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The definition of child trafficking and Palermo Protocol are set forth, together with the Optional Protocol to the CRC on child trafficking. Causes for child trafficking are examined including poverty, globalization, cultural traditions and gender roles. Different forms of child trafficking include trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, domestic labor, agricultural work, begging and factory work. Services for children who have been trafficked are discussed together with efforts to stop child trafficking in both sending and receiving nations. Policy efforts are analyzed, including the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act in the United States and Sweden’s outlawing of the buying, but not selling of sexual services.

This chapter talks about crime against women and juveniles, which have taken different forms with the changing socio-economic scenario in Delhi. The chapter lists the broad categories for classifying such types of crimes. Some of the categories are discussed in the following sections. The first is on dowry deaths, where newlywed girls are either murdered or subjected to situations that would ultimately push them to commit suicide. The second is on rape, where an analysis of case studies of rape cases that were registered in Delhi is provided. The third is on kidnapping/abduction of women and girls, for the main purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. The case study on this type of crime is based on interviews of the women and girls who were rescued from brothels. A quick rundown of the rescue operations for sex trafficking is presented. A discussion of juveniles is included.

Child pornography, also called “child sexual abuse imagery” and “child exploitation material,” is a serious public health problem. This chapter reviews what qualifies as child pornography in the United States, its prevalence, how it is made and disseminated, who views it, and whether seeing it is associated with child sexual abuse perpetration. The topic of self-produced child pornography is also addressed. The chapter explains the historical link between anti-child pornography activism and anti-gay rights activism, and cautions public health professionals that, historically, outrage about child pornography has been used to galvanize people and further repressive agendas. The chapter argues that child pornography prevention strategies need to be carefully devised, in partnership with a wide range of stakeholders, and should be studied for effectiveness and unintended consequences.

Human trafficking is an insidious public health problem that may be worsened by the constant demand for new pornography, but sex workers’ rights—including the rights of pornography performers—are not always served by anti-trafficking efforts. This chapter provides a definition of human trafficking, reviews three main arguments about how pornography may influence human trafficking, and encourages public health professionals to value anecdotal information from both sex workers’ rights advocates and human trafficking survivors to move toward better science and evidence-informed decision-making.