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Nearly all conservation and extinction research focuses on vertebrates and plants, but most organisms on earth are poorly studied or undescribed invertebrates, the majority of which are parasites or commensals. However, very little remains known about invertebrate coextinctions following the extinction of host species. The limited empirical evidence for recent host-affiliate coextinctions and extinction chains is critically reviewed, but provides little insight into the frequency or broader significance of this process. Models which attempt to estimate the frequency with which coextinctions occur at a global scale suggest that these events should be at least as common as host extinctions, with similar rates predicted for total numbers of prehistoric coextinctions across the Holocene. We can reconcile these two observations if the vast majority of coextinctions are unobserved, or alternately if parasites and mutualists are actually much less host-specific or are much more able to switch hosts than is currently assumed.

This chapter presents a brief review of several theoretical schools of thought that have direct applicability to community capacity-enhancement practice in an urban environment. Topics discussed include community capacity enhancement, the foundation for community capacity enhancement, and the essential characteristics of a community capacity-enhancement model.

This chapter uses the analytical model of the Catholic social imagination developed in Chapter 2 to examine and analyze how the various groups focused on the social justice mission of the Church function in a national context and form the basis for a U.S. Catholic social justice milieu, particularly at the grassroots level where social justice is experienced. In particular, it highlights how their use of the community-organizing model initiated by Saul Alinsky has transformed it into a distinctive faith-based community-organizing model consonant with key principles of Catholic social teaching. Once a pre-Vatican II countercultural institution facilitating ethnic and immigrant socialization into U.S. life, the U.S. Catholic Church as an institution now works to facilitate long-term social justice in public life. The post-Vatican II U.S. Catholic Church has created a social imagination steeped in many of the principles of the social doctrine, as well as the civic values and principles of U.S. political culture.

This chapter pays tribute to Professor Farrington’s indefatigable efforts to put crime prevention onto a scientific foundation by offering some reflections on the emerging shape of community approaches to the prevention of crime, aggressive behavior, and violence. The larger goal is to support, but also to critique and expand, the agenda for a comprehensive national prevention strategy put forward by Professors Farrington and Welsh most recently in their book Saving Children from a Life of Crime (2007). The chapter proposes the use by prevention-oriented criminologists of developmental systems theory for its emphasis on relations or connections among individuals, organizations, and settings within human ecology, and the need therefore to make these the focus of preventive efforts; community-centered models for insights into issues such as community engagement and strengthening community capacity; and the implementation of science as a way of strengthening organizational capacity and governance arrangements for prevention.

Climate variability drives many aspects of the ecology of species directly or indirectly through changes in habitat type and structure, and thus long-term climatic variability has been thought to be the key determinant of community structure and change at large spatial scales. We review potential and reported impacts of climate change on shifts in bird community structure and composition. Bird communities are expected to change structure and composition, but observed changes appear generally slower than expected from temperature changes. However, we still lack a better understanding of regional differences in bird community responses to the different components of climate change and the explicit integration of climate with other global changes such as land uses, pollution, and invasive species. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework to guide our capability of understanding models and anticipate impacts of climate change on bird communities in a context of general and global environmental change.

Within the campaigning community work during the 1970s, the purpose of the community development role was to support local communities to challenge and make demands of the local state. Pressure was viewed as the way to achieving change. This chapter looks at the way practitioners worked by drawing on the examples provided by the interviewees. It compares and contrasts these earlier confrontational approaches with the shift towards practice within a community planning framework. It also looks at the community development inspired by conflict approaches including the recent shift towards a community planning model based on dialogue and partnership working.

This chapter uses the community model to repeat many of the classic impact calculations of a single stock on the entire community. Here, a focus is the appearance of trophic cascades initiated by the removal of large predators. When a component of an ecosystem is perturbed, the effects are not isolated to the component itself but cascade through the ecosystem. Perturbations are mainly propagated through the predator–prey interactions. The chapter also considers the trade-offs between a forage fishery and a consumer fishery, and the extension of the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) concept to the community, before finally returning to the single-stock aspects.

This chapter discusses the relationship between complexity and stability in ecological communities and how it has been a major area of speculation and research in ecology since the 1930s. Most mathematical models of communities have shown that stability declines as complexity increases, but so far, modelers have not included the material environment in their calculations. Here, an otherwise conventional community ecology model is described that includes feedback between the biota and their climate. This “geophysiological” model is stable in that it resists perturbation. The more complex the community included in the model, the greater its stability in terms of resistance to perturbation and rate of response to perturbation. This is a realistic way to model the natural world because organisms cannot avoid feedback to and from their material environment.

Abstract: This chapter reviews the bylaws written by six community governance boards taking part in Good Neighborhoods, a comprehensive community initiative concerned with improving the health and well-being of children and youth living in Detroit. A policy review of bylaws suggested that the bylaws are predominantly characteristic of a community-building model of community organizing, with some elements of a power-based model of community organizing. Technical assistance providers can provide technical assistance based on their experience working with boards and their perceptions of board assets and needs. However, a more effective approach might be one in which technical assistance providers develop technical assistance activities and content in collaboration with board feedback. The use of program documentation, such as bylaws, can aid in developing conceptually based technical assistance.

This chapter discusses how the government of Japan fostered a sense of nationhood through the Model Community Program (MCP) during a national crisis. The Ministry of Home Affairs’ MCP established community centers in eighty-three local areas in 1960s when rapid urbanization resulted in a profound deterioration of the living environment and the “disintegration of community,” which caused numerous social problems in the nation’s cities. The program became an effective strategy to meet the welfare needs of the residents. However, the MCP reinforced the traditional boundaries of citizenship through the simultaneous inclusion of Japanese nationals and exclusion of former colonial subjects.

This chapter examines how the new family–community model is reflected in popular Haredi educational discourse in the United States. In recent decades, an extensive English-language Haredi popular literature has developed. This literature has been bitterly attacked by several modern Orthodox intellectuals, but it has not been adequately mined as a resource for understanding the ways in which Haredi Jewry negotiates its complex relationship with general culture and tries to mould the character, values, and social alliances of its members. The chapter examines this literature's portrayal of the relationships between schools and families, arguing that it presents conformity between schools and homes as an ideal, and that it calls upon parents to heed the rabbis and educators who can teach them how to build homes that live up to Haredi standards. Yet, in addition to describing this hegemonic ideal, the popular literature also reveals places where actual practice does not live up to that ideal, and raises resistant voices that question aspects of the ideal itself.

The chapter reviews the main features of the three main models of community organising: IAF, ACORN and Slum Dwellers International. The key features for each model are identified, and the commonalities and differences are discussed.

In recent years, the ‘risk business’ has seen a phenomenal growth and net widening. This also applies to crime management, with risk forming a key ingredient of the penal policy. In the adult arena, this has seen increased attention to the ‘community protection model’, with an emphasis on public protection sentencing, restrictive conditions in the community and interventions led by risk. Within this paradigm, moral re-engineering programmes focused on monitoring, surveillance and ‘management in place’. This pervasiveness of risk has also seeped into the youth justice arena and into social policy conception of the youths, resulting to the increased ‘problematisation of youth’ and state-driven interventions to control and regulate youths. This chapter discusses risk assessment and risk management in youths. It focuses on the right approaches to the management and regulation of young offenders. It particularly highlights the need to distinguish adult risk prevention paradigm from children risk prevention paradigm as children are significantly different from adults.

The Children’s Aid Society (CAS), founded in 1853, is one of the largest and oldest child and family social-welfare agencies in the country. It serves 150,000 children and families through a continuum of services—adoption and foster care; medical, mental health, and dental services; summer and winter camps; respite care for the disabled; group work and recreation in community centers and schools; homemaker services; counseling; and court mediation and conciliation programs. The agency’s budget in 2003 was approximately $75 million, financed almost equally from public and private funds. In 1992, after several years of planning and negotiation, CAS opened its first community school in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. If you visit Intermediate School (IS) 218 or one of the many other community schools in New York City and around the country, it may seem very contemporary, like a “school of the future.” Indeed, we at CAS feel that these schools are one of our most important efforts in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Yet community schools trace their roots back nearly 150 years, as previous generations tried to find ways to respond to children’s and families’ needs. CAS’s own commitment to public education is not new. When the organization was founded in the mid-nineteenth century by Charles Loring Brace, he sought not only to find shelter for homeless street children but to teach practical skills such as cobbling and hand-sewing while also creating free reading rooms for the enlightenment of young minds. Brace was actively involved in the campaign to abolish child labor, and he helped establish the nation’s first compulsory education laws. He and his successors ultimately created New York City’s first vocational schools, the first free kindergartens, and the first medical and dental clinics in public schools (the former to battle the perils of consumption, now known as tuberculosis). Yet this historic commitment to education went only so far. Up until the late 1980s, CAS’s role in the city’s public schools was primarily that of a contracted provider of health, mental health, and dental services.

This chapter overviews the lives and work of W. E. B. DuBois and Lugenia Burns Hope, whose contributions are given insufficient attention in the social work literature. Hope’s Neighborhood Union pioneered today’s community-based model, and DuBois’s influence, starting with his landmark study The Philadelphia Negro, continues to influence contemporary scholarship on matters of race. His thinking is reflected in contemporary formulations around critical race theory, which undergirds the diversity content in schools of social work and policy statements on equity and inclusion of social work professional associations. The consummate scholar and academician, DuBois held to the belief that the empirical evidence would be the best means for refuting empirically unfounded stereotypes about blacks and their inferiority as a race, building bridges between the races and paving the way for achieving equality and full citizenship for blacks. Both Burns and DuBois had relationships with Jane Addams, and reflect on Addams’s and those of other settlement house leaders stereotypical views about blacks as these views are reflected in their publications.

Around 10 and 15 million Roma live in Europe, where cultural diversity is among the European Union’s officially declared values. However, the Roma are not recognised as representatives of this idea, but have become the European “Other”, perceived as a threat to the dominant society both with their nomadism and their settlement. Roma “otherness” was, and still is, seen in explicit forms of racism in the past (geographical persecution, assimilation strategies, genocide, sterilization) and more implicit forms in the present (nimbisms, ignorance, special school placement). The article looks at these aspects of Roma oppression but also points to examples of good practice from the perspective of both a ‘community social work model’ and a ‘cultural advocacy’ perspective and suggests these are the most successful social work perspectives working with marginalised Gypsy communities.

In this chapter the role of academic research in policy-making is being discussed with reference to the policy-making literature. It critically explores the question of whether and if so, what kind of influence academics and their work are able to have on policy-making and what factors facilitate or hinder such influence.

This chapter compares the Community Action Program (CAP) with the Model Community Program (MCP). Both CAP and MCP were political responses to perceived national “crises” due to the social movements in the 1960s. They produced gendered notions of citizenship and community where residents were divided into those “worthy” of state-sponsored security and those “unworthy” of state-sponsored security. However, CAP and the MCP produced different meanings of citizenship and yielded different results. African American activists in Los Angeles took advantage of CAP’s ambiguous phrase “maximum feasible participation” and used it to challenge the anomalies in the policy of the program. On the other hand, Kawasaki Koreans contested the limited notion of citizenship and criticized the demarcation between citizens and noncitizens in the fields of welfare and education.