods and audience, and the question of whether, given their traumatic experience, survivors were capable of historical “objectivity.” Surveying the existing scholarly literature on the topic, the introduction then situates the book within the larger fields of post-1945 European and Jewish histories and Holocaust studies which in recent years began to focus on the aftermath of the Second World War. It elaborates on this study’s innovative take and lays out its method of comparative history, its sources, and research questions.
Neville Kirk
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781786940094
- eISBN:
- 9781786944269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781786940094.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Part One, comprising of two chapters, sets the particular case of Mann and Ross in its relevant transnational and, to a lesser extent, comparative and global contexts. Chapter One is methodological ...
More
Part One, comprising of two chapters, sets the particular case of Mann and Ross in its relevant transnational and, to a lesser extent, comparative and global contexts. Chapter One is methodological and historiographical in character. It first traces the development of labour history. It then turns to consider the books key definitions and usages: transnationalism; globalisation; comparative history. This involves both a critical survey of the relevant literature and an explication of my approach and usage. The final section of the chapter explores the development, strengths and weaknesses and potential of transnational historyLess
Part One, comprising of two chapters, sets the particular case of Mann and Ross in its relevant transnational and, to a lesser extent, comparative and global contexts. Chapter One is methodological and historiographical in character. It first traces the development of labour history. It then turns to consider the books key definitions and usages: transnationalism; globalisation; comparative history. This involves both a critical survey of the relevant literature and an explication of my approach and usage. The final section of the chapter explores the development, strengths and weaknesses and potential of transnational history
Laura Jockusch
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199764556
- eISBN:
- 9780199979578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764556.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Historiography
This chapter returns to the 1947 Holocaust conference in Paris and explores the interaction of the Jewish historical commissions and documentation centers with one another and with the YIVO Institute ...
More
This chapter returns to the 1947 Holocaust conference in Paris and explores the interaction of the Jewish historical commissions and documentation centers with one another and with the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York and Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Delegates from Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Israel, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and the United States debated common goals and methods while attempting to organize a European team to research and document the Holocaust globally and in comparative perspective. Ultimately, the endeavor to coordinate research across national borders and write comparative history on the Holocaust did not succeed due to internal divisions among the researchers and the growing political divide between east and west. Nevertheless, the conference demonstrated the sophistication and sensitivity of survivors’ early postwar Holocaust documentation and served as a starting point for many later methodological and ideological debates regarding the sources, audience, and purpose of Holocaust historiography.Less
This chapter returns to the 1947 Holocaust conference in Paris and explores the interaction of the Jewish historical commissions and documentation centers with one another and with the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York and Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Delegates from Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Israel, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and the United States debated common goals and methods while attempting to organize a European team to research and document the Holocaust globally and in comparative perspective. Ultimately, the endeavor to coordinate research across national borders and write comparative history on the Holocaust did not succeed due to internal divisions among the researchers and the growing political divide between east and west. Nevertheless, the conference demonstrated the sophistication and sensitivity of survivors’ early postwar Holocaust documentation and served as a starting point for many later methodological and ideological debates regarding the sources, audience, and purpose of Holocaust historiography.
Richard W. Bulliet
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199768677
- eISBN:
- 9780199979608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768677.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter proposes that geographic, macroeconomic, and technological factors that came into play after the twelfth century created, or greatly enhanced, a disequilibrium between Europe and the ...
More
This chapter proposes that geographic, macroeconomic, and technological factors that came into play after the twelfth century created, or greatly enhanced, a disequilibrium between Europe and the Middle East and North Africa. Europe experienced rapid population growth that increased demand for grain. Sustaining the human population took precedence over growing animal fodder, and this inflated the costs of using draft animals as a power source. These two developments intersected in an explosive growth in watermills and, to a lesser extent, windmills. A new social class thus emerged in Europe: millers operating water- or wind-driven machinery. In the Middle East and North Africa, an abundance of cheap, and often free, grazing kept the cost of animal power down regardless of fluctuations in the human population. Horses, oxen, mules, and donkeys could operate mills and other productive mechanical devices quite efficiently with minimal capitalization. As a result, the social class of millers that spurred Europe's economic growth never made an appearance in the Middle East, and the region therefore suffered a relative long-term lack of entrepreneurship, technical innovation, and accumulation of industrial capital.Less
This chapter proposes that geographic, macroeconomic, and technological factors that came into play after the twelfth century created, or greatly enhanced, a disequilibrium between Europe and the Middle East and North Africa. Europe experienced rapid population growth that increased demand for grain. Sustaining the human population took precedence over growing animal fodder, and this inflated the costs of using draft animals as a power source. These two developments intersected in an explosive growth in watermills and, to a lesser extent, windmills. A new social class thus emerged in Europe: millers operating water- or wind-driven machinery. In the Middle East and North Africa, an abundance of cheap, and often free, grazing kept the cost of animal power down regardless of fluctuations in the human population. Horses, oxen, mules, and donkeys could operate mills and other productive mechanical devices quite efficiently with minimal capitalization. As a result, the social class of millers that spurred Europe's economic growth never made an appearance in the Middle East, and the region therefore suffered a relative long-term lack of entrepreneurship, technical innovation, and accumulation of industrial capital.
Matthew Broad
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786940483
- eISBN:
- 9781786945020
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781786940483.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
In 1958, Britain and Denmark both advocated closer European cooperation through the looser framework of the Free Trade Area (FTA) rather than membership of the nascent European Economic Community ...
More
In 1958, Britain and Denmark both advocated closer European cooperation through the looser framework of the Free Trade Area (FTA) rather than membership of the nascent European Economic Community (EEC). By 1972, however, the situation had changed drastically. The FTA was a long-forgotten concept. Its replacement, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), was deemed economically and politically inept. Now, at the third time of asking, both countries were on the verge of joining the EEC as full members. This book offers a compelling comparative analysis of how the European policies of the British Labour Party and the Danish Social Democrats (SD) evolved amid this environment. Based on material from twelve archives in four countries, it updates our knowledge of how the parties reacted to key moments in the integration process, including the formative stages of the EEC in 1958–60 and the negotiations for British and Danish EEC membership in 1961–63, 1967 and 1970–72. More innovatively, this book argues that, amid an array of national and international constraints, the reciprocal influence exerted by Labour and the SD on each other via informal party contacts was itself a crucial determinant in their European policymaking. In so doing, this work sheds light on the sources of Labour European thinking, the role of small states like Denmark in the European integration process, and the place of Anglo-Scandinavian relations in the broader story of contemporary British foreign policy.Less
In 1958, Britain and Denmark both advocated closer European cooperation through the looser framework of the Free Trade Area (FTA) rather than membership of the nascent European Economic Community (EEC). By 1972, however, the situation had changed drastically. The FTA was a long-forgotten concept. Its replacement, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), was deemed economically and politically inept. Now, at the third time of asking, both countries were on the verge of joining the EEC as full members. This book offers a compelling comparative analysis of how the European policies of the British Labour Party and the Danish Social Democrats (SD) evolved amid this environment. Based on material from twelve archives in four countries, it updates our knowledge of how the parties reacted to key moments in the integration process, including the formative stages of the EEC in 1958–60 and the negotiations for British and Danish EEC membership in 1961–63, 1967 and 1970–72. More innovatively, this book argues that, amid an array of national and international constraints, the reciprocal influence exerted by Labour and the SD on each other via informal party contacts was itself a crucial determinant in their European policymaking. In so doing, this work sheds light on the sources of Labour European thinking, the role of small states like Denmark in the European integration process, and the place of Anglo-Scandinavian relations in the broader story of contemporary British foreign policy.
Alexander Morrison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547371
- eISBN:
- 9780191720710
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547371.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book studies the colonial administration created by the Russians in Central Asia after 1865, focusing on the city of Samarkand and its hinterland in the Zarafshan Valley. Throughout the book ...
More
This book studies the colonial administration created by the Russians in Central Asia after 1865, focusing on the city of Samarkand and its hinterland in the Zarafshan Valley. Throughout the book comparisons are made with British Rule in India, most commonly Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, and other largely Muslim areas, in an attempt to establish which aspects of Russian colonial rule in Central Asia were peculiarly and distinctively Russian, and which resemble those of the other European Empires. Based on archival research in Tashkent, Moscow, St Petersburg, and Delhi, it makes extensive use of the rich resources of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan.Less
This book studies the colonial administration created by the Russians in Central Asia after 1865, focusing on the city of Samarkand and its hinterland in the Zarafshan Valley. Throughout the book comparisons are made with British Rule in India, most commonly Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, and other largely Muslim areas, in an attempt to establish which aspects of Russian colonial rule in Central Asia were peculiarly and distinctively Russian, and which resemble those of the other European Empires. Based on archival research in Tashkent, Moscow, St Petersburg, and Delhi, it makes extensive use of the rich resources of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
David Goodman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195394085
- eISBN:
- 9780199894383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394085.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, Popular
The passage of the 1934 Communications Act was a decisive but qualified defeat for the radio reformers who favored alternatives to commercial radio (and often admired the BBC). Public interest ...
More
The passage of the 1934 Communications Act was a decisive but qualified defeat for the radio reformers who favored alternatives to commercial radio (and often admired the BBC). Public interest regulation had effects, and there was far more high cultural, educational and civic programming on American radio after 1934 than the commercial broadcasters left alone would have provided. In a comparative broadcasting history perspective, the American network broadcasters (NBC, CBS) can be seen as struggling to combine public service broadcasting functions with the profitable sale of entertainment. James Rowland Angell's public service broadcasting work at NBC exemplified these tensions. The broadcasters portrayed national choices about broadcasting policy as between two stark alternatives – free radio or complete state control. That obscured the many effective hybrids and compromises that other nations found satisfactory, but also the distinguished history of government broadcasting in the US – exemplified by the Department of Agriculture's radio activities.Less
The passage of the 1934 Communications Act was a decisive but qualified defeat for the radio reformers who favored alternatives to commercial radio (and often admired the BBC). Public interest regulation had effects, and there was far more high cultural, educational and civic programming on American radio after 1934 than the commercial broadcasters left alone would have provided. In a comparative broadcasting history perspective, the American network broadcasters (NBC, CBS) can be seen as struggling to combine public service broadcasting functions with the profitable sale of entertainment. James Rowland Angell's public service broadcasting work at NBC exemplified these tensions. The broadcasters portrayed national choices about broadcasting policy as between two stark alternatives – free radio or complete state control. That obscured the many effective hybrids and compromises that other nations found satisfactory, but also the distinguished history of government broadcasting in the US – exemplified by the Department of Agriculture's radio activities.
Stephanie Ward
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719086809
- eISBN:
- 9781781705995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086809.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies ...
More
This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies of unemployed protest movements. The case for the value of regional comparative histories as a way of exploring the history of the depression is made. The regions of south Wales and the north-east of England are introduced. One of the purposes of the book is to compare the protests of the unemployed. To this end, the nature of industrialisation, work practices, trade unionism, political culture and gender relations within south Wales and the north-east are compared. The major themes of the work and the importance of examining the means test are outlined.Less
This chapter serves as an historiographical introduction to the major themes of the book. It provides a critique of the historiography of the interwar depression and examines the evolution of studies of unemployed protest movements. The case for the value of regional comparative histories as a way of exploring the history of the depression is made. The regions of south Wales and the north-east of England are introduced. One of the purposes of the book is to compare the protests of the unemployed. To this end, the nature of industrialisation, work practices, trade unionism, political culture and gender relations within south Wales and the north-east are compared. The major themes of the work and the importance of examining the means test are outlined.
