Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144260
- eISBN:
- 9780199833931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144260.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In Malaya and India, the British devised a system of indirect rule whereby they relied on local norms, social organizations, and indigenous institutions of authority such as landlords and sultans who ...
More
In Malaya and India, the British devised a system of indirect rule whereby they relied on local norms, social organizations, and indigenous institutions of authority such as landlords and sultans who managed the daily lives of their subjects but were controlled by the British through treaties. Both the colonial states used patronage to rule, creating dependencies between local authorities and the colonial state, and also creating economic, legal, and social structures that, along with the patronage, divided the society vertically.Less
In Malaya and India, the British devised a system of indirect rule whereby they relied on local norms, social organizations, and indigenous institutions of authority such as landlords and sultans who managed the daily lives of their subjects but were controlled by the British through treaties. Both the colonial states used patronage to rule, creating dependencies between local authorities and the colonial state, and also creating economic, legal, and social structures that, along with the patronage, divided the society vertically.
R. D. Grillo
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294269
- eISBN:
- 9780191599378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294263.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The colonial state represented a new type of polity, which emerged from the sixteenth century onwards. Colonial states, such as Spain, in the Americas, and Britain and France in Africa, differed ...
More
The colonial state represented a new type of polity, which emerged from the sixteenth century onwards. Colonial states, such as Spain, in the Americas, and Britain and France in Africa, differed fundamentally from patrimonial polities that had little interest in ‘civilizing’ and transforming their subjects, even if they thought them ‘barbarian’. Although extraction remained a fundamental objective, colonial states also sought to transform societies and cultures. In fulfilling this ‘dual mandate’ they anticipated and, in certain respects, epitomized modernity, as did French colonial policies of assimilation, grounded in the ideals of the Revolution and the Enlightenment. At the same time, opposition to the theory and practice of assimilation led both France and Britain towards the creation or retrenchment of ‘difference’, institutionalizing tribal identity, and tribalism, in the political process through forms of indirect rule.Less
The colonial state represented a new type of polity, which emerged from the sixteenth century onwards. Colonial states, such as Spain, in the Americas, and Britain and France in Africa, differed fundamentally from patrimonial polities that had little interest in ‘civilizing’ and transforming their subjects, even if they thought them ‘barbarian’. Although extraction remained a fundamental objective, colonial states also sought to transform societies and cultures. In fulfilling this ‘dual mandate’ they anticipated and, in certain respects, epitomized modernity, as did French colonial policies of assimilation, grounded in the ideals of the Revolution and the Enlightenment. At the same time, opposition to the theory and practice of assimilation led both France and Britain towards the creation or retrenchment of ‘difference’, institutionalizing tribal identity, and tribalism, in the political process through forms of indirect rule.
MIGUEL BANDEIRA JERÓNIMO
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265246
- eISBN:
- 9780191754197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines the continuity and the resilience of slavery and other modes of forced or compulsory labour in the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa from the late nineteenth century. ...
More
This chapter examines the continuity and the resilience of slavery and other modes of forced or compulsory labour in the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa from the late nineteenth century. Addressing the major transformations of the political and moral economy of the ‘new Brazil’, it demonstrates how longstanding racial ideologies were crucial to the formulation of the country's doctrine of a civilising mission and to the development of the successive native policies that governed colonial populations – especially the native labour policy that legalised forced labour until the 1960s.Less
This chapter examines the continuity and the resilience of slavery and other modes of forced or compulsory labour in the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa from the late nineteenth century. Addressing the major transformations of the political and moral economy of the ‘new Brazil’, it demonstrates how longstanding racial ideologies were crucial to the formulation of the country's doctrine of a civilising mission and to the development of the successive native policies that governed colonial populations – especially the native labour policy that legalised forced labour until the 1960s.
Saurabh Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198070603
- eISBN:
- 9780199080007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070603.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The last few decades of the nineteenth century heralded a period of intense anti-British Muslim politics in the subcontinent, and Mecca was at the centre of real or perceived insurgent activities. ...
More
The last few decades of the nineteenth century heralded a period of intense anti-British Muslim politics in the subcontinent, and Mecca was at the centre of real or perceived insurgent activities. Subjects such as the pilgrimage to Mecca were discussed extensively and debated intensely, but the veneer of inactivity (in terms of the status quo maintained with regard to actual policies) camouflaged the many seething apprehensions. A close watch was kept on the pilgrimage arrangements, and the situation within ‘Arabia’ in general, but this did not appear to lead to any concrete interventionist measures. As the politics of pan-Islamism intensified, the colonial state appeared almost to be in a state of semi-paralysis as far as deeply religious subjects were concerned. This chapter explores the dynamics of this inactivity and reveals the frenzy that caused this paralysis.Less
The last few decades of the nineteenth century heralded a period of intense anti-British Muslim politics in the subcontinent, and Mecca was at the centre of real or perceived insurgent activities. Subjects such as the pilgrimage to Mecca were discussed extensively and debated intensely, but the veneer of inactivity (in terms of the status quo maintained with regard to actual policies) camouflaged the many seething apprehensions. A close watch was kept on the pilgrimage arrangements, and the situation within ‘Arabia’ in general, but this did not appear to lead to any concrete interventionist measures. As the politics of pan-Islamism intensified, the colonial state appeared almost to be in a state of semi-paralysis as far as deeply religious subjects were concerned. This chapter explores the dynamics of this inactivity and reveals the frenzy that caused this paralysis.
Ma Ngok
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098107
- eISBN:
- 9789882207271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098107.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Political History
While the colonial state's nature may be portrayed through contrasting images, the most common of these entails how Hong Kong is perceived as a minimalist laissez-faire state. Although there may have ...
More
While the colonial state's nature may be portrayed through contrasting images, the most common of these entails how Hong Kong is perceived as a minimalist laissez-faire state. Although there may have been debates on whether the Hong Kong state was indeed non-interventionist, the political and social changes experienced since the 1980s have nonetheless proved the “minimalist state” description inadequate for studying the current situation in Hong Kong. This chapter provides a review of the state's contrasting images—the minimalist state and the interventionist state—and then discusses the various changes that initiated the changes to the state and Hong Kong's society relations. Both of these images are found to be state centered and have failed to account for the role of societal forces. As such, a corporatist image is also suggested.Less
While the colonial state's nature may be portrayed through contrasting images, the most common of these entails how Hong Kong is perceived as a minimalist laissez-faire state. Although there may have been debates on whether the Hong Kong state was indeed non-interventionist, the political and social changes experienced since the 1980s have nonetheless proved the “minimalist state” description inadequate for studying the current situation in Hong Kong. This chapter provides a review of the state's contrasting images—the minimalist state and the interventionist state—and then discusses the various changes that initiated the changes to the state and Hong Kong's society relations. Both of these images are found to be state centered and have failed to account for the role of societal forces. As such, a corporatist image is also suggested.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199587964
- eISBN:
- 9780191731365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587964.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
British colonies were not failed states, but they were sometimes fragile states. The Colonial civil service was tiny compared to the territory and the number of people that it governed. Colonial ...
More
British colonies were not failed states, but they were sometimes fragile states. The Colonial civil service was tiny compared to the territory and the number of people that it governed. Colonial police forces were small, badly trained and under equipped, and their domestic intelligence services were frequently inadequate. In an emergency they could summon military help. But the number of soldiers that could be sent was itself limited, both by the strategic necessity of deploying most of the army in a conventional role elsewhere, by shortages of money that made it impossible to tap more than a small proportion of the potential military manpower of the colonies themselves, and by political constraints on deploying that manpower even when it had been raised.Less
British colonies were not failed states, but they were sometimes fragile states. The Colonial civil service was tiny compared to the territory and the number of people that it governed. Colonial police forces were small, badly trained and under equipped, and their domestic intelligence services were frequently inadequate. In an emergency they could summon military help. But the number of soldiers that could be sent was itself limited, both by the strategic necessity of deploying most of the army in a conventional role elsewhere, by shortages of money that made it impossible to tap more than a small proportion of the potential military manpower of the colonies themselves, and by political constraints on deploying that manpower even when it had been raised.
Michael Jennings
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719089671
- eISBN:
- 9781526104366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089671.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Histories of colonial medicine in sub-Saharan Africa have tended to focus on the role of the colonial state in establishing and running health systems. Where voluntary agency roles have been ...
More
Histories of colonial medicine in sub-Saharan Africa have tended to focus on the role of the colonial state in establishing and running health systems. Where voluntary agency roles have been considered, it has presented them as operating outside that system, independent and isolated. This chapter explores how voluntary (mission) sector health service providers interacted with the colonial state in creating a health system in Tanganyika characterised by its public-private hybridity. Mission health providers were formally made part of the country's health system, a process that led to the creation of a distinct ‘voluntary sector’ which continued to shape non-state action in social development and welfare after independence. The colonial state relied upon voluntary sector engagement to meet (however partially) its obligations in health care provision; and the missions saw their incorporation into the official health system as an opportunity to exercise greater power in helping to shape health policy and direction, as well as a means to ensure their primacy as non-state voluntary actors.Less
Histories of colonial medicine in sub-Saharan Africa have tended to focus on the role of the colonial state in establishing and running health systems. Where voluntary agency roles have been considered, it has presented them as operating outside that system, independent and isolated. This chapter explores how voluntary (mission) sector health service providers interacted with the colonial state in creating a health system in Tanganyika characterised by its public-private hybridity. Mission health providers were formally made part of the country's health system, a process that led to the creation of a distinct ‘voluntary sector’ which continued to shape non-state action in social development and welfare after independence. The colonial state relied upon voluntary sector engagement to meet (however partially) its obligations in health care provision; and the missions saw their incorporation into the official health system as an opportunity to exercise greater power in helping to shape health policy and direction, as well as a means to ensure their primacy as non-state voluntary actors.
C. A. Bayly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077466
- eISBN:
- 9780199081110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077466.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter discusses some aspects of urban society which provided a background to all these conflicts, specifically rapid population movement and poverty. It explains that relationship between ...
More
This chapter discusses some aspects of urban society which provided a background to all these conflicts, specifically rapid population movement and poverty. It explains that relationship between political power, elite consumption, trade and the agrarian society established in the mid-eighteenth century had come under pressure by 1830 and this pressure originated in the incompatibility of the colonial state and the Indian successor regimes to the Mughal Empire. It argues that many conflicts between different social groups reflect the changing role of the state. The British had eroded the old forms of government and redistribution without replacing them with new system.Less
This chapter discusses some aspects of urban society which provided a background to all these conflicts, specifically rapid population movement and poverty. It explains that relationship between political power, elite consumption, trade and the agrarian society established in the mid-eighteenth century had come under pressure by 1830 and this pressure originated in the incompatibility of the colonial state and the Indian successor regimes to the Mughal Empire. It argues that many conflicts between different social groups reflect the changing role of the state. The British had eroded the old forms of government and redistribution without replacing them with new system.
Sanjay Sharma
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195653861
- eISBN:
- 9780199081653
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195653861.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This book examines the lesser known aspects of the colonial state through the lens of the many famines and famine induced crimes which affected north India as it emerged from the ‘chaotic’ eighteenth ...
More
This book examines the lesser known aspects of the colonial state through the lens of the many famines and famine induced crimes which affected north India as it emerged from the ‘chaotic’ eighteenth century. It situates the 1837-8 famine in the political, ideological and economic processes of the colonial state which, paradoxically, continued to advocate laissez faire even as it’s humanitarian and pragmatic concerns (including fears of disorder) resulted in a series of interventionist policies. In this it was aided by a growth in missionary activity, with institutions being created for ‘famine-orphans.’ The assumption of new responsibilities resulted in the expansion of the state’s infrastructure which helped it derive legitimacy by being perceived as the ultimate repository of philanthropy. By the 1880s, popular perception saw the responsibility for famine relief having shifted clearly to the colonial state. However, the author also argues that while the state was forced into actions mitigating the most disruptive aspects of famines, it did not feel obliged to address its real causes, i.e. the problems of structural mass poverty. By the end of the nineteenth century, this became a key element in the critique of colonialism by early Indian nationalists wanting freedom from colonial rule.Less
This book examines the lesser known aspects of the colonial state through the lens of the many famines and famine induced crimes which affected north India as it emerged from the ‘chaotic’ eighteenth century. It situates the 1837-8 famine in the political, ideological and economic processes of the colonial state which, paradoxically, continued to advocate laissez faire even as it’s humanitarian and pragmatic concerns (including fears of disorder) resulted in a series of interventionist policies. In this it was aided by a growth in missionary activity, with institutions being created for ‘famine-orphans.’ The assumption of new responsibilities resulted in the expansion of the state’s infrastructure which helped it derive legitimacy by being perceived as the ultimate repository of philanthropy. By the 1880s, popular perception saw the responsibility for famine relief having shifted clearly to the colonial state. However, the author also argues that while the state was forced into actions mitigating the most disruptive aspects of famines, it did not feel obliged to address its real causes, i.e. the problems of structural mass poverty. By the end of the nineteenth century, this became a key element in the critique of colonialism by early Indian nationalists wanting freedom from colonial rule.
Stephen Morton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846318498
- eISBN:
- 9781781380758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846318498.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This introductory chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to demonstrate the important contribution of writing and literary fiction to understanding the relationship between colonialism, ...
More
This introductory chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to demonstrate the important contribution of writing and literary fiction to understanding the relationship between colonialism, law and political violence in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Specifically, it assesses the multiple and conflicting ways in which literary and cultural texts have either contributed to and/or interrogated the necessity for emergency legislation across a range of different historical and political contexts. The chapter then examines one of the foundational critical texts on states of emergency: Benjamin's Eighth Thesis on the concept of history. It goes on to discuss the literature of empire — an important resource for understanding the legal and extra-legal nuances of colonial states of emergency. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less
This introductory chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to demonstrate the important contribution of writing and literary fiction to understanding the relationship between colonialism, law and political violence in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Specifically, it assesses the multiple and conflicting ways in which literary and cultural texts have either contributed to and/or interrogated the necessity for emergency legislation across a range of different historical and political contexts. The chapter then examines one of the foundational critical texts on states of emergency: Benjamin's Eighth Thesis on the concept of history. It goes on to discuss the literature of empire — an important resource for understanding the legal and extra-legal nuances of colonial states of emergency. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Eliza Wing-yee Lee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083497
- eISBN:
- 9789882209107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083497.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines political organisation in Hong Kong from the point of view of local governance, and argues that the post-colonial government has continued to rely on structures and machinery ...
More
This chapter examines political organisation in Hong Kong from the point of view of local governance, and argues that the post-colonial government has continued to rely on structures and machinery created by the colonial state for support and legitimacy. Her study of citizens' mobilisation in reaction to urban renewal plans in Wanchai is a case study of how a defensive concern group centring originally on compensation and relocation transformed itself into an activist body demanding, albeit without immediate success, a voice in urban planning.Less
This chapter examines political organisation in Hong Kong from the point of view of local governance, and argues that the post-colonial government has continued to rely on structures and machinery created by the colonial state for support and legitimacy. Her study of citizens' mobilisation in reaction to urban renewal plans in Wanchai is a case study of how a defensive concern group centring originally on compensation and relocation transformed itself into an activist body demanding, albeit without immediate success, a voice in urban planning.
Michael Laffan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145303
- eISBN:
- 9781400839995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145303.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter shows how, with the rise of a national movement couched by some of the actors in terms of Islam, the advisors and their reformist fellow-travelers would be blamed and marginalized by a ...
More
This chapter shows how, with the rise of a national movement couched by some of the actors in terms of Islam, the advisors and their reformist fellow-travelers would be blamed and marginalized by a reactionary colonial state, just in time for the Japanese occupation. The disastrous events of the Afdeeling B and its aftermath did not immediately destroy the relationship between the colonial advisors and the state, but they showed only too clearly that matters modern were not resolved. They also empowered forces whose ascent would result in the practical excommunication of the Office for Native Affairs from key decisions impacting the lives of Indonesians disabused of the promises of colonial tutelage. The campaigners of Sarekat Islam and related bodies would be forced to withdraw as well from a political field increasingly dominated by nationalist and communist agitators, who directed their rhetorical attacks at those they believed had engendered the pervasive backwardness of Indonesians.Less
This chapter shows how, with the rise of a national movement couched by some of the actors in terms of Islam, the advisors and their reformist fellow-travelers would be blamed and marginalized by a reactionary colonial state, just in time for the Japanese occupation. The disastrous events of the Afdeeling B and its aftermath did not immediately destroy the relationship between the colonial advisors and the state, but they showed only too clearly that matters modern were not resolved. They also empowered forces whose ascent would result in the practical excommunication of the Office for Native Affairs from key decisions impacting the lives of Indonesians disabused of the promises of colonial tutelage. The campaigners of Sarekat Islam and related bodies would be forced to withdraw as well from a political field increasingly dominated by nationalist and communist agitators, who directed their rhetorical attacks at those they believed had engendered the pervasive backwardness of Indonesians.
Ma Ngok
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098107
- eISBN:
- 9789882207271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098107.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Hong Kong's political landscape underwent a major change after the start of the political transition in 1984. Aside from how the Chinese government attempted to build its post-1997 ruling elites ...
More
Hong Kong's political landscape underwent a major change after the start of the political transition in 1984. Aside from how the Chinese government attempted to build its post-1997 ruling elites corps through a united-front strategy, representatives and political groups utilized competitive elections to achieve public power because of gradual democratization. In response to such efforts, the business elites entered a conservative partnership with China's government so that their position would be retained. Socioeconomic changes have also initiated the less interventionist state's regulatory role, which resulted in the administrative state gaining several governmental or quasi-governmental bodies. The quasi-governmental bodies that resulted from the public sector reform created alternative decision-making loci. This chapter examines how these competing forces determined the post-colonial state.Less
Hong Kong's political landscape underwent a major change after the start of the political transition in 1984. Aside from how the Chinese government attempted to build its post-1997 ruling elites corps through a united-front strategy, representatives and political groups utilized competitive elections to achieve public power because of gradual democratization. In response to such efforts, the business elites entered a conservative partnership with China's government so that their position would be retained. Socioeconomic changes have also initiated the less interventionist state's regulatory role, which resulted in the administrative state gaining several governmental or quasi-governmental bodies. The quasi-governmental bodies that resulted from the public sector reform created alternative decision-making loci. This chapter examines how these competing forces determined the post-colonial state.
Jaeeun Kim
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804797627
- eISBN:
- 9780804799614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804797627.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chapter 1 analyzes the construction of the legal, bureaucratic, and semantic infrastructures of Korean nation-building, which emerged amidst the dramatic transformation of the regional interstate ...
More
Chapter 1 analyzes the construction of the legal, bureaucratic, and semantic infrastructures of Korean nation-building, which emerged amidst the dramatic transformation of the regional interstate system and the massive intraregional migration in the beginning of the twentieth century. By comparatively examining the colonial state’s engagement with Korean migrants in Japan and Manchuria, Chapter 1 shows how these infrastructures helped the colonial state claim migrants of peninsular origin uniformly as “its own”—if with varying degrees of success—despite differences among these migrants, their resistance to this compulsory incorporation, and the competing claims made by other states. The colonial state’s transborder engagement contributed to the formation of the Korean nation as a legally codified, pervasively institutionalized, and enduringly documented community both inside and outside the colony, providing a critical institutional scaffolding for the diasporic imagination of Korean nationalism and laying the ground for transborder membership politics for decades to come.Less
Chapter 1 analyzes the construction of the legal, bureaucratic, and semantic infrastructures of Korean nation-building, which emerged amidst the dramatic transformation of the regional interstate system and the massive intraregional migration in the beginning of the twentieth century. By comparatively examining the colonial state’s engagement with Korean migrants in Japan and Manchuria, Chapter 1 shows how these infrastructures helped the colonial state claim migrants of peninsular origin uniformly as “its own”—if with varying degrees of success—despite differences among these migrants, their resistance to this compulsory incorporation, and the competing claims made by other states. The colonial state’s transborder engagement contributed to the formation of the Korean nation as a legally codified, pervasively institutionalized, and enduringly documented community both inside and outside the colony, providing a critical institutional scaffolding for the diasporic imagination of Korean nationalism and laying the ground for transborder membership politics for decades to come.
Abdullahi A. Gallab
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036885
- eISBN:
- 9780813041827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036885.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter addresses the sociopolitical construction of the newborn Sudan in the twentieth century, and the events and processes that shaped it. These processes include violent domination and ...
More
This chapter addresses the sociopolitical construction of the newborn Sudan in the twentieth century, and the events and processes that shaped it. These processes include violent domination and subjugation, which, like a malignant brain tumor, provoked the immune responses of various forms of resistance and change. These processes profoundly affected the social, cultural, and political structures of the colonial state, and greatly influenced the postcolonial state. At the same time, they have systematically continued to produce ever-growing, conflict-charged effects in the fields of power, the state, its workers, and the nationalist community of the state, as well as in conditions that empower or suppress the existence and growth of a civil society and undergird the Sudanese lifestyle. Key to understanding the role of colonial and postcolonial experiences in the formation of the state in the Sudan are the similarities and differences between the developments and interactions of the dialectical opposites that characterize these experiences. At the same time, these experiences entail a series of peculiar historical relationships.Less
This chapter addresses the sociopolitical construction of the newborn Sudan in the twentieth century, and the events and processes that shaped it. These processes include violent domination and subjugation, which, like a malignant brain tumor, provoked the immune responses of various forms of resistance and change. These processes profoundly affected the social, cultural, and political structures of the colonial state, and greatly influenced the postcolonial state. At the same time, they have systematically continued to produce ever-growing, conflict-charged effects in the fields of power, the state, its workers, and the nationalist community of the state, as well as in conditions that empower or suppress the existence and growth of a civil society and undergird the Sudanese lifestyle. Key to understanding the role of colonial and postcolonial experiences in the formation of the state in the Sudan are the similarities and differences between the developments and interactions of the dialectical opposites that characterize these experiences. At the same time, these experiences entail a series of peculiar historical relationships.
Anindita Mukhopadhyay
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195680836
- eISBN:
- 9780199080700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195680836.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This book investigates the deeper area of class antagonism between the privileged and underprivileged classes as they faced the colonial state and its different ideas of legality and sovereignty in ...
More
This book investigates the deeper area of class antagonism between the privileged and underprivileged classes as they faced the colonial state and its different ideas of legality and sovereignty in colonial Bengal. It examines the ambiguity in the bhadralok — the educated middle class — response to courts and jails. The author argues that the discourse of superior ‘bhadralok’ ethics and morals was juxtaposed against the ‘chhotolok’ — who were devoid of such ethical values. This enabled the bhadralok to claim for themselves the position of the ‘aware’ legal subject as a class — a ‘good’ subject obedient to the dictates of the new rule of law, unlike the recalcitrant and ethically ill-equipped chhotolok. The author underlines the development of a new cultural language of morality that delineated the parameters of bhadralok public behaviour. As the ‘rule of law’ of the British government slid unobtrusively into the public domain, the criminal courts and the jails turned into public theatres of infamy — spaces that the ethically bound bhadralok dreaded occupying. The volume, thus, documents how the colonial legal and penal institutions streamlined the identities of some sections of the lower castes into ‘criminal caste’. It also examines the nature of colonial bureaucracy and highlights the social silence on gender and women's criminality.Less
This book investigates the deeper area of class antagonism between the privileged and underprivileged classes as they faced the colonial state and its different ideas of legality and sovereignty in colonial Bengal. It examines the ambiguity in the bhadralok — the educated middle class — response to courts and jails. The author argues that the discourse of superior ‘bhadralok’ ethics and morals was juxtaposed against the ‘chhotolok’ — who were devoid of such ethical values. This enabled the bhadralok to claim for themselves the position of the ‘aware’ legal subject as a class — a ‘good’ subject obedient to the dictates of the new rule of law, unlike the recalcitrant and ethically ill-equipped chhotolok. The author underlines the development of a new cultural language of morality that delineated the parameters of bhadralok public behaviour. As the ‘rule of law’ of the British government slid unobtrusively into the public domain, the criminal courts and the jails turned into public theatres of infamy — spaces that the ethically bound bhadralok dreaded occupying. The volume, thus, documents how the colonial legal and penal institutions streamlined the identities of some sections of the lower castes into ‘criminal caste’. It also examines the nature of colonial bureaucracy and highlights the social silence on gender and women's criminality.
Jeremy Krikler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203803
- eISBN:
- 9780191675997
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203803.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This is a study of rural society and struggle in the Transvaal during the watershed period of the early 20th century. Though much has been written about the South African War and the ‘Reconstruction’ ...
More
This is a study of rural society and struggle in the Transvaal during the watershed period of the early 20th century. Though much has been written about the South African War and the ‘Reconstruction’ period, this is the first analysis of their impact on the agrarian Transvaal. The book analyses the ‘Revolution from Above’ unleashed by British imperialism as it wrought changes of immense significance for the countryside. It explores the relationships between landowners and peasants, traces the struggle between them, and examines the agrarian changes attempted by the British after the war. The book aims to contribute to our understanding of the South African War and its aftermath. It also offers insights into peasant struggles, and into the nature of private property and the colonial state in the Transvaal.Less
This is a study of rural society and struggle in the Transvaal during the watershed period of the early 20th century. Though much has been written about the South African War and the ‘Reconstruction’ period, this is the first analysis of their impact on the agrarian Transvaal. The book analyses the ‘Revolution from Above’ unleashed by British imperialism as it wrought changes of immense significance for the countryside. It explores the relationships between landowners and peasants, traces the struggle between them, and examines the agrarian changes attempted by the British after the war. The book aims to contribute to our understanding of the South African War and its aftermath. It also offers insights into peasant struggles, and into the nature of private property and the colonial state in the Transvaal.
Abdullahi A. Gallab
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036885
- eISBN:
- 9780813041827
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036885.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This book chronicles the sociopolitical history and development of violence in the Sudan, and explores how it has crippled the state, retarded the development of a national identity, and ravaged the ...
More
This book chronicles the sociopolitical history and development of violence in the Sudan, and explores how it has crippled the state, retarded the development of a national identity, and ravaged the social and material life of its citizens. Beginning with the development of colonial states in Sudan, it establishes a solid base of discussion through an assessment of the country under Turko-Egyptian (1821–1875) and Anglo-Egyptian British (1898–1956) rules, examining institutional features, inherent violence, and the remnants of those legacies today. The book extends its investigation into the postcolonial period by examining social and political hierarchies, such as those of the Islamists and their opponents—including the Sudanese political parties, the Sudan Liberation Movement, and other armed movements—that have formed and clashed over the ensuing decades. The book chapter defines three forms of violence that have shaped the course of the country's history: decentralized (individual actors using targets as a means to express a particular grievance), centralized (violence enacted illegitimately by state actors), and “home-brewed” (violence among local actors toward other local actors). It reveals how each of these forms of violence has been taken to new extremes under each successive regime, ever deterring the emergence of a stable nation.Less
This book chronicles the sociopolitical history and development of violence in the Sudan, and explores how it has crippled the state, retarded the development of a national identity, and ravaged the social and material life of its citizens. Beginning with the development of colonial states in Sudan, it establishes a solid base of discussion through an assessment of the country under Turko-Egyptian (1821–1875) and Anglo-Egyptian British (1898–1956) rules, examining institutional features, inherent violence, and the remnants of those legacies today. The book extends its investigation into the postcolonial period by examining social and political hierarchies, such as those of the Islamists and their opponents—including the Sudanese political parties, the Sudan Liberation Movement, and other armed movements—that have formed and clashed over the ensuing decades. The book chapter defines three forms of violence that have shaped the course of the country's history: decentralized (individual actors using targets as a means to express a particular grievance), centralized (violence enacted illegitimately by state actors), and “home-brewed” (violence among local actors toward other local actors). It reveals how each of these forms of violence has been taken to new extremes under each successive regime, ever deterring the emergence of a stable nation.
Ka-che Yip
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622095878
- eISBN:
- 9789882206854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622095878.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter highlights the major steps taken by post-war Taiwan's anti-malaria efforts. It focuses on several themes that provide the analytical framework for understanding the Nationalist ...
More
This chapter highlights the major steps taken by post-war Taiwan's anti-malaria efforts. It focuses on several themes that provide the analytical framework for understanding the Nationalist government's success: the legacy of the Japanese colonial state; the role, philosophy, and strategy of the Nationalist state in health planning and disease control in the mainland and in Taiwan; the dominance of the biomedical and technological approach in public health; the development and consequences of a global anti-malaria campaign; and the emergence of a postwar hegemonic political and economic order that helped to shape the politics of international health. It notes that to better understand the significance of malaria eradication in Taiwan, it is important to put the Nationalist government's anti-malaria programs in the broad historical perspective of developments in the colonial and postcolonial periods.Less
This chapter highlights the major steps taken by post-war Taiwan's anti-malaria efforts. It focuses on several themes that provide the analytical framework for understanding the Nationalist government's success: the legacy of the Japanese colonial state; the role, philosophy, and strategy of the Nationalist state in health planning and disease control in the mainland and in Taiwan; the dominance of the biomedical and technological approach in public health; the development and consequences of a global anti-malaria campaign; and the emergence of a postwar hegemonic political and economic order that helped to shape the politics of international health. It notes that to better understand the significance of malaria eradication in Taiwan, it is important to put the Nationalist government's anti-malaria programs in the broad historical perspective of developments in the colonial and postcolonial periods.
Samiksha Sehrawat
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198096603
- eISBN:
- 9780199082773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198096603.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter charts the growth and expansion of public medical infrastructure between 1880 and 1920. The number of hospitals and dispensaries increased dramatically over the twentieth century as did ...
More
This chapter charts the growth and expansion of public medical infrastructure between 1880 and 1920. The number of hospitals and dispensaries increased dramatically over the twentieth century as did their popularity with patients, raising questions about how to fund this expanding network. The bulk of funding for these institutions came from local taxation and government grants despite attempts to encourage voluntary subscriptions and hospital fees. In contrast to the increasing involvement of the British government in medical care during this period, the colonial state sought to limit medical expenditure by devolving it to provincial administrations and restricted its role to fostering the voluntary and private sectors, which were expected to provide medical care for the Indian population. Nationalist politicians criticized this policy, and argued for increased state investment in medical care by reducing expenditure on the military and railways.Less
This chapter charts the growth and expansion of public medical infrastructure between 1880 and 1920. The number of hospitals and dispensaries increased dramatically over the twentieth century as did their popularity with patients, raising questions about how to fund this expanding network. The bulk of funding for these institutions came from local taxation and government grants despite attempts to encourage voluntary subscriptions and hospital fees. In contrast to the increasing involvement of the British government in medical care during this period, the colonial state sought to limit medical expenditure by devolving it to provincial administrations and restricted its role to fostering the voluntary and private sectors, which were expected to provide medical care for the Indian population. Nationalist politicians criticized this policy, and argued for increased state investment in medical care by reducing expenditure on the military and railways.
