Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144870
- eISBN:
- 9781400842483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144870.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter shows that once the Jews became literate, urban, and engaged in skilled occupations, they began migrating within the vast territory under Muslim rule—stretching from the Iberian ...
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This chapter shows that once the Jews became literate, urban, and engaged in skilled occupations, they began migrating within the vast territory under Muslim rule—stretching from the Iberian Peninsula to India during the eighth through the twelfth centuries, and from the Byzantine Empire to western Europe via Italy and within western Europe in the ninth through the thirteenth centuries. In early medieval Europe, the revival of trade concomitant with the Commercial Revolution and the growth of an urban and commercial economy paralleled the vast urbanization and the growth of trade that had occurred in the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates four to five centuries earlier. The Jewish diaspora during the early Middle Ages was mainly the outcome of literate Jewish craftsmen, shopkeepers, traders, scholars, teachers, physicians, and moneylenders migrating in search of business opportunities to reap returns on their investment in literacy and education.Less
This chapter shows that once the Jews became literate, urban, and engaged in skilled occupations, they began migrating within the vast territory under Muslim rule—stretching from the Iberian Peninsula to India during the eighth through the twelfth centuries, and from the Byzantine Empire to western Europe via Italy and within western Europe in the ninth through the thirteenth centuries. In early medieval Europe, the revival of trade concomitant with the Commercial Revolution and the growth of an urban and commercial economy paralleled the vast urbanization and the growth of trade that had occurred in the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates four to five centuries earlier. The Jewish diaspora during the early Middle Ages was mainly the outcome of literate Jewish craftsmen, shopkeepers, traders, scholars, teachers, physicians, and moneylenders migrating in search of business opportunities to reap returns on their investment in literacy and education.
Jon Stobart
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199577927
- eISBN:
- 9780191744884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577927.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
This chapter considers the ways in which the stock of groceries available to English consumers was transformed during the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The overall context for ...
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This chapter considers the ways in which the stock of groceries available to English consumers was transformed during the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The overall context for reappraising the impact of new groceries on English retailing is laid out in terms of the shifting geography of supply and the growing importance of empire in provisioning English consumers. The chapter then assesses how far grocers were able to capitalise on demand for new imported goods, and the ways in which these helped to stimulate more general growth in retailing, as Shammas suggests. This chapter argues that grocers quickly came to dominate the provision of tea, coffee, etc. Lastly, the chapter examines the extent to which these goods carried associations of empire, and argues that imperial associations formed just one point of reference for the shopkeeper and consumer.Less
This chapter considers the ways in which the stock of groceries available to English consumers was transformed during the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The overall context for reappraising the impact of new groceries on English retailing is laid out in terms of the shifting geography of supply and the growing importance of empire in provisioning English consumers. The chapter then assesses how far grocers were able to capitalise on demand for new imported goods, and the ways in which these helped to stimulate more general growth in retailing, as Shammas suggests. This chapter argues that grocers quickly came to dominate the provision of tea, coffee, etc. Lastly, the chapter examines the extent to which these goods carried associations of empire, and argues that imperial associations formed just one point of reference for the shopkeeper and consumer.
Allen James Fromherz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748642946
- eISBN:
- 9781474418850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748642946.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on the city of Bèjaïa, the capital of the region of Kabylia, a province that has maintained a largely self-professed Berber, as opposed to Arab or French, identity. The ...
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This chapter focuses on the city of Bèjaïa, the capital of the region of Kabylia, a province that has maintained a largely self-professed Berber, as opposed to Arab or French, identity. The surrounding countryside was heartland of the ‘Berber Spring’, an uprising against Arabization in the 1980s. In terms of political power, Bèjaïa was slightly under the control of the vast and powerful Almohad Empire. Although Arabs comprised part of their army and administration, and many claimed Arab blood, the Almohads were primarily Berbers. This coming of the Almohads corresponded with the Commercial Revolution — a great increase in trade and commerce. However, North Africa contributed far more than raw goods; it also shared with Europe some of the most advanced spiritual ideas.Less
This chapter focuses on the city of Bèjaïa, the capital of the region of Kabylia, a province that has maintained a largely self-professed Berber, as opposed to Arab or French, identity. The surrounding countryside was heartland of the ‘Berber Spring’, an uprising against Arabization in the 1980s. In terms of political power, Bèjaïa was slightly under the control of the vast and powerful Almohad Empire. Although Arabs comprised part of their army and administration, and many claimed Arab blood, the Almohads were primarily Berbers. This coming of the Almohads corresponded with the Commercial Revolution — a great increase in trade and commerce. However, North Africa contributed far more than raw goods; it also shared with Europe some of the most advanced spiritual ideas.
Blair Hoxby
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300093780
- eISBN:
- 9780300129632
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300093780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Milton Studies
The commercial revolution of the seventeenth century deeply changed English culture. This book explores what that economic transformation meant to the century's greatest poet, John Milton, and to the ...
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The commercial revolution of the seventeenth century deeply changed English culture. This book explores what that economic transformation meant to the century's greatest poet, John Milton, and to the broader literary tradition in which he worked. The book places Milton's work—as well as the writings of contemporary reformers like the Levellers, poets like John Dryden, and political economists like Sir William Petty—within the framework of England's economic history between 1601 and 1724. It demonstrates how literary history swerved in this period, as a burgeoning economic discourse pressed authors to reimagine ideas about self, community, and empire. It shows that, contrary to commonly held views, Milton was a sophisticated economic thinker. Close readings of Milton's prose and verse reveal the importance of economic ideas in a wide range of his most famous writings, from Areopagitica to Samson Agonistes to Paradise Lost.Less
The commercial revolution of the seventeenth century deeply changed English culture. This book explores what that economic transformation meant to the century's greatest poet, John Milton, and to the broader literary tradition in which he worked. The book places Milton's work—as well as the writings of contemporary reformers like the Levellers, poets like John Dryden, and political economists like Sir William Petty—within the framework of England's economic history between 1601 and 1724. It demonstrates how literary history swerved in this period, as a burgeoning economic discourse pressed authors to reimagine ideas about self, community, and empire. It shows that, contrary to commonly held views, Milton was a sophisticated economic thinker. Close readings of Milton's prose and verse reveal the importance of economic ideas in a wide range of his most famous writings, from Areopagitica to Samson Agonistes to Paradise Lost.
Allen James Fromherz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748642946
- eISBN:
- 9781474418850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748642946.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This introductory chapter provides the background for the story of interaction between Berbers, Arabs, Latins, Muslims, Christians, and Jews in North Africa and Latin Europe and across the Western ...
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This introductory chapter provides the background for the story of interaction between Berbers, Arabs, Latins, Muslims, Christians, and Jews in North Africa and Latin Europe and across the Western Mediterranean. The book locates a high tide of the Second Axial Age in the twelfth century, mid-point between the first Muslim conquests to, roughly, the first half of the fifteenth century in the Western Mediterranean. The twelfth century was a period when both Latin Christian Europe and Arabo-Berber Almohad North Africa were fairly evenly matched, and when the Commercial Revolution and Renaissance of the Twelfth Century were at their height in both Europe and North Africa. The book ends with the fourteenth century seen through the eyes of Ibn Khaldun, before the fall of Granada and the discovery of a new West.Less
This introductory chapter provides the background for the story of interaction between Berbers, Arabs, Latins, Muslims, Christians, and Jews in North Africa and Latin Europe and across the Western Mediterranean. The book locates a high tide of the Second Axial Age in the twelfth century, mid-point between the first Muslim conquests to, roughly, the first half of the fifteenth century in the Western Mediterranean. The twelfth century was a period when both Latin Christian Europe and Arabo-Berber Almohad North Africa were fairly evenly matched, and when the Commercial Revolution and Renaissance of the Twelfth Century were at their height in both Europe and North Africa. The book ends with the fourteenth century seen through the eyes of Ibn Khaldun, before the fall of Granada and the discovery of a new West.
Peter Kivy
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300087581
- eISBN:
- 9780300135114
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300087581.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Psychology of Music
The commercial revolution of the seventeenth century deeply changed English culture. This book explores what that economic transformation meant to the century's greatest poet, John Milton, and to the ...
More
The commercial revolution of the seventeenth century deeply changed English culture. This book explores what that economic transformation meant to the century's greatest poet, John Milton, and to the broader literary tradition in which he worked. The book places Milton's work—as well as the writings of contemporary reformers like the Levellers, poets like John Dryden, and political economists like Sir William Petty—within the framework of England's economic history between 1601 and 1724. It demonstrates how literary history swerved in this period, as a burgeoning economic discourse pressed authors to reimagine ideas about self, community, and empire. It shows that, contrary to commonly held views, Milton was a sophisticated economic thinker. Close readings of Milton's prose and verse reveal the importance of economic ideas in a wide range of his most famous writings, from Areopagitica to Samson Agonistes to Paradise Lost.Less
The commercial revolution of the seventeenth century deeply changed English culture. This book explores what that economic transformation meant to the century's greatest poet, John Milton, and to the broader literary tradition in which he worked. The book places Milton's work—as well as the writings of contemporary reformers like the Levellers, poets like John Dryden, and political economists like Sir William Petty—within the framework of England's economic history between 1601 and 1724. It demonstrates how literary history swerved in this period, as a burgeoning economic discourse pressed authors to reimagine ideas about self, community, and empire. It shows that, contrary to commonly held views, Milton was a sophisticated economic thinker. Close readings of Milton's prose and verse reveal the importance of economic ideas in a wide range of his most famous writings, from Areopagitica to Samson Agonistes to Paradise Lost.
Blair Hoxby
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300093780
- eISBN:
- 9780300129632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300093780.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Milton Studies
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about English poet John Milton's works as they relate to the commercial revolution. This volume examines the texts produced by ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about English poet John Milton's works as they relate to the commercial revolution. This volume examines the texts produced by Milton up to the end of the Anglo-Dutch Wars in 1674 focusing on those that represented or consciously engaged economic subjects and forms of analysis. It also compares the writings of Milton with those of his immediate contemporaries including Sir William Davenant, Edmund Waller, Sir John Denham, John Dryden, and Sir William Petty.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about English poet John Milton's works as they relate to the commercial revolution. This volume examines the texts produced by Milton up to the end of the Anglo-Dutch Wars in 1674 focusing on those that represented or consciously engaged economic subjects and forms of analysis. It also compares the writings of Milton with those of his immediate contemporaries including Sir William Davenant, Edmund Waller, Sir John Denham, John Dryden, and Sir William Petty.
Susan V. Spellman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199384273
- eISBN:
- 9780190495503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199384273.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Introduction of the cash register in 1879 prompted corner grocers to take steps toward controlling and routinizing retail transactions. This chapter agues that it was the smallest retailers who were ...
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Introduction of the cash register in 1879 prompted corner grocers to take steps toward controlling and routinizing retail transactions. This chapter agues that it was the smallest retailers who were early adopters of the latest information technology and not “big business,” as many historians contend. Grocers helped transform cash and credit transactions from nib and ink markings to mechanically monitored and controlled exchanges between clerks and customers, initiating a new level of surveillance over cash flows. In this way, small grocers stood on the front lines of a commercial revolution, pioneering new methods to document and regulate the growing tide of money and customers who frequented commercial spaces.Less
Introduction of the cash register in 1879 prompted corner grocers to take steps toward controlling and routinizing retail transactions. This chapter agues that it was the smallest retailers who were early adopters of the latest information technology and not “big business,” as many historians contend. Grocers helped transform cash and credit transactions from nib and ink markings to mechanically monitored and controlled exchanges between clerks and customers, initiating a new level of surveillance over cash flows. In this way, small grocers stood on the front lines of a commercial revolution, pioneering new methods to document and regulate the growing tide of money and customers who frequented commercial spaces.
