Robert R. Dunn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Nearly all conservation and extinction research focuses on vertebrates and plants, but most organisms on earth are poorly studied or undescribed invertebrates, the majority of which are parasites or ...
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Nearly all conservation and extinction research focuses on vertebrates and plants, but most organisms on earth are poorly studied or undescribed invertebrates, the majority of which are parasites or commensals. However, very little remains known about invertebrate coextinctions following the extinction of host species. The limited empirical evidence for recent host-affiliate coextinctions and extinction chains is critically reviewed, but provides little insight into the frequency or broader significance of this process. Models which attempt to estimate the frequency with which coextinctions occur at a global scale suggest that these events should be at least as common as host extinctions, with similar rates predicted for total numbers of prehistoric coextinctions across the Holocene. We can reconcile these two observations if the vast majority of coextinctions are unobserved, or alternately if parasites and mutualists are actually much less host-specific or are much more able to switch hosts than is currently assumed.Less
Nearly all conservation and extinction research focuses on vertebrates and plants, but most organisms on earth are poorly studied or undescribed invertebrates, the majority of which are parasites or commensals. However, very little remains known about invertebrate coextinctions following the extinction of host species. The limited empirical evidence for recent host-affiliate coextinctions and extinction chains is critically reviewed, but provides little insight into the frequency or broader significance of this process. Models which attempt to estimate the frequency with which coextinctions occur at a global scale suggest that these events should be at least as common as host extinctions, with similar rates predicted for total numbers of prehistoric coextinctions across the Holocene. We can reconcile these two observations if the vast majority of coextinctions are unobserved, or alternately if parasites and mutualists are actually much less host-specific or are much more able to switch hosts than is currently assumed.
Melvin Delgado
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195125467
- eISBN:
- 9780199864188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195125467.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
This chapter presents a brief review of several theoretical schools of thought that have direct applicability to community capacity-enhancement practice in an urban environment. Topics discussed ...
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This chapter presents a brief review of several theoretical schools of thought that have direct applicability to community capacity-enhancement practice in an urban environment. Topics discussed include community capacity enhancement, the foundation for community capacity enhancement, and the essential characteristics of a community capacity-enhancement model.Less
This chapter presents a brief review of several theoretical schools of thought that have direct applicability to community capacity-enhancement practice in an urban environment. Topics discussed include community capacity enhancement, the foundation for community capacity enhancement, and the essential characteristics of a community capacity-enhancement model.
Ross Homel and Tara Renae McGee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199917938
- eISBN:
- 9780199950430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917938.003.0022
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter pays tribute to Professor Farrington’s indefatigable efforts to put crime prevention onto a scientific foundation by offering some reflections on the emerging shape of community ...
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This chapter pays tribute to Professor Farrington’s indefatigable efforts to put crime prevention onto a scientific foundation by offering some reflections on the emerging shape of community approaches to the prevention of crime, aggressive behavior, and violence. The larger goal is to support, but also to critique and expand, the agenda for a comprehensive national prevention strategy put forward by Professors Farrington and Welsh most recently in their book Saving Children from a Life of Crime (2007). The chapter proposes the use by prevention-oriented criminologists of developmental systems theory for its emphasis on relations or connections among individuals, organizations, and settings within human ecology, and the need therefore to make these the focus of preventive efforts; community-centered models for insights into issues such as community engagement and strengthening community capacity; and the implementation of science as a way of strengthening organizational capacity and governance arrangements for prevention.Less
This chapter pays tribute to Professor Farrington’s indefatigable efforts to put crime prevention onto a scientific foundation by offering some reflections on the emerging shape of community approaches to the prevention of crime, aggressive behavior, and violence. The larger goal is to support, but also to critique and expand, the agenda for a comprehensive national prevention strategy put forward by Professors Farrington and Welsh most recently in their book Saving Children from a Life of Crime (2007). The chapter proposes the use by prevention-oriented criminologists of developmental systems theory for its emphasis on relations or connections among individuals, organizations, and settings within human ecology, and the need therefore to make these the focus of preventive efforts; community-centered models for insights into issues such as community engagement and strengthening community capacity; and the implementation of science as a way of strengthening organizational capacity and governance arrangements for prevention.
Joseph M. Palacios
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645001
- eISBN:
- 9780226645025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645025.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This chapter uses the analytical model of the Catholic social imagination developed in Chapter 2 to examine and analyze how the various groups focused on the social justice mission of the Church ...
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This chapter uses the analytical model of the Catholic social imagination developed in Chapter 2 to examine and analyze how the various groups focused on the social justice mission of the Church function in a national context and form the basis for a U.S. Catholic social justice milieu, particularly at the grassroots level where social justice is experienced. In particular, it highlights how their use of the community-organizing model initiated by Saul Alinsky has transformed it into a distinctive faith-based community-organizing model consonant with key principles of Catholic social teaching. Once a pre-Vatican II countercultural institution facilitating ethnic and immigrant socialization into U.S. life, the U.S. Catholic Church as an institution now works to facilitate long-term social justice in public life. The post-Vatican II U.S. Catholic Church has created a social imagination steeped in many of the principles of the social doctrine, as well as the civic values and principles of U.S. political culture.Less
This chapter uses the analytical model of the Catholic social imagination developed in Chapter 2 to examine and analyze how the various groups focused on the social justice mission of the Church function in a national context and form the basis for a U.S. Catholic social justice milieu, particularly at the grassroots level where social justice is experienced. In particular, it highlights how their use of the community-organizing model initiated by Saul Alinsky has transformed it into a distinctive faith-based community-organizing model consonant with key principles of Catholic social teaching. Once a pre-Vatican II countercultural institution facilitating ethnic and immigrant socialization into U.S. life, the U.S. Catholic Church as an institution now works to facilitate long-term social justice in public life. The post-Vatican II U.S. Catholic Church has created a social imagination steeped in many of the principles of the social doctrine, as well as the civic values and principles of U.S. political culture.
Michael Pitchford and Paul Henderson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422590
- eISBN:
- 9781447302759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422590.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Within the campaigning community work during the 1970s, the purpose of the community development role was to support local communities to challenge and make demands of the local state. Pressure was ...
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Within the campaigning community work during the 1970s, the purpose of the community development role was to support local communities to challenge and make demands of the local state. Pressure was viewed as the way to achieving change. This chapter looks at the way practitioners worked by drawing on the examples provided by the interviewees. It compares and contrasts these earlier confrontational approaches with the shift towards practice within a community planning framework. It also looks at the community development inspired by conflict approaches including the recent shift towards a community planning model based on dialogue and partnership working.Less
Within the campaigning community work during the 1970s, the purpose of the community development role was to support local communities to challenge and make demands of the local state. Pressure was viewed as the way to achieving change. This chapter looks at the way practitioners worked by drawing on the examples provided by the interviewees. It compares and contrasts these earlier confrontational approaches with the shift towards practice within a community planning framework. It also looks at the community development inspired by conflict approaches including the recent shift towards a community planning model based on dialogue and partnership working.
Larry M. Gant
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190463311
- eISBN:
- 9780190463342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463311.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
Abstract: This chapter reviews the bylaws written by six community governance boards taking part in Good Neighborhoods, a comprehensive community initiative concerned with improving the health and ...
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Abstract: This chapter reviews the bylaws written by six community governance boards taking part in Good Neighborhoods, a comprehensive community initiative concerned with improving the health and well-being of children and youth living in Detroit. A policy review of bylaws suggested that the bylaws are predominantly characteristic of a community-building model of community organizing, with some elements of a power-based model of community organizing. Technical assistance providers can provide technical assistance based on their experience working with boards and their perceptions of board assets and needs. However, a more effective approach might be one in which technical assistance providers develop technical assistance activities and content in collaboration with board feedback. The use of program documentation, such as bylaws, can aid in developing conceptually based technical assistance.Less
Abstract: This chapter reviews the bylaws written by six community governance boards taking part in Good Neighborhoods, a comprehensive community initiative concerned with improving the health and well-being of children and youth living in Detroit. A policy review of bylaws suggested that the bylaws are predominantly characteristic of a community-building model of community organizing, with some elements of a power-based model of community organizing. Technical assistance providers can provide technical assistance based on their experience working with boards and their perceptions of board assets and needs. However, a more effective approach might be one in which technical assistance providers develop technical assistance activities and content in collaboration with board feedback. The use of program documentation, such as bylaws, can aid in developing conceptually based technical assistance.
Stephan P. Harding
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262194983
- eISBN:
- 9780262283182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262194983.003.0024
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter discusses the relationship between complexity and stability in ecological communities and how it has been a major area of speculation and research in ecology since the 1930s. Most ...
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This chapter discusses the relationship between complexity and stability in ecological communities and how it has been a major area of speculation and research in ecology since the 1930s. Most mathematical models of communities have shown that stability declines as complexity increases, but so far, modelers have not included the material environment in their calculations. Here, an otherwise conventional community ecology model is described that includes feedback between the biota and their climate. This “geophysiological” model is stable in that it resists perturbation. The more complex the community included in the model, the greater its stability in terms of resistance to perturbation and rate of response to perturbation. This is a realistic way to model the natural world because organisms cannot avoid feedback to and from their material environment.Less
This chapter discusses the relationship between complexity and stability in ecological communities and how it has been a major area of speculation and research in ecology since the 1930s. Most mathematical models of communities have shown that stability declines as complexity increases, but so far, modelers have not included the material environment in their calculations. Here, an otherwise conventional community ecology model is described that includes feedback between the biota and their climate. This “geophysiological” model is stable in that it resists perturbation. The more complex the community included in the model, the greater its stability in terms of resistance to perturbation and rate of response to perturbation. This is a realistic way to model the natural world because organisms cannot avoid feedback to and from their material environment.
Kazuyo Tsuchiya
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816681112
- eISBN:
- 9781452947945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816681112.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter discusses how the government of Japan fostered a sense of nationhood through the Model Community Program (MCP) during a national crisis. The Ministry of Home Affairs’ MCP established ...
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This chapter discusses how the government of Japan fostered a sense of nationhood through the Model Community Program (MCP) during a national crisis. The Ministry of Home Affairs’ MCP established community centers in eighty-three local areas in 1960s when rapid urbanization resulted in a profound deterioration of the living environment and the “disintegration of community,” which caused numerous social problems in the nation’s cities. The program became an effective strategy to meet the welfare needs of the residents. However, the MCP reinforced the traditional boundaries of citizenship through the simultaneous inclusion of Japanese nationals and exclusion of former colonial subjects.Less
This chapter discusses how the government of Japan fostered a sense of nationhood through the Model Community Program (MCP) during a national crisis. The Ministry of Home Affairs’ MCP established community centers in eighty-three local areas in 1960s when rapid urbanization resulted in a profound deterioration of the living environment and the “disintegration of community,” which caused numerous social problems in the nation’s cities. The program became an effective strategy to meet the welfare needs of the residents. However, the MCP reinforced the traditional boundaries of citizenship through the simultaneous inclusion of Japanese nationals and exclusion of former colonial subjects.
Dave Beck and Rod Purcell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781847429773
- eISBN:
- 9781447310884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847429773.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The chapter reviews the main features of the three main models of community organising: IAF, ACORN and Slum Dwellers International. The key features for each model are identified, and the ...
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The chapter reviews the main features of the three main models of community organising: IAF, ACORN and Slum Dwellers International. The key features for each model are identified, and the commonalities and differences are discussed.Less
The chapter reviews the main features of the three main models of community organising: IAF, ACORN and Slum Dwellers International. The key features for each model are identified, and the commonalities and differences are discussed.
Hazel Kemshall
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420008
- eISBN:
- 9781447304364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420008.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
In recent years, the ‘risk business’ has seen a phenomenal growth and net widening. This also applies to crime management, with risk forming a key ingredient of the penal policy. In the adult arena, ...
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In recent years, the ‘risk business’ has seen a phenomenal growth and net widening. This also applies to crime management, with risk forming a key ingredient of the penal policy. In the adult arena, this has seen increased attention to the ‘community protection model’, with an emphasis on public protection sentencing, restrictive conditions in the community and interventions led by risk. Within this paradigm, moral re-engineering programmes focused on monitoring, surveillance and ‘management in place’. This pervasiveness of risk has also seeped into the youth justice arena and into social policy conception of the youths, resulting to the increased ‘problematisation of youth’ and state-driven interventions to control and regulate youths. This chapter discusses risk assessment and risk management in youths. It focuses on the right approaches to the management and regulation of young offenders. It particularly highlights the need to distinguish adult risk prevention paradigm from children risk prevention paradigm as children are significantly different from adults.Less
In recent years, the ‘risk business’ has seen a phenomenal growth and net widening. This also applies to crime management, with risk forming a key ingredient of the penal policy. In the adult arena, this has seen increased attention to the ‘community protection model’, with an emphasis on public protection sentencing, restrictive conditions in the community and interventions led by risk. Within this paradigm, moral re-engineering programmes focused on monitoring, surveillance and ‘management in place’. This pervasiveness of risk has also seeped into the youth justice arena and into social policy conception of the youths, resulting to the increased ‘problematisation of youth’ and state-driven interventions to control and regulate youths. This chapter discusses risk assessment and risk management in youths. It focuses on the right approaches to the management and regulation of young offenders. It particularly highlights the need to distinguish adult risk prevention paradigm from children risk prevention paradigm as children are significantly different from adults.
Julia Phillips Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199340408
- eISBN:
- 9780199388882
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199340408.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History, History of Religion
Becoming Ottomans is the first book to tell the story of Jewish political integration into a modern Islamic empire. It begins with the process set in motion by the imperial state reforms ...
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Becoming Ottomans is the first book to tell the story of Jewish political integration into a modern Islamic empire. It begins with the process set in motion by the imperial state reforms known as the Tanzimat, which spanned the years 1839–1876 and legally emancipated the non-Muslims of the empire. Throughout this period, Jews remained little more than an afterthought in imperial politics. Four decades later the situation was difficult to recognize. By the close of the nineteenth century, Ottoman Muslims and Jews alike regularly referred to Jews as a model community, or millet—as a group whose leaders and members knew how to serve their state and were deeply engaged in Ottoman politics. This book charts this dramatic reversal, following the changing position of Jews in the empire over the course of half a century.Less
Becoming Ottomans is the first book to tell the story of Jewish political integration into a modern Islamic empire. It begins with the process set in motion by the imperial state reforms known as the Tanzimat, which spanned the years 1839–1876 and legally emancipated the non-Muslims of the empire. Throughout this period, Jews remained little more than an afterthought in imperial politics. Four decades later the situation was difficult to recognize. By the close of the nineteenth century, Ottoman Muslims and Jews alike regularly referred to Jews as a model community, or millet—as a group whose leaders and members knew how to serve their state and were deeply engaged in Ottoman politics. This book charts this dramatic reversal, following the changing position of Jews in the empire over the course of half a century.
Cyrus C. M. Mody
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262134941
- eISBN:
- 9780262298186
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262134941.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has been hailed as the “key enabling discovery for nanotechnology,” the catalyst for a scientific field that attracts nearly USD 20 billion in funding each ...
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The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has been hailed as the “key enabling discovery for nanotechnology,” the catalyst for a scientific field that attracts nearly USD 20 billion in funding each year. This book argues that this technology-centric view does not explain how these microscopes helped to launch nanotechnology—and fails to acknowledge the agency of the microscopists in making the STM and its variants critically important tools. It also tells the story of the invention, spread, and commercialization of scanning probe microscopy in terms of the networked structures of collaboration and competition that came into being within a diverse, colorful, and sometimes fractious community of researchers. By forming a community, the book argues, these researchers were able to innovate rapidly, share the microscopes with a wide range of users, and generate prestige (including the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics) and profit (as the technology found applications in industry). The author shows that both the technology of probe microscopy and the community model offered by the probe microscopists contributed to the development of political and scientific support for nanotechnology and the global funding initiatives which followed. In the course of his account, the author charts the shifts in U.S. science policy over the last 40 years—from the decline in federal basic research funding in the 1970s through the rise in academic patenting in the 1980s to the emergence of nanotechnology discourse in the 1990s—that have resulted in today’s increasing emphasis on the commercialization of academic research.Less
The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has been hailed as the “key enabling discovery for nanotechnology,” the catalyst for a scientific field that attracts nearly USD 20 billion in funding each year. This book argues that this technology-centric view does not explain how these microscopes helped to launch nanotechnology—and fails to acknowledge the agency of the microscopists in making the STM and its variants critically important tools. It also tells the story of the invention, spread, and commercialization of scanning probe microscopy in terms of the networked structures of collaboration and competition that came into being within a diverse, colorful, and sometimes fractious community of researchers. By forming a community, the book argues, these researchers were able to innovate rapidly, share the microscopes with a wide range of users, and generate prestige (including the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics) and profit (as the technology found applications in industry). The author shows that both the technology of probe microscopy and the community model offered by the probe microscopists contributed to the development of political and scientific support for nanotechnology and the global funding initiatives which followed. In the course of his account, the author charts the shifts in U.S. science policy over the last 40 years—from the decline in federal basic research funding in the 1970s through the rise in academic patenting in the 1980s to the emergence of nanotechnology discourse in the 1990s—that have resulted in today’s increasing emphasis on the commercialization of academic research.
Špela Urh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447307082
- eISBN:
- 9781447312123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447307082.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Around 10 and 15 million Roma live in Europe, where cultural diversity is among the European Union’s officially declared values. However, the Roma are not recognised as representatives of this idea, ...
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Around 10 and 15 million Roma live in Europe, where cultural diversity is among the European Union’s officially declared values. However, the Roma are not recognised as representatives of this idea, but have become the European “Other”, perceived as a threat to the dominant society both with their nomadism and their settlement. Roma “otherness” was, and still is, seen in explicit forms of racism in the past (geographical persecution, assimilation strategies, genocide, sterilization) and more implicit forms in the present (nimbisms, ignorance, special school placement). The article looks at these aspects of Roma oppression but also points to examples of good practice from the perspective of both a ‘community social work model’ and a ‘cultural advocacy’ perspective and suggests these are the most successful social work perspectives working with marginalised Gypsy communities.Less
Around 10 and 15 million Roma live in Europe, where cultural diversity is among the European Union’s officially declared values. However, the Roma are not recognised as representatives of this idea, but have become the European “Other”, perceived as a threat to the dominant society both with their nomadism and their settlement. Roma “otherness” was, and still is, seen in explicit forms of racism in the past (geographical persecution, assimilation strategies, genocide, sterilization) and more implicit forms in the present (nimbisms, ignorance, special school placement). The article looks at these aspects of Roma oppression but also points to examples of good practice from the perspective of both a ‘community social work model’ and a ‘cultural advocacy’ perspective and suggests these are the most successful social work perspectives working with marginalised Gypsy communities.
Kazuyo Tsuchiya
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816681112
- eISBN:
- 9781452947945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816681112.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter compares the Community Action Program (CAP) with the Model Community Program (MCP). Both CAP and MCP were political responses to perceived national “crises” due to the social movements ...
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This chapter compares the Community Action Program (CAP) with the Model Community Program (MCP). Both CAP and MCP were political responses to perceived national “crises” due to the social movements in the 1960s. They produced gendered notions of citizenship and community where residents were divided into those “worthy” of state-sponsored security and those “unworthy” of state-sponsored security. However, CAP and the MCP produced different meanings of citizenship and yielded different results. African American activists in Los Angeles took advantage of CAP’s ambiguous phrase “maximum feasible participation” and used it to challenge the anomalies in the policy of the program. On the other hand, Kawasaki Koreans contested the limited notion of citizenship and criticized the demarcation between citizens and noncitizens in the fields of welfare and education.Less
This chapter compares the Community Action Program (CAP) with the Model Community Program (MCP). Both CAP and MCP were political responses to perceived national “crises” due to the social movements in the 1960s. They produced gendered notions of citizenship and community where residents were divided into those “worthy” of state-sponsored security and those “unworthy” of state-sponsored security. However, CAP and the MCP produced different meanings of citizenship and yielded different results. African American activists in Los Angeles took advantage of CAP’s ambiguous phrase “maximum feasible participation” and used it to challenge the anomalies in the policy of the program. On the other hand, Kawasaki Koreans contested the limited notion of citizenship and criticized the demarcation between citizens and noncitizens in the fields of welfare and education.
