Lesley J. Gordon
Carol K. Bleser (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195330854
- eISBN:
- 9780199851393
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330854.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
From Robert E. and Mary Lee to Ulysses S. and Julia Grant, this book examines the marriages of twelve prominent military commanders, highlighting the impact wives had on their famous husbands' ...
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From Robert E. and Mary Lee to Ulysses S. and Julia Grant, this book examines the marriages of twelve prominent military commanders, highlighting the impact wives had on their famous husbands' careers. The authors assemble an array of scholars to explore the marriages of six Confederate and six Union commanders. Contributors reveal that, for many of these men, the matrimonial bond was the most important relationship in their lives, one that shaped (and was shaped by) their military experience. In some cases, the commanders' spouses proved relentless and skillful promoters of their husbands' careers. Jessie Frémont drew on all of her connections as the daughter of former Senator Thomas Hart Benton to aid her modestly talented husband John. Others bolstered their military spouses in less direct ways. For example, Ulysses S. Grant's relationship with Julia (a Southerner and former slave owner herself) kept him anchored in stormy times. Here, too, are tense and tempestuous pairings, such as William Tecumseh Sherman and his wife Ellen — his foster sister before becoming his wife — and Jefferson Davis's complex bond with Varina, further complicated by the hostile rumors about the two in Richmond society.Less
From Robert E. and Mary Lee to Ulysses S. and Julia Grant, this book examines the marriages of twelve prominent military commanders, highlighting the impact wives had on their famous husbands' careers. The authors assemble an array of scholars to explore the marriages of six Confederate and six Union commanders. Contributors reveal that, for many of these men, the matrimonial bond was the most important relationship in their lives, one that shaped (and was shaped by) their military experience. In some cases, the commanders' spouses proved relentless and skillful promoters of their husbands' careers. Jessie Frémont drew on all of her connections as the daughter of former Senator Thomas Hart Benton to aid her modestly talented husband John. Others bolstered their military spouses in less direct ways. For example, Ulysses S. Grant's relationship with Julia (a Southerner and former slave owner herself) kept him anchored in stormy times. Here, too, are tense and tempestuous pairings, such as William Tecumseh Sherman and his wife Ellen — his foster sister before becoming his wife — and Jefferson Davis's complex bond with Varina, further complicated by the hostile rumors about the two in Richmond society.
J. G. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201786
- eISBN:
- 9780191675010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201786.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Military History
The front-line soldiers of the First World War endured appalling conditions in the trenches and suffered unprecedented slaughter in battle. Their morale, as much as the strategy of their commanders, ...
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The front-line soldiers of the First World War endured appalling conditions in the trenches and suffered unprecedented slaughter in battle. Their morale, as much as the strategy of their commanders, played the crucial part in determining the outcome of ‘the war to end all wars’. This book examines the experience of the soldiers of the British and Dominion armies. How did the troops regard their plight? What did they think they were fighting for? The book draws on a variety of contemporary sources, including over a hundred magazines produced by the soldiers themselves. It looks at the trench journalism which played an important role in the lives of the ordinary soldiers. Other themes explored include the nature of patriotism, discipline, living conditions, and leisure activities such as sport, concert parties, and the music hall. The book's vivid study throws new light on the question of warfare, and in particular on how the British and Dominion armies differed from those of their allies and opponents, which were wracked by mutiny or defeat as the war went on.Less
The front-line soldiers of the First World War endured appalling conditions in the trenches and suffered unprecedented slaughter in battle. Their morale, as much as the strategy of their commanders, played the crucial part in determining the outcome of ‘the war to end all wars’. This book examines the experience of the soldiers of the British and Dominion armies. How did the troops regard their plight? What did they think they were fighting for? The book draws on a variety of contemporary sources, including over a hundred magazines produced by the soldiers themselves. It looks at the trench journalism which played an important role in the lives of the ordinary soldiers. Other themes explored include the nature of patriotism, discipline, living conditions, and leisure activities such as sport, concert parties, and the music hall. The book's vivid study throws new light on the question of warfare, and in particular on how the British and Dominion armies differed from those of their allies and opponents, which were wracked by mutiny or defeat as the war went on.
Guenael Mettraux
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559329
- eISBN:
- 9780191705304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559329.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
This chapter deals with the scope of application ‘ratione personae’ of the doctrine of superior responsibility. In particular, it discusses and analyses the application of that doctrine to military ...
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This chapter deals with the scope of application ‘ratione personae’ of the doctrine of superior responsibility. In particular, it discusses and analyses the application of that doctrine to military as well as civilian leaders and discusses the practical and evidential distinctions relevant in both contexts. It deals with the application of that doctrine to less formal types of superiors, such as terrorist or rebel leaders and military-private contractors. The chapter is also devoted to the all important question of the distinction between de jure superiors who have been appointed or elected to command and lead, and de facto superiors whose authority to command lays, not on domestic law, but on other factors.Less
This chapter deals with the scope of application ‘ratione personae’ of the doctrine of superior responsibility. In particular, it discusses and analyses the application of that doctrine to military as well as civilian leaders and discusses the practical and evidential distinctions relevant in both contexts. It deals with the application of that doctrine to less formal types of superiors, such as terrorist or rebel leaders and military-private contractors. The chapter is also devoted to the all important question of the distinction between de jure superiors who have been appointed or elected to command and lead, and de facto superiors whose authority to command lays, not on domestic law, but on other factors.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The last week of July was a critical period for the framing of Japan's postwar Constitution. Ashida Hitoshi appointed 14 Diet members (including Kita Reikichi and Inukai Takeru) to a special ...
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The last week of July was a critical period for the framing of Japan's postwar Constitution. Ashida Hitoshi appointed 14 Diet members (including Kita Reikichi and Inukai Takeru) to a special subcommittee. It was assigned the delicate task of combing through the text and, where necessary, preparing amendments, based on the preceding weeks’ discussions. Ch. 16 recounts how the subcommittee – under the watchful eye of Charles Kades, deputy director of SCAP's Government Section (GS) – devoted particular attention to the preamble, the correct terms to express popular sovereignty, and Article 9, renouncing war and armed forces. It was during this period that Article 9 was significantly amended. Ch. 16 carefully examines the intentions of the framers of these amendments.Less
The last week of July was a critical period for the framing of Japan's postwar Constitution. Ashida Hitoshi appointed 14 Diet members (including Kita Reikichi and Inukai Takeru) to a special subcommittee. It was assigned the delicate task of combing through the text and, where necessary, preparing amendments, based on the preceding weeks’ discussions. Ch. 16 recounts how the subcommittee – under the watchful eye of Charles Kades, deputy director of SCAP's Government Section (GS) – devoted particular attention to the preamble, the correct terms to express popular sovereignty, and Article 9, renouncing war and armed forces. It was during this period that Article 9 was significantly amended. Ch. 16 carefully examines the intentions of the framers of these amendments.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Introduces the book's main argument: that it is too simple, and ultimately misleading, to say that SCAP (that is, General MacArthur and officers of the American Occupation) “imposed” a Constitution ...
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Introduces the book's main argument: that it is too simple, and ultimately misleading, to say that SCAP (that is, General MacArthur and officers of the American Occupation) “imposed” a Constitution on postwar Japan. Rather, in this book, Japan is treated as a case study of democratization. The chapter also introduces the principal players (MacArthur, Whitney, and Kades on the American side; Shidehara, Yoshida, and Kanamori on the Japanese side). It then describes, in terms that invite comparison with other cases of democratization, the main features of the context (cultural, social, economic, and international) in which they worked to lay the foundation for constitutional democracy.Less
Introduces the book's main argument: that it is too simple, and ultimately misleading, to say that SCAP (that is, General MacArthur and officers of the American Occupation) “imposed” a Constitution on postwar Japan. Rather, in this book, Japan is treated as a case study of democratization. The chapter also introduces the principal players (MacArthur, Whitney, and Kades on the American side; Shidehara, Yoshida, and Kanamori on the Japanese side). It then describes, in terms that invite comparison with other cases of democratization, the main features of the context (cultural, social, economic, and international) in which they worked to lay the foundation for constitutional democracy.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Begins by noting that, early in the Occupation period, General Douglas MacArthur (SCAP) told Japanese leaders that their country could not fulfill the terms of the Potsdam Declaration without ...
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Begins by noting that, early in the Occupation period, General Douglas MacArthur (SCAP) told Japanese leaders that their country could not fulfill the terms of the Potsdam Declaration without revising its Constitution. It analyzes seminal documents from Washington (particularly JCS 1380 and SWNCC 228), emphasizing their warning that Japan should take leadership of this project. It shows that, by the end of January 1946, MacArthur, pressed by Allies on the Far Eastern Commission, had determined that Japan could not accomplish this goal without active American intervention.Less
Begins by noting that, early in the Occupation period, General Douglas MacArthur (SCAP) told Japanese leaders that their country could not fulfill the terms of the Potsdam Declaration without revising its Constitution. It analyzes seminal documents from Washington (particularly JCS 1380 and SWNCC 228), emphasizing their warning that Japan should take leadership of this project. It shows that, by the end of January 1946, MacArthur, pressed by Allies on the Far Eastern Commission, had determined that Japan could not accomplish this goal without active American intervention.
Sam Cherribi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199734115
- eISBN:
- 9780199866113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734115.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter analyzes the characteristics of Islamic religious leadership in the 90’s. At that time, the early to mid-1990s, what was said in the mosques was of little or no interest in the Dutch ...
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This chapter analyzes the characteristics of Islamic religious leadership in the 90’s. At that time, the early to mid-1990s, what was said in the mosques was of little or no interest in the Dutch public arena. With the import of Islam came the import of imams, community leaders from Muslim countries, most without any significant history of democracy, elections, or a free press. This does not mean that there were never any critical voices from the pulpit, but those voices were ultimately silenced. Imams in Muslim countries are fully aware of the constrained conditions under which they work. Two properties based on their personal qualities or characteristics can be used to classify imams in the religious field. One is religious capital and the other is economic capital. This chapter gives one of the only published, scholarly typologies of the imams.Less
This chapter analyzes the characteristics of Islamic religious leadership in the 90’s. At that time, the early to mid-1990s, what was said in the mosques was of little or no interest in the Dutch public arena. With the import of Islam came the import of imams, community leaders from Muslim countries, most without any significant history of democracy, elections, or a free press. This does not mean that there were never any critical voices from the pulpit, but those voices were ultimately silenced. Imams in Muslim countries are fully aware of the constrained conditions under which they work. Two properties based on their personal qualities or characteristics can be used to classify imams in the religious field. One is religious capital and the other is economic capital. This chapter gives one of the only published, scholarly typologies of the imams.
D. S. Levene
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198152958
- eISBN:
- 9780191594168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152958.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter examines Livy's battle scenes, arguing that the reader is invited to focus upon the causal sequence of events within battles, and to see the inadequacy of material explanations for their ...
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This chapter examines Livy's battle scenes, arguing that the reader is invited to focus upon the causal sequence of events within battles, and to see the inadequacy of material explanations for their results. The things that might be expected to make a difference to the battle's outcome do not in fact prove crucial: something else seems to be determining the sequence of events. This is not simply offering patriotic ‘excuses’ for Roman defeats: not merely defeats, but even victories are treated in ways that do not allow them to be explained by normal criteria of historical causation. Similarly commanders, even when apparently effective, are constantly shown to be poor judges of events, winning for reasons that are unconnected with the plans they adopt. Livy systematically shows the failure of rationality, forcing the reader to construct other terms in which these key turning points of history are to be understood.Less
This chapter examines Livy's battle scenes, arguing that the reader is invited to focus upon the causal sequence of events within battles, and to see the inadequacy of material explanations for their results. The things that might be expected to make a difference to the battle's outcome do not in fact prove crucial: something else seems to be determining the sequence of events. This is not simply offering patriotic ‘excuses’ for Roman defeats: not merely defeats, but even victories are treated in ways that do not allow them to be explained by normal criteria of historical causation. Similarly commanders, even when apparently effective, are constantly shown to be poor judges of events, winning for reasons that are unconnected with the plans they adopt. Livy systematically shows the failure of rationality, forcing the reader to construct other terms in which these key turning points of history are to be understood.
Carol K. Bleser and Lesley J. Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195330854
- eISBN:
- 9780199851393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330854.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book is a collection of twelve essays, each focusing on the marriage of a prominent Civil War commander and his wife. The marriages considered are those of five Confederate generals, the ...
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This book is a collection of twelve essays, each focusing on the marriage of a prominent Civil War commander and his wife. The marriages considered are those of five Confederate generals, the president of the Confederacy, who was a would-be general, five Union generals, and one Union admiral. They include Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Thomas Jackson, George E. Pickett, Richard Ewell, Josiah Gorgas, Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, George A. Custer, John C. Frémont and Samuel Phillips Lee. The book tells something about their marriages and gives equal footing to the famous husbands and their wives.Less
This book is a collection of twelve essays, each focusing on the marriage of a prominent Civil War commander and his wife. The marriages considered are those of five Confederate generals, the president of the Confederacy, who was a would-be general, five Union generals, and one Union admiral. They include Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Thomas Jackson, George E. Pickett, Richard Ewell, Josiah Gorgas, Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, George A. Custer, John C. Frémont and Samuel Phillips Lee. The book tells something about their marriages and gives equal footing to the famous husbands and their wives.
Eric Dorn Brose
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195143355
- eISBN:
- 9780199872015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143355.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the technophobia that afflicted cavalry and infantry commanders of the early 1880s. The cavalry remained a social bastion and a political symbol of the nobility in an ...
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This chapter discusses the technophobia that afflicted cavalry and infantry commanders of the early 1880s. The cavalry remained a social bastion and a political symbol of the nobility in an increasingly bourgeois age. In Prussia, for example, the percentage of noblemen who were commanding cavalry regiments remained at 93% to 94% from 1865 to 1885. This undoubtedly strengthened the preference of its officers for attacking in traditional fashion. However, the middle-class share of regimental infantry commands in Prussia rose from 5% in 1865 to 24% by 1885. The result, particularly during the first intense period of mixing and mingling among class elites in the 1870s, was a strong desire on the part of army newcomers to conform to older ways in order to gain acceptance. One historian argues that as the middle class in uniform strove for conformity and acceptability, it turned away from liberalism and technology, opting for conservatism and outmoded military tactics.Less
This chapter discusses the technophobia that afflicted cavalry and infantry commanders of the early 1880s. The cavalry remained a social bastion and a political symbol of the nobility in an increasingly bourgeois age. In Prussia, for example, the percentage of noblemen who were commanding cavalry regiments remained at 93% to 94% from 1865 to 1885. This undoubtedly strengthened the preference of its officers for attacking in traditional fashion. However, the middle-class share of regimental infantry commands in Prussia rose from 5% in 1865 to 24% by 1885. The result, particularly during the first intense period of mixing and mingling among class elites in the 1870s, was a strong desire on the part of army newcomers to conform to older ways in order to gain acceptance. One historian argues that as the middle class in uniform strove for conformity and acceptability, it turned away from liberalism and technology, opting for conservatism and outmoded military tactics.
Andrew Kahn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234745
- eISBN:
- 9780191715747
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234745.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, Poetry
This chapter examines Pushkin's fascination with Napoleon expressed in poems on Napoleon's escape from Elba and his death. His approach to defining and embodying the heroic was to change again. By ...
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This chapter examines Pushkin's fascination with Napoleon expressed in poems on Napoleon's escape from Elba and his death. His approach to defining and embodying the heroic was to change again. By 1830 admiration became a question of judgement and who is entitled to make it. Two of Pushkin's greatest poems ponder the question of how such valuation can be made. The final parts of the chapter focus on ‘The Hero’ and ‘The Commander’, paying close attention to the role of portrait painting and historical canvases by David, Gros, and Dawe that Pushkin invokes in articulating an ambivalent message about the heroic ideal.Less
This chapter examines Pushkin's fascination with Napoleon expressed in poems on Napoleon's escape from Elba and his death. His approach to defining and embodying the heroic was to change again. By 1830 admiration became a question of judgement and who is entitled to make it. Two of Pushkin's greatest poems ponder the question of how such valuation can be made. The final parts of the chapter focus on ‘The Hero’ and ‘The Commander’, paying close attention to the role of portrait painting and historical canvases by David, Gros, and Dawe that Pushkin invokes in articulating an ambivalent message about the heroic ideal.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the role of the medical services in the major offensives that began in the summer of 1916 with the Battle of the Somme. It shows how arrangements for casualty disposal were ...
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This chapter examines the role of the medical services in the major offensives that began in the summer of 1916 with the Battle of the Somme. It shows how arrangements for casualty disposal were gradually altered in such a way as to maximize efficiency. It also argues that medical planning was sufficiently flexible to cope with the advent of mobile warfare in 1918. It argues that the success of medical arrangements was due to an unparalleled degree of coordination between different branches of the army and the consistent interest taken in the medical services by senior commanders. In addition to operational planning, the chapter considers the ways in which efficiency was improved through growing specialization of treatment. It does so first by examining various aspects of surgery, including the treatment of abdominal wounds, then medical problems, such as the treatment of gas casualties, and, finally, the management of shell-shock in front-line facilities.Less
This chapter examines the role of the medical services in the major offensives that began in the summer of 1916 with the Battle of the Somme. It shows how arrangements for casualty disposal were gradually altered in such a way as to maximize efficiency. It also argues that medical planning was sufficiently flexible to cope with the advent of mobile warfare in 1918. It argues that the success of medical arrangements was due to an unparalleled degree of coordination between different branches of the army and the consistent interest taken in the medical services by senior commanders. In addition to operational planning, the chapter considers the ways in which efficiency was improved through growing specialization of treatment. It does so first by examining various aspects of surgery, including the treatment of abdominal wounds, then medical problems, such as the treatment of gas casualties, and, finally, the management of shell-shock in front-line facilities.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. ...
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In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. High levels of disease and poor sanitary discipline also meant that sickness rates were far higher than they had been on the Western Front. These medical failures contributed to loss confidence in the management of the campaign and were examined by the Dardanelles Commission appointed in 1916. This chapter explains why medical arrangements were so much worse than on the Western Front, paying particular attention to the exclusion of medical officers from headquarters in the vital planning stages of the operation. It ends by considering the verdict of the Dardanelles Commission and the expectations of witnesses summoned before it.Less
In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. High levels of disease and poor sanitary discipline also meant that sickness rates were far higher than they had been on the Western Front. These medical failures contributed to loss confidence in the management of the campaign and were examined by the Dardanelles Commission appointed in 1916. This chapter explains why medical arrangements were so much worse than on the Western Front, paying particular attention to the exclusion of medical officers from headquarters in the vital planning stages of the operation. It ends by considering the verdict of the Dardanelles Commission and the expectations of witnesses summoned before it.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter looks at the period from the landings of the predominantly Indian force in November 1914 through to the wholesale changes of early 1916, which saw the replacement of commanders and the ...
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This chapter looks at the period from the landings of the predominantly Indian force in November 1914 through to the wholesale changes of early 1916, which saw the replacement of commanders and the switch of operational control from Delhi to London. After an encouraging start, with comparatively few British and Indian casualties, high levels of disease began to hinder the expeditionary force and the lightly-equipped and under-staffed medical services were unable to cope. Commanders had not given much thought to medical arrangements or logistics and there were great delays in the disposal of casualties down the line to the base in Basra. The chapter examines the reasons for these failures and their consequences for morale and military operations.Less
This chapter looks at the period from the landings of the predominantly Indian force in November 1914 through to the wholesale changes of early 1916, which saw the replacement of commanders and the switch of operational control from Delhi to London. After an encouraging start, with comparatively few British and Indian casualties, high levels of disease began to hinder the expeditionary force and the lightly-equipped and under-staffed medical services were unable to cope. Commanders had not given much thought to medical arrangements or logistics and there were great delays in the disposal of casualties down the line to the base in Basra. The chapter examines the reasons for these failures and their consequences for morale and military operations.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Of all the diseases encountered by the British army during the war, malaria was the most serious in terms of the drain on manpower. In Salonika, East Africa, and the Middle East, the army found ...
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Of all the diseases encountered by the British army during the war, malaria was the most serious in terms of the drain on manpower. In Salonika, East Africa, and the Middle East, the army found itself in areas in which malaria was endemic or epidemic, and suffered heavy casualties among troops, labourers and carriers. The prevention of malaria was complicated by differences of opinion over how best to combat the disease, which were played out in the course of the First World War. However, the very different attitudes of commanders to the problem also affected their ability to prevent malaria casualties. This chapter looks at a hitherto neglected aspect of the malaria problem: the large number of men who returned from the war as psychiatric cases who were temporarily admitted to asylums for the insane.Less
Of all the diseases encountered by the British army during the war, malaria was the most serious in terms of the drain on manpower. In Salonika, East Africa, and the Middle East, the army found itself in areas in which malaria was endemic or epidemic, and suffered heavy casualties among troops, labourers and carriers. The prevention of malaria was complicated by differences of opinion over how best to combat the disease, which were played out in the course of the First World War. However, the very different attitudes of commanders to the problem also affected their ability to prevent malaria casualties. This chapter looks at a hitherto neglected aspect of the malaria problem: the large number of men who returned from the war as psychiatric cases who were temporarily admitted to asylums for the insane.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in ...
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From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.Less
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.
Guénaël Mettraux
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559329
- eISBN:
- 9780191705304
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559329.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
The book studies the law of command or superior responsibility under international law. Born in the aftermath of the Second World War, the doctrine of superior responsibility provides that a military ...
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The book studies the law of command or superior responsibility under international law. Born in the aftermath of the Second World War, the doctrine of superior responsibility provides that a military commander, a civilian leader or the leader of a terrorist, paramilitary, or rebel group could be held criminally responsible in relation to crimes committed by subordinates even where he has taken no direct or personal part in the commission of these crimes. The basis of this type of liability lies in a grave and culpable failure on the part of the superior to fulfil his duties to prevent or punish crimes of subordinates. Though it first developed in the international arena, the doctrine of superior responsibility has now spread into many domestic jurisdictions, thus offering judicial and prosecutorial authorities a ready-made instrument to hold to account the leaders of men who knew of the crimes of their subordinates and failed to respond adequately to prevent or punish those crimes. This book provides a dissection of the doctrine of superior responsibility, the scope of its application, its elements as well as the evidential difficulties involved in establishing the criminal responsibility of a superior in the context of a criminal prosecution.Less
The book studies the law of command or superior responsibility under international law. Born in the aftermath of the Second World War, the doctrine of superior responsibility provides that a military commander, a civilian leader or the leader of a terrorist, paramilitary, or rebel group could be held criminally responsible in relation to crimes committed by subordinates even where he has taken no direct or personal part in the commission of these crimes. The basis of this type of liability lies in a grave and culpable failure on the part of the superior to fulfil his duties to prevent or punish crimes of subordinates. Though it first developed in the international arena, the doctrine of superior responsibility has now spread into many domestic jurisdictions, thus offering judicial and prosecutorial authorities a ready-made instrument to hold to account the leaders of men who knew of the crimes of their subordinates and failed to respond adequately to prevent or punish those crimes. This book provides a dissection of the doctrine of superior responsibility, the scope of its application, its elements as well as the evidential difficulties involved in establishing the criminal responsibility of a superior in the context of a criminal prosecution.
William H. Boothby
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199569946
- eISBN:
- 9780191705250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569946.003.0019
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter starts by examining the compliance provisions of weapons law treaties. The relative absence of such provisions in early treaties is noted, and the compliance regimes in later treaties ...
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This chapter starts by examining the compliance provisions of weapons law treaties. The relative absence of such provisions in early treaties is noted, and the compliance regimes in later treaties are referred to and considered. After referring to the role of legal advice to commanders and of domestic legislation in securing compliance with these rules, the important requirement placed on states to conduct weapons reviews is then discussed in some detail. The treaty obligation in article 36 of AP1 is explained, and the discussion clarifies what should be reviewed, the rules that should be applied when undertaking such reviews, weapons review procedures, the establishment of a reviewing authority, and the procurement stages at which a review should be sought. Throughout, the focus is on giving practical assistance to those tasked with establishing and/or operating a weapons review system. The guidance on the subject issued by the ICRC is critiqued.Less
This chapter starts by examining the compliance provisions of weapons law treaties. The relative absence of such provisions in early treaties is noted, and the compliance regimes in later treaties are referred to and considered. After referring to the role of legal advice to commanders and of domestic legislation in securing compliance with these rules, the important requirement placed on states to conduct weapons reviews is then discussed in some detail. The treaty obligation in article 36 of AP1 is explained, and the discussion clarifies what should be reviewed, the rules that should be applied when undertaking such reviews, weapons review procedures, the establishment of a reviewing authority, and the procurement stages at which a review should be sought. Throughout, the focus is on giving practical assistance to those tasked with establishing and/or operating a weapons review system. The guidance on the subject issued by the ICRC is critiqued.
Thomas J. Laub
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199539321
- eISBN:
- 9780191715808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539321.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History, European Modern History
‘The shocking defeat’ begins with an overview of Allied and Axis military strategy during the phony war, surveys German plans for the invasion of France, and describes the Western Campaign between ...
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‘The shocking defeat’ begins with an overview of Allied and Axis military strategy during the phony war, surveys German plans for the invasion of France, and describes the Western Campaign between May and June 1940. In the face of what might be called ‘catastrophic success', Hitler placed conservative generals in charge of an improvised military administration, and the latter established a standard of conduct that was largely unadulterated by Nazi ideology. The 1938 Munich Agreement and the 1939 Nazi‐Soviet Non‐Aggression Pact prepared French society for some of the dramatic changes associated with military defeat and the 1940 Armistice Agreement.Less
‘The shocking defeat’ begins with an overview of Allied and Axis military strategy during the phony war, surveys German plans for the invasion of France, and describes the Western Campaign between May and June 1940. In the face of what might be called ‘catastrophic success', Hitler placed conservative generals in charge of an improvised military administration, and the latter established a standard of conduct that was largely unadulterated by Nazi ideology. The 1938 Munich Agreement and the 1939 Nazi‐Soviet Non‐Aggression Pact prepared French society for some of the dramatic changes associated with military defeat and the 1940 Armistice Agreement.
Malcolm Hebron
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186205
- eISBN:
- 9780191674440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186205.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter explores depictions of the siege commander in various medieval texts. It shows that the influence of the heroic literary tradition is evident throughout, particularly perhaps in The ...
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This chapter explores depictions of the siege commander in various medieval texts. It shows that the influence of the heroic literary tradition is evident throughout, particularly perhaps in The Siege of Caerlaverok. This sense of the formulations and topics appropriate to the subject still allows for much variation by individual writers: Barbour's close interest in particular events and strategies, for example, is not shared to any great extent by the authors of the other pieces, who prefer broader brushstrokes. The logistical background to sieges, from the gathering and maintenance of an army to the relations between leaders and the legal and moral justifications for war, also appear as a major theme: writers seem to enjoy showing how things should be done. There is a common interest in sieges of the past, and in the heroic qualities of those who managed them, though these are also open to examination and criticism.Less
This chapter explores depictions of the siege commander in various medieval texts. It shows that the influence of the heroic literary tradition is evident throughout, particularly perhaps in The Siege of Caerlaverok. This sense of the formulations and topics appropriate to the subject still allows for much variation by individual writers: Barbour's close interest in particular events and strategies, for example, is not shared to any great extent by the authors of the other pieces, who prefer broader brushstrokes. The logistical background to sieges, from the gathering and maintenance of an army to the relations between leaders and the legal and moral justifications for war, also appear as a major theme: writers seem to enjoy showing how things should be done. There is a common interest in sieges of the past, and in the heroic qualities of those who managed them, though these are also open to examination and criticism.
