Akila Kizzi
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197266748
- eISBN:
- 9780191938146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266748.003.0009
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
Exploring the artistic paths of the two Algerian Berberi women artists under French colonisation, this chapter aims to demonstrate how art could be transformed into a powerful expression of ...
More
Exploring the artistic paths of the two Algerian Berberi women artists under French colonisation, this chapter aims to demonstrate how art could be transformed into a powerful expression of anticolonial and feminist thought. Baya Mahieddine (1931–98) distinguished herself in painting while Taos Amrouche (1913–76) was a singer of lyrical Berber songs (chants). In 1947, Surrealist André Breton came across both of their work and fascinated by their authentic artistic style, described them as the ‘beginning of an age of concord and radical break’ with the artistic thought of the era. The social and personal trajectory of the two women gave their art a dimension of the gendered imagination nourished by their ethnic origins. A quest for identity guided their work towards self–understanding, constituting a path to an exploration of the ‘other’. In order to show the impact of their personal experiences on their work, as well as the feminist thinking that emerges along the way, this chapter delves into the social and historical conditions of their artistic practices.Less
Exploring the artistic paths of the two Algerian Berberi women artists under French colonisation, this chapter aims to demonstrate how art could be transformed into a powerful expression of anticolonial and feminist thought. Baya Mahieddine (1931–98) distinguished herself in painting while Taos Amrouche (1913–76) was a singer of lyrical Berber songs (chants). In 1947, Surrealist André Breton came across both of their work and fascinated by their authentic artistic style, described them as the ‘beginning of an age of concord and radical break’ with the artistic thought of the era. The social and personal trajectory of the two women gave their art a dimension of the gendered imagination nourished by their ethnic origins. A quest for identity guided their work towards self–understanding, constituting a path to an exploration of the ‘other’. In order to show the impact of their personal experiences on their work, as well as the feminist thinking that emerges along the way, this chapter delves into the social and historical conditions of their artistic practices.
Barbara Arneil
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198279679
- eISBN:
- 9780191684296
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198279679.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This book considers the context of the colonial policies of Britain, John Locke's contribution to them, and the importance of these ideas in his theory of property. It also reconsiders the debate ...
More
This book considers the context of the colonial policies of Britain, John Locke's contribution to them, and the importance of these ideas in his theory of property. It also reconsiders the debate about Locke's influence in America, challenging a number of other interpretations. The book breaks new ground in its interpretation of Locke's writings about the Amerindians and English colonisation of America—a subject largely overlooked in the past. The book argues that Locke's theory of property must be understood in connection with the philosopher's political concerns, as part of his endeavour to justify the colonialist policies of Lord Shaftesbury's cabinet, with which he was personally associated. The book maintains that traditional scholarship has failed to do justice to Locke by ignoring the implications of contemporary British imperial policy for the interpretation of his political thought. The book offers insight into Locke's theory of property, suggesting a solution to the problem of why Locke himself assigned such importance to property in the state of nature being based on labour while at the same time asserting that property in civil society is based on convention.Less
This book considers the context of the colonial policies of Britain, John Locke's contribution to them, and the importance of these ideas in his theory of property. It also reconsiders the debate about Locke's influence in America, challenging a number of other interpretations. The book breaks new ground in its interpretation of Locke's writings about the Amerindians and English colonisation of America—a subject largely overlooked in the past. The book argues that Locke's theory of property must be understood in connection with the philosopher's political concerns, as part of his endeavour to justify the colonialist policies of Lord Shaftesbury's cabinet, with which he was personally associated. The book maintains that traditional scholarship has failed to do justice to Locke by ignoring the implications of contemporary British imperial policy for the interpretation of his political thought. The book offers insight into Locke's theory of property, suggesting a solution to the problem of why Locke himself assigned such importance to property in the state of nature being based on labour while at the same time asserting that property in civil society is based on convention.
James Belich
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199297276
- eISBN:
- 9780191700842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297276.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This book began with two urban mysteries. One, the explosive growth of settler cities like Chicago and Melbourne. The other was the growth of London and New York into mega-cities before the modern ...
More
This book began with two urban mysteries. One, the explosive growth of settler cities like Chicago and Melbourne. The other was the growth of London and New York into mega-cities before the modern agro-industrial revolution made this generally possible. In 1890, London and New York were the only two cities in the world with more than 2.5 million people. The Anglos were also the first people to experience industrialization. Thirdly, the Anglos from 1815 were the first people to undertake explosive colonization, followed by recolonization. Explosive colonization rapidly gave the Anglos vast ‘Wests’. Recolonization allowed the Anglo oldlands to integrate with these Wests, so boosting the bulk and power of the United States and Greater Britain. This process made the United States a superpower and gave Britain an extra half-century of that status. The following chapters explore the intersections between these three phenomena.Less
This book began with two urban mysteries. One, the explosive growth of settler cities like Chicago and Melbourne. The other was the growth of London and New York into mega-cities before the modern agro-industrial revolution made this generally possible. In 1890, London and New York were the only two cities in the world with more than 2.5 million people. The Anglos were also the first people to experience industrialization. Thirdly, the Anglos from 1815 were the first people to undertake explosive colonization, followed by recolonization. Explosive colonization rapidly gave the Anglos vast ‘Wests’. Recolonization allowed the Anglo oldlands to integrate with these Wests, so boosting the bulk and power of the United States and Greater Britain. This process made the United States a superpower and gave Britain an extra half-century of that status. The following chapters explore the intersections between these three phenomena.
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Geography and institutions are the two main contenders to explain the fundamental causes of cross-country differences in prosperity. The geography hypothesis — which has a large following both in the ...
More
Geography and institutions are the two main contenders to explain the fundamental causes of cross-country differences in prosperity. The geography hypothesis — which has a large following both in the popular imagination and in academia — maintains that the geography, climate, and ecology of a society’s location shape both its technology and the incentives of its inhabitants. This essay argues that differences in institutions are more important than geography for understanding the divergent economic and social conditions of nations. While the geography hypothesis emphasizes forces of nature as a primary factor in the poverty of nations, the institutions hypothesis is about man-made influences. A case is developed for the importance of institutions which draws on the history of European colonization.Less
Geography and institutions are the two main contenders to explain the fundamental causes of cross-country differences in prosperity. The geography hypothesis — which has a large following both in the popular imagination and in academia — maintains that the geography, climate, and ecology of a society’s location shape both its technology and the incentives of its inhabitants. This essay argues that differences in institutions are more important than geography for understanding the divergent economic and social conditions of nations. While the geography hypothesis emphasizes forces of nature as a primary factor in the poverty of nations, the institutions hypothesis is about man-made influences. A case is developed for the importance of institutions which draws on the history of European colonization.
Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay explores the hypothesis that extreme differences in inequality across European colonies in the Americas gave rise to systematic differences in the ways institutions evolved, and in turn, ...
More
This essay explores the hypothesis that extreme differences in inequality across European colonies in the Americas gave rise to systematic differences in the ways institutions evolved, and in turn, on the paths of development. European colonization altered the composition of the populations in the colonized societies. Because colonization generally meant implanting communities that were greatly advantaged over natives in terms of human capital and legal status, and because the trajectories of institutional development were sensitive to the incidence of extreme inequality that often followed, European colonial activity had long, lingering effects. Colonies in the Americas with extreme inequality, compared with those with relative equality, were systematically more likely to evolve institutions that restricted access to economic opportunities and to generate lower rates of public investment in schools and other infrastructure considered conducive to growth. These patterns of institutional development, which tend to persist over time in economic performance, may help explain why many societies that began with extreme inequality continue to suffer from the same condition.Less
This essay explores the hypothesis that extreme differences in inequality across European colonies in the Americas gave rise to systematic differences in the ways institutions evolved, and in turn, on the paths of development. European colonization altered the composition of the populations in the colonized societies. Because colonization generally meant implanting communities that were greatly advantaged over natives in terms of human capital and legal status, and because the trajectories of institutional development were sensitive to the incidence of extreme inequality that often followed, European colonial activity had long, lingering effects. Colonies in the Americas with extreme inequality, compared with those with relative equality, were systematically more likely to evolve institutions that restricted access to economic opportunities and to generate lower rates of public investment in schools and other infrastructure considered conducive to growth. These patterns of institutional development, which tend to persist over time in economic performance, may help explain why many societies that began with extreme inequality continue to suffer from the same condition.
James Belich
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199297276
- eISBN:
- 9780191700842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297276.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This book has argued that an Anglo-prone settler revolution took place in the long 19th century, and that it explains the gargantuan growth of Anglophone societies in the period. It posited a ...
More
This book has argued that an Anglo-prone settler revolution took place in the long 19th century, and that it explains the gargantuan growth of Anglophone societies in the period. It posited a roller-coaster rhythm and a ‘hyper-colonial’ shape for this revolution. Fresh frontiers went through successive booms, busts, and export rescues, which in a wider sense comprised rounds of explosive colonization followed by recolonization. Explosive colonizations were triggered by particular settler transitions and mass transfers, and then powered more by a boom mentality than rational choice, industrialization, growth-friendly institutions, or the premeditated long-range export of staples. Recolonization re-forged the shattered settler socio-economies after the bust, now converting them into long-range staples exporters, the virtual hinterlands of the distant megacities, London and New York. The proof of the pudding is in the eating, and this chapter applies these hypotheses to the histories of particular regions at particular times.Less
This book has argued that an Anglo-prone settler revolution took place in the long 19th century, and that it explains the gargantuan growth of Anglophone societies in the period. It posited a roller-coaster rhythm and a ‘hyper-colonial’ shape for this revolution. Fresh frontiers went through successive booms, busts, and export rescues, which in a wider sense comprised rounds of explosive colonization followed by recolonization. Explosive colonizations were triggered by particular settler transitions and mass transfers, and then powered more by a boom mentality than rational choice, industrialization, growth-friendly institutions, or the premeditated long-range export of staples. Recolonization re-forged the shattered settler socio-economies after the bust, now converting them into long-range staples exporters, the virtual hinterlands of the distant megacities, London and New York. The proof of the pudding is in the eating, and this chapter applies these hypotheses to the histories of particular regions at particular times.
N. Ganesan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199277629
- eISBN:
- 9780191603303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199277621.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the political evolution of Malaysia in relation to minority communities, and compares the Malaysian experience to Western liberal theories of multiculturalism. The first three ...
More
This chapter examines the political evolution of Malaysia in relation to minority communities, and compares the Malaysian experience to Western liberal theories of multiculturalism. The first three sections of the chapter focus on the important eras in the political history of the Malaysian model: colonization and migration, political independence, and the 1969 ethnic riots and resulting policy initiatives. The final section explores the constitutional and structural opportunities and constraints facing minority groups, and their relation to Western liberal theories. It is argued that Malaysia practices minority rights within the framework of Western liberalism, which is both a boon and a bane for minority communities.Less
This chapter examines the political evolution of Malaysia in relation to minority communities, and compares the Malaysian experience to Western liberal theories of multiculturalism. The first three sections of the chapter focus on the important eras in the political history of the Malaysian model: colonization and migration, political independence, and the 1969 ethnic riots and resulting policy initiatives. The final section explores the constitutional and structural opportunities and constraints facing minority groups, and their relation to Western liberal theories. It is argued that Malaysia practices minority rights within the framework of Western liberalism, which is both a boon and a bane for minority communities.
Yrjö Haila
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295099
- eISBN:
- 9780191599262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829509X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Argues that the holistic notion of the ‘whole earth’ as a protectable entity is too insensitive to, and remote from, real human life‐worlds. It works as a poetic vision but not as a framework for ...
More
Argues that the holistic notion of the ‘whole earth’ as a protectable entity is too insensitive to, and remote from, real human life‐worlds. It works as a poetic vision but not as a framework for sound environmental policy. The examples of Russian colonization of Yakutia in eastern Siberia and of Spanish colonization in Central and Latin America illustrate the conceptual dangers that attend such an ‘objectifying’ attitude. The chapter cites stages in Western philosophy depicting the ‘otherness’ of the natural world as a domain to be conquered, and suggests that a more sympathetic understanding of humanity's place in it is required. This in turn requires greater mutual respect between human beings.Less
Argues that the holistic notion of the ‘whole earth’ as a protectable entity is too insensitive to, and remote from, real human life‐worlds. It works as a poetic vision but not as a framework for sound environmental policy. The examples of Russian colonization of Yakutia in eastern Siberia and of Spanish colonization in Central and Latin America illustrate the conceptual dangers that attend such an ‘objectifying’ attitude. The chapter cites stages in Western philosophy depicting the ‘otherness’ of the natural world as a domain to be conquered, and suggests that a more sympathetic understanding of humanity's place in it is required. This in turn requires greater mutual respect between human beings.
Deepak Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195687149
- eISBN:
- 9780199081684
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195687149.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This book focuses on the development of colonial science in British India, together with its social and economic implications. It analyses the nature and working of the relationship between ...
More
This book focuses on the development of colonial science in British India, together with its social and economic implications. It analyses the nature and working of the relationship between techno-scientific imperatives and colonial requirements by looking at the close link between science and the Raj. The term ‘colonial science’ expresses the entire gamut of the relationship between science and colonization, and aptly sums up the state of science as well as its limitations, triumphs, and failures in a colony. In some ways, colonial science represented an advance over pre-colonial science. This book reviews the views of several scholars about pre-colonial science and technology, the imperatives determining colonial science, and explores science education in colonial India. It also considers early exploratory activities, scientific research works, problems in science administration, and how India responded to these issues. The term ‘science’ in this book refers more to the physical and biological sciences, also known collectively as ‘natural history’. In addition, it is used in relation to individuals, groups, institutions (both official and non-official), application, etc.Less
This book focuses on the development of colonial science in British India, together with its social and economic implications. It analyses the nature and working of the relationship between techno-scientific imperatives and colonial requirements by looking at the close link between science and the Raj. The term ‘colonial science’ expresses the entire gamut of the relationship between science and colonization, and aptly sums up the state of science as well as its limitations, triumphs, and failures in a colony. In some ways, colonial science represented an advance over pre-colonial science. This book reviews the views of several scholars about pre-colonial science and technology, the imperatives determining colonial science, and explores science education in colonial India. It also considers early exploratory activities, scientific research works, problems in science administration, and how India responded to these issues. The term ‘science’ in this book refers more to the physical and biological sciences, also known collectively as ‘natural history’. In addition, it is used in relation to individuals, groups, institutions (both official and non-official), application, etc.
Prashan De Visser
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474439824
- eISBN:
- 9781474465366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0019
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Historical records link Christianity in Sri Lanka to colonial rule. In 1505 the Portuguese introduced Catholicism to Sri Lanka and were followed by the Dutch, who in 1658, introduced the Dutch ...
More
Historical records link Christianity in Sri Lanka to colonial rule. In 1505 the Portuguese introduced Catholicism to Sri Lanka and were followed by the Dutch, who in 1658, introduced the Dutch Reformed Church (Protestant). In 1796 the British, who brought with them the Church of England, gained control of the entire country by 1815. Today, five centuries after the advent of colonial rule, the combined number of Roman Catholics and other Christians stands at less than 9% of the total population. The Roman Catholic Church is spread across Sri Lanka, with churches in every district and ministering in all languages and across a wide cross-section of social groups, while growth within Protestant denominations has been stagnant. The Sri Lankan constitution in 1972 recognised Buddhism as the national, state-supported religion. Sri Lankan Buddhists and Tamil Hindus regard Christianity as a residue of the colonial governments. With the cycles of violence, Christian churches find opportunity to bring together believers from the Sinhala and Tamil ethnic groups and work for peace. In addition, with more emphasis on addressing key social justice issues, there is ground for confidence that Christianity in Sri Lanka can sustain itself and flourish in the coming century.Less
Historical records link Christianity in Sri Lanka to colonial rule. In 1505 the Portuguese introduced Catholicism to Sri Lanka and were followed by the Dutch, who in 1658, introduced the Dutch Reformed Church (Protestant). In 1796 the British, who brought with them the Church of England, gained control of the entire country by 1815. Today, five centuries after the advent of colonial rule, the combined number of Roman Catholics and other Christians stands at less than 9% of the total population. The Roman Catholic Church is spread across Sri Lanka, with churches in every district and ministering in all languages and across a wide cross-section of social groups, while growth within Protestant denominations has been stagnant. The Sri Lankan constitution in 1972 recognised Buddhism as the national, state-supported religion. Sri Lankan Buddhists and Tamil Hindus regard Christianity as a residue of the colonial governments. With the cycles of violence, Christian churches find opportunity to bring together believers from the Sinhala and Tamil ethnic groups and work for peace. In addition, with more emphasis on addressing key social justice issues, there is ground for confidence that Christianity in Sri Lanka can sustain itself and flourish in the coming century.
Peniel Rajkumar
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474439824
- eISBN:
- 9781474465366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0034
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
In most parts of South and Central Asia, one religious tradition has a numerical majority. Though Christians are a minority, they have had a considerable influence on society through healthcare and ...
More
In most parts of South and Central Asia, one religious tradition has a numerical majority. Though Christians are a minority, they have had a considerable influence on society through healthcare and education. Dialogue has been the mode of the church’s mission in the Asian context. Modes of dialogue include: the dialogue of life, which involves the daily sharing of life; the dialogue of collaborative action, which fosters collaboration for justice, peace and ecological wholeness; the dialogue of theological reflection, which involves entrenchment into the beliefs of other religions; and the dialogue of spiritual experience, which brings people of spiritual traditions together. ‘Triple dialogue’ envisages a dialogue not just with the cultures and the religions of Asia but also with Asia’s poor. Inculturation was an attempt to ensure that Christianity was purged of its Western influence. This enabled hospitable forms of Christian interaction– sometimes at the risk of being accused of assimilation, syncretism and/or compromise. Many nations are confronted with a tendency toward nationalistic self-identification based on religion. This can lead to restrictions on proselytism, viewed as an attack on the community and a denigration of traditional values.Less
In most parts of South and Central Asia, one religious tradition has a numerical majority. Though Christians are a minority, they have had a considerable influence on society through healthcare and education. Dialogue has been the mode of the church’s mission in the Asian context. Modes of dialogue include: the dialogue of life, which involves the daily sharing of life; the dialogue of collaborative action, which fosters collaboration for justice, peace and ecological wholeness; the dialogue of theological reflection, which involves entrenchment into the beliefs of other religions; and the dialogue of spiritual experience, which brings people of spiritual traditions together. ‘Triple dialogue’ envisages a dialogue not just with the cultures and the religions of Asia but also with Asia’s poor. Inculturation was an attempt to ensure that Christianity was purged of its Western influence. This enabled hospitable forms of Christian interaction– sometimes at the risk of being accused of assimilation, syncretism and/or compromise. Many nations are confronted with a tendency toward nationalistic self-identification based on religion. This can lead to restrictions on proselytism, viewed as an attack on the community and a denigration of traditional values.
William Cloonan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786941329
- eISBN:
- 9781789629101
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786941329.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Frères Ennemis focuses on Franco-American tensions as portrayed in works of literature. An Introduction is followed by nine chapters, each centred on a French or American literary text which shows ...
More
Frères Ennemis focuses on Franco-American tensions as portrayed in works of literature. An Introduction is followed by nine chapters, each centred on a French or American literary text which shows the evolution/devolution of the relations between the two nations at a particular point in time. While the heart of the analysis consists of close textual readings, social, cultural and political contexts are introduced to provide a better understanding of the historical reality influencing the individual novels, a reality to which these novels are also responding. Chapters One through Five, covering a period from the mid-1870s to the end of the Cold War, discuss significant aspects of the often fraught relationship in part from the theoretical perspective of Roland Barthes’ theory of modern myth, described in his Mythologies. Barthes’ theory helps situate Franco-American tensions in a paradigmatic structure, which remains supple enough to allow for shifts and reversals within the paradigm. Subsequent chapters explore new French attitudes toward the powerful, potentially dominant influence of American culture on French life. In these sections I argue that recent French fiction displays more openness to the American experience than has existed in the past, and contrast this overture to the new with the relatively static, even indifferent attitude of American writers toward French literature.Less
Frères Ennemis focuses on Franco-American tensions as portrayed in works of literature. An Introduction is followed by nine chapters, each centred on a French or American literary text which shows the evolution/devolution of the relations between the two nations at a particular point in time. While the heart of the analysis consists of close textual readings, social, cultural and political contexts are introduced to provide a better understanding of the historical reality influencing the individual novels, a reality to which these novels are also responding. Chapters One through Five, covering a period from the mid-1870s to the end of the Cold War, discuss significant aspects of the often fraught relationship in part from the theoretical perspective of Roland Barthes’ theory of modern myth, described in his Mythologies. Barthes’ theory helps situate Franco-American tensions in a paradigmatic structure, which remains supple enough to allow for shifts and reversals within the paradigm. Subsequent chapters explore new French attitudes toward the powerful, potentially dominant influence of American culture on French life. In these sections I argue that recent French fiction displays more openness to the American experience than has existed in the past, and contrast this overture to the new with the relatively static, even indifferent attitude of American writers toward French literature.
Elizabeth E. Prevost
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570744
- eISBN:
- 9780191722097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570744.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter investigates the campaign for female education in Anglican missions in Madagascar through the women's wing of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and particularly through the ...
More
This chapter investigates the campaign for female education in Anglican missions in Madagascar through the women's wing of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and particularly through the work of Emily Lawrence and Gertrude King. In the late nineteenth century, missionaries and the indigenous Merina state engaged in a collaborative effort that tied evangelism to education; however, the day‐to‐day work of evangelism involved a constant struggle over the terms and meanings of Christianity, particularly in the context of illness and healing, and the rituals surrounding rites of passage. Moreover, the French colonization of the island in 1895 undermined Protestant hegemony. This chapter traces the how the ideology and practice of residential education responded to this changing political and social context, shifting from a rescue effort for protecting young girls to a professional scheme for training Malagasy women.Less
This chapter investigates the campaign for female education in Anglican missions in Madagascar through the women's wing of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and particularly through the work of Emily Lawrence and Gertrude King. In the late nineteenth century, missionaries and the indigenous Merina state engaged in a collaborative effort that tied evangelism to education; however, the day‐to‐day work of evangelism involved a constant struggle over the terms and meanings of Christianity, particularly in the context of illness and healing, and the rituals surrounding rites of passage. Moreover, the French colonization of the island in 1895 undermined Protestant hegemony. This chapter traces the how the ideology and practice of residential education responded to this changing political and social context, shifting from a rescue effort for protecting young girls to a professional scheme for training Malagasy women.
Elizabeth E. Prevost
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570744
- eISBN:
- 9780191722097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570744.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter examines the next generation of Anglican women's mission work in Madagascar through the growth of the Mothers' Union, particularly under the leadership of Gertrude King. The MU ...
More
This chapter examines the next generation of Anglican women's mission work in Madagascar through the growth of the Mothers' Union, particularly under the leadership of Gertrude King. The MU supplemented women's evangelism in two ways. First, it offered a means of building a corporate Christian community that mitigated the secularist effects of French colonial policy. Second, it conceived a sacred, ritual function for motherhood in ‘high‐church’ terms that engaged both Malagasy and British religious expression and crafted a new basis for female authority in the mission church. However, the moral regulation of membership, particularly centred on divorce, exposed the limits of the MU as an inclusive, multiracial body.Less
This chapter examines the next generation of Anglican women's mission work in Madagascar through the growth of the Mothers' Union, particularly under the leadership of Gertrude King. The MU supplemented women's evangelism in two ways. First, it offered a means of building a corporate Christian community that mitigated the secularist effects of French colonial policy. Second, it conceived a sacred, ritual function for motherhood in ‘high‐church’ terms that engaged both Malagasy and British religious expression and crafted a new basis for female authority in the mission church. However, the moral regulation of membership, particularly centred on divorce, exposed the limits of the MU as an inclusive, multiracial body.
Nicholas Canny
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265277
- eISBN:
- 9780191754203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265277.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Some competition was associated with all European voyages of discovery, whether considered in an intellectual or a nautical sense, but the character of the competition became confessional as the ...
More
Some competition was associated with all European voyages of discovery, whether considered in an intellectual or a nautical sense, but the character of the competition became confessional as the contest between states over resources to be exploited gave way to disputation between denominations over how souls might best be saved. This happened when, in the late sixteenth century, Protestant publicists began to disparage the colonial endeavours that the Spanish and Portuguese authorities had been engaged upon for more than a century, and when they resolved to start the colonial process all over again, with a view to making the Atlantic World a Protestant rather than a Catholic space. This was to be achieved both by releasing what remained of the Native American population in Central and South America from Spanish tyranny, and by establishing Protestant colonies to evangelise the native populations in extensive areas of America to which the Iberians had no more than titular claims. A comparison between French and English colonial undertakings in the West Indies, and between the literatures associated with these endeavours over the course of the seventeenth century, establishes that these Protestant ambitions proved as elusive in practice as they had been myopic in theory. The conclusion seeks to explain why colonial efforts in which Catholic religious orders were involved proved more capable of linking scientific investigations with missionary concerns than was possible in colonies that were self consciously Protestant.Less
Some competition was associated with all European voyages of discovery, whether considered in an intellectual or a nautical sense, but the character of the competition became confessional as the contest between states over resources to be exploited gave way to disputation between denominations over how souls might best be saved. This happened when, in the late sixteenth century, Protestant publicists began to disparage the colonial endeavours that the Spanish and Portuguese authorities had been engaged upon for more than a century, and when they resolved to start the colonial process all over again, with a view to making the Atlantic World a Protestant rather than a Catholic space. This was to be achieved both by releasing what remained of the Native American population in Central and South America from Spanish tyranny, and by establishing Protestant colonies to evangelise the native populations in extensive areas of America to which the Iberians had no more than titular claims. A comparison between French and English colonial undertakings in the West Indies, and between the literatures associated with these endeavours over the course of the seventeenth century, establishes that these Protestant ambitions proved as elusive in practice as they had been myopic in theory. The conclusion seeks to explain why colonial efforts in which Catholic religious orders were involved proved more capable of linking scientific investigations with missionary concerns than was possible in colonies that were self consciously Protestant.
A. Bernard Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237371
- eISBN:
- 9780191717208
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This book provides a new island archaeology and island history of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cyprus, set in its eastern Mediterranean context. By drawing out tensions between different ways of ...
More
This book provides a new island archaeology and island history of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cyprus, set in its eastern Mediterranean context. By drawing out tensions between different ways of thinking about theoretical issues such as insularity and connectivity, ethnicity, migration, and hybridization, it addresses a dynamic new field of archaeological enquiry — the social identity of prehistoric and early historic Mediterranean islanders. The archaeological record of Cyprus during the centuries between about 2700–1000 BC — including architecture, the mortuary record, pottery, figurines, seals and sealings, ivories, metalwork, and the broader Cypriot landscape — is presented. Using this material evidence, the book re‐evaluates from the postcolonial perspective of hybridization long‐standing notions about ethnicity, migration, and colonization on the island at the beginning and end of the Bronze Age, and concludes that the Cypriotes themselves provided the main impetus for social development and change on the island. By addressing directly the theoretical underpinnings of various interpretations of the material record, and by comparing and contrasting that record with all relevant documentary evidence, this book considers how a more contextualized, nuanced treatment of the motivations and practices involved in demographic movement, individual or group identification, cultural entanglement, and social change can help us to re‐present several complex aspects of the Cypriot past, and in turn bring them to bear upon Mediterranean archaeologies.Less
This book provides a new island archaeology and island history of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cyprus, set in its eastern Mediterranean context. By drawing out tensions between different ways of thinking about theoretical issues such as insularity and connectivity, ethnicity, migration, and hybridization, it addresses a dynamic new field of archaeological enquiry — the social identity of prehistoric and early historic Mediterranean islanders. The archaeological record of Cyprus during the centuries between about 2700–1000 BC — including architecture, the mortuary record, pottery, figurines, seals and sealings, ivories, metalwork, and the broader Cypriot landscape — is presented. Using this material evidence, the book re‐evaluates from the postcolonial perspective of hybridization long‐standing notions about ethnicity, migration, and colonization on the island at the beginning and end of the Bronze Age, and concludes that the Cypriotes themselves provided the main impetus for social development and change on the island. By addressing directly the theoretical underpinnings of various interpretations of the material record, and by comparing and contrasting that record with all relevant documentary evidence, this book considers how a more contextualized, nuanced treatment of the motivations and practices involved in demographic movement, individual or group identification, cultural entanglement, and social change can help us to re‐present several complex aspects of the Cypriot past, and in turn bring them to bear upon Mediterranean archaeologies.
Edith Bruder
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195333565
- eISBN:
- 9780199868889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333565.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter argues that people in the early medieval times knew almost nothing Africa and Africans. Through geographical errors and confusion between India and Ethiopian Africa, biblical traditions ...
More
This chapter argues that people in the early medieval times knew almost nothing Africa and Africans. Through geographical errors and confusion between India and Ethiopian Africa, biblical traditions about the presence of Jews in the land of the Son of Kush, the legend of Solomon and the queen of Sheba, and the location of Ophir in Africa came to be set pieces in the repertoire of Jewish and Christian ethnography of Africa.Less
This chapter argues that people in the early medieval times knew almost nothing Africa and Africans. Through geographical errors and confusion between India and Ethiopian Africa, biblical traditions about the presence of Jews in the land of the Son of Kush, the legend of Solomon and the queen of Sheba, and the location of Ophir in Africa came to be set pieces in the repertoire of Jewish and Christian ethnography of Africa.
Alasdair Whittle and Vicki Cummings (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264140
- eISBN:
- 9780191734489
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264140.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The processes involved in the transformation of society from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers were complex. They involved changes not only in subsistence but also in how people ...
More
The processes involved in the transformation of society from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers were complex. They involved changes not only in subsistence but also in how people thought about themselves and their worlds, from their pasts to their animals. Two sets of protagonists have often been lined up in the long-running debates about these processes: on the one hand incoming farmers and on the other indigenous hunter-gatherers. Both have found advocates as the dominant force in the transitions to a new way of life. North-west Europe presents a very rich data set for this fundamental change, and research has both extended and deepened our knowledge of regional sequences, from the sixth to the fourth millennia bc. One of the most striking results is the evident diversity from northern Spain to southern Scandinavia. No one region is quite like another; hunter-gatherers and early farmers alike were also varied and the old labels of Mesolithic and Neolithic are increasingly inadequate to capture the diversity of human agency and belief. Surveys of the most recent evidence presented here also strongly suggest a diversity of transformations. Some cases of colonization on the one hand and indigenous adoption on the other can still be argued, but many situations now seem to involve complex fusions and mixtures. This wide-ranging set of papers offers an overview of this fundamental transition.Less
The processes involved in the transformation of society from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers were complex. They involved changes not only in subsistence but also in how people thought about themselves and their worlds, from their pasts to their animals. Two sets of protagonists have often been lined up in the long-running debates about these processes: on the one hand incoming farmers and on the other indigenous hunter-gatherers. Both have found advocates as the dominant force in the transitions to a new way of life. North-west Europe presents a very rich data set for this fundamental change, and research has both extended and deepened our knowledge of regional sequences, from the sixth to the fourth millennia bc. One of the most striking results is the evident diversity from northern Spain to southern Scandinavia. No one region is quite like another; hunter-gatherers and early farmers alike were also varied and the old labels of Mesolithic and Neolithic are increasingly inadequate to capture the diversity of human agency and belief. Surveys of the most recent evidence presented here also strongly suggest a diversity of transformations. Some cases of colonization on the one hand and indigenous adoption on the other can still be argued, but many situations now seem to involve complex fusions and mixtures. This wide-ranging set of papers offers an overview of this fundamental transition.
Bernard A. Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237371
- eISBN:
- 9780191717208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter offers a comprehensive discussion of Protohistoric Bronze Age Cyprus (ca. 1650–1100 BC) and its material record, which is characterized by several striking changes: town centres with ...
More
This chapter offers a comprehensive discussion of Protohistoric Bronze Age Cyprus (ca. 1650–1100 BC) and its material record, which is characterized by several striking changes: town centres with monumental architecture; new, socially‐stratified burial practices; first appearance of writing (Cypro‐Minoan); intensification of copper production and development of extensive trade contacts; fortifications and other martial paraphernalia. This transformed material record indicates that Cypriot society was no longer egalitarian, isolated, or village‐oriented but rather had become socially stratified, internationally‐oriented and town‐centred. The successful production and trade of Cyprus's copper resources together with the generation of agricultural surpluses indicate that political authority on the island had become centralized. The key indicators of a stratified, complex society are considered through detailed examination of settlement trends (site hierarchy), socio‐political organization (architecture, mortuary practices, seals, sealings), production and exchange (copper, metals, jewellery, luxury goods, storage facilities, seal impressions), gendered representations (terracotta and metal figurines), mortuary practices (pottery, metal objects, luxury imports), monumentality and memory (architecture, sites), migration, hybridization, and the Aegean ‘colonization’ of Cyprus (pottery, metals and metallurgy, ivories, figurines, seals, architectural features, burials). All these materials typically reveal a mixture of Cypriot, Levantine, and Aegean elements, and are more likely to reflect an amalgam of ideas and influences from all of them rather than proof for an origin (or colonization) from one any single one.Less
This chapter offers a comprehensive discussion of Protohistoric Bronze Age Cyprus (ca. 1650–1100 BC) and its material record, which is characterized by several striking changes: town centres with monumental architecture; new, socially‐stratified burial practices; first appearance of writing (Cypro‐Minoan); intensification of copper production and development of extensive trade contacts; fortifications and other martial paraphernalia. This transformed material record indicates that Cypriot society was no longer egalitarian, isolated, or village‐oriented but rather had become socially stratified, internationally‐oriented and town‐centred. The successful production and trade of Cyprus's copper resources together with the generation of agricultural surpluses indicate that political authority on the island had become centralized. The key indicators of a stratified, complex society are considered through detailed examination of settlement trends (site hierarchy), socio‐political organization (architecture, mortuary practices, seals, sealings), production and exchange (copper, metals, jewellery, luxury goods, storage facilities, seal impressions), gendered representations (terracotta and metal figurines), mortuary practices (pottery, metal objects, luxury imports), monumentality and memory (architecture, sites), migration, hybridization, and the Aegean ‘colonization’ of Cyprus (pottery, metals and metallurgy, ivories, figurines, seals, architectural features, burials). All these materials typically reveal a mixture of Cypriot, Levantine, and Aegean elements, and are more likely to reflect an amalgam of ideas and influences from all of them rather than proof for an origin (or colonization) from one any single one.
Bernard A. Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237371
- eISBN:
- 9780191717208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The early Iron Age (ca. 1125-1000 BC) represents a major cultural break in the archaeological record of Cyprus. Although often regarded as a time when Aegean migrants or colonists established firm ...
More
The early Iron Age (ca. 1125-1000 BC) represents a major cultural break in the archaeological record of Cyprus. Although often regarded as a time when Aegean migrants or colonists established firm control over native Cypriotes in new towns that later became the centres of Cyprus's Iron Age kingdoms, this chapter argues through detailed discussions of a wide range of archaeological data that the population of the island was as hybridized as it material culture, showing a clear amalgamation of native Cypriot, Aegean, and Levantine (Phonenician) elements. Again employing the concept of hybridization, it examines various types of pottery, metals (including a spit with an inscribed Greek name), mortuary goods and tomb constructions, figurines, and luxury items to argue that the colonial encounter played out on early Iron Age Cyprus was anything but a blanket emulation of Aegean high culture. Instead, not only material but also social and ethnic meetings and mixings in the various towns and regions of Cyprus are seen.Less
The early Iron Age (ca. 1125-1000 BC) represents a major cultural break in the archaeological record of Cyprus. Although often regarded as a time when Aegean migrants or colonists established firm control over native Cypriotes in new towns that later became the centres of Cyprus's Iron Age kingdoms, this chapter argues through detailed discussions of a wide range of archaeological data that the population of the island was as hybridized as it material culture, showing a clear amalgamation of native Cypriot, Aegean, and Levantine (Phonenician) elements. Again employing the concept of hybridization, it examines various types of pottery, metals (including a spit with an inscribed Greek name), mortuary goods and tomb constructions, figurines, and luxury items to argue that the colonial encounter played out on early Iron Age Cyprus was anything but a blanket emulation of Aegean high culture. Instead, not only material but also social and ethnic meetings and mixings in the various towns and regions of Cyprus are seen.
