Sarah Stockwell
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208488
- eISBN:
- 9780191678035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208488.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter considers the British companies' relations with the Gold Coast colonial state during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath until around 1948. The relationship between business ...
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This chapter considers the British companies' relations with the Gold Coast colonial state during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath until around 1948. The relationship between business and the colonial state was made more difficult, it is argued, by the increasingly interventionist nature of colonial government in this period. This discussion establishes a context for subsequent consideration of business-government negotiations over issues arising from political change. It is also helpful for understanding popular suspicions of business-government collusion as well as the background to problems that arose between British firms and African consumers and that culminated in the 1948 disturbances. This chapter also discusses commodity marketing, labour, immigration, and taxation and shows that the late colonial period saw the colonial administration adopt new regulatory powers and intervene in unprecedented ways in colonial economic activity.Less
This chapter considers the British companies' relations with the Gold Coast colonial state during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath until around 1948. The relationship between business and the colonial state was made more difficult, it is argued, by the increasingly interventionist nature of colonial government in this period. This discussion establishes a context for subsequent consideration of business-government negotiations over issues arising from political change. It is also helpful for understanding popular suspicions of business-government collusion as well as the background to problems that arose between British firms and African consumers and that culminated in the 1948 disturbances. This chapter also discusses commodity marketing, labour, immigration, and taxation and shows that the late colonial period saw the colonial administration adopt new regulatory powers and intervene in unprecedented ways in colonial economic activity.
Saurabh Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198070603
- eISBN:
- 9780199080007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070603.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter sketches an overall picture of the pilgrimage from the Indian subcontinent and outlines the broad trends and changes that occurred within the period under study. It compares the colonial ...
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This chapter sketches an overall picture of the pilgrimage from the Indian subcontinent and outlines the broad trends and changes that occurred within the period under study. It compares the colonial government's stand on internal Hindu pilgrimages and the Haj. It shows how the pilgrimage underwent a massive transformation due to technological breakthroughs such as the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which represented a huge watershed in the world of marine navigation. The canal not only ‘joined the East and the West’ but also allowed European shipping companies to operate in Asian territories, as a result of which the Haj traffic became a potential source of commercial profit for these companies. The opening of the Suez Canal also marked the point where the perceived great medical threat presented by the pilgrims to European nations emerged, due to which quarantines had to be imposed.Less
This chapter sketches an overall picture of the pilgrimage from the Indian subcontinent and outlines the broad trends and changes that occurred within the period under study. It compares the colonial government's stand on internal Hindu pilgrimages and the Haj. It shows how the pilgrimage underwent a massive transformation due to technological breakthroughs such as the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which represented a huge watershed in the world of marine navigation. The canal not only ‘joined the East and the West’ but also allowed European shipping companies to operate in Asian territories, as a result of which the Haj traffic became a potential source of commercial profit for these companies. The opening of the Suez Canal also marked the point where the perceived great medical threat presented by the pilgrims to European nations emerged, due to which quarantines had to be imposed.
MARK HICKFORD
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568659
- eISBN:
- 9780191731273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568659.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Philosophy of Law
Waitara proved to be a twitch upon the threads of an intrusive and innovative colonial system. It pulled arguments on native title together in a veritable explosion of debates regarding the ...
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Waitara proved to be a twitch upon the threads of an intrusive and innovative colonial system. It pulled arguments on native title together in a veritable explosion of debates regarding the legitimacy of the colonial government's putative purchase of the Waitara (Pekapeka) block in Taranaki. This chapter examines the Waitara transaction together with the Anglophone debates ranging around it. These disputes further demonstrate the place of native title in a political constitution and the politics of negotiability, encouraging participants in the anglophone debates around Waitara — imperial and colonial — to consider the possibilities of creating specialist tribunals through statute, not as associated with the whims of the prince (the governor and his officials). It demonstrates how purchase transactions — those crystallized artefacts of the politics of negotiability around native title — generated fraught and profound ruminations on the loci of political and legal power within indigenous communities, and the nature of despotism and liberty applicable to such communities and to colonial polity. This was a legacy of the challenges for developing techniques of negotiating with claimants to native title in the 1840s and 1850s — a problem of entangled complexities.Less
Waitara proved to be a twitch upon the threads of an intrusive and innovative colonial system. It pulled arguments on native title together in a veritable explosion of debates regarding the legitimacy of the colonial government's putative purchase of the Waitara (Pekapeka) block in Taranaki. This chapter examines the Waitara transaction together with the Anglophone debates ranging around it. These disputes further demonstrate the place of native title in a political constitution and the politics of negotiability, encouraging participants in the anglophone debates around Waitara — imperial and colonial — to consider the possibilities of creating specialist tribunals through statute, not as associated with the whims of the prince (the governor and his officials). It demonstrates how purchase transactions — those crystallized artefacts of the politics of negotiability around native title — generated fraught and profound ruminations on the loci of political and legal power within indigenous communities, and the nature of despotism and liberty applicable to such communities and to colonial polity. This was a legacy of the challenges for developing techniques of negotiating with claimants to native title in the 1840s and 1850s — a problem of entangled complexities.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, ...
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Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, investors, philanthropists, public authorities and governments. In a competitive market, migrants were attracted, selected and often assisted by professional agents employed by colonial governments. The imperial government, having become decreasingly involved during the 19th century as an agency— except in regulating shipping and selecting officials and some professional people for overseas service— became a more substantial operator following especially the passage of the Empire Settlement Act in 1922. The volume of migration and migrants' experiences were also affected by improvements in the safety and quality of transport and the relative reduction in cost, including eventually by air.Less
Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, investors, philanthropists, public authorities and governments. In a competitive market, migrants were attracted, selected and often assisted by professional agents employed by colonial governments. The imperial government, having become decreasingly involved during the 19th century as an agency— except in regulating shipping and selecting officials and some professional people for overseas service— became a more substantial operator following especially the passage of the Empire Settlement Act in 1922. The volume of migration and migrants' experiences were also affected by improvements in the safety and quality of transport and the relative reduction in cost, including eventually by air.
Abigail A. Kohn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195150513
- eISBN:
- 9780199944095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150513.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture, Sport and Leisure
This chapter examines the history of gun ownership and gun control in the U.S. It explains that in colonial America and during the early republican period, citizens were required by the colonial ...
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This chapter examines the history of gun ownership and gun control in the U.S. It explains that in colonial America and during the early republican period, citizens were required by the colonial governments to arm themselves and form citizen militias. The arming of citizens in turn gave birth to a new and strongly held vision of civic responsibility and the colonial governments recognized that guns in the wrong hands could present dangers to the larger imperialist project. Thus, the government started to regulate existing gun ownership and use. The colonial governments also used laws relating to guns to help structure and maintain and patriarchal social structures.Less
This chapter examines the history of gun ownership and gun control in the U.S. It explains that in colonial America and during the early republican period, citizens were required by the colonial governments to arm themselves and form citizen militias. The arming of citizens in turn gave birth to a new and strongly held vision of civic responsibility and the colonial governments recognized that guns in the wrong hands could present dangers to the larger imperialist project. Thus, the government started to regulate existing gun ownership and use. The colonial governments also used laws relating to guns to help structure and maintain and patriarchal social structures.
Anindita Mukhopadhyay
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195680836
- eISBN:
- 9780199080700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195680836.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
The exacting nature of legal legitimacy demanded that Englishmen who ruled India project their public persona in the new hegemony of the rule of law. Yet this new hegemony left many loopholes in the ...
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The exacting nature of legal legitimacy demanded that Englishmen who ruled India project their public persona in the new hegemony of the rule of law. Yet this new hegemony left many loopholes in the practical, day-to-day functioning of the colonial government, which enabled traditional forms of governance and indigenous hierarchical power structures to retain their hold on local authority. This chapter argues that the rule of law, as introduced by the colonial rule, had cultural implications for civilizational superiority and explores the levels at which the government interfered, and the niches it left undisturbed. It discusses the functioning of criminal courts, the trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar, how the government dealt with the Zamindars, and issues of women's criminality. The indigenous elite took on a specific character in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries due to their interaction with the rule of law, both as an expression of sovereignty and as a language of cultural superiority.Less
The exacting nature of legal legitimacy demanded that Englishmen who ruled India project their public persona in the new hegemony of the rule of law. Yet this new hegemony left many loopholes in the practical, day-to-day functioning of the colonial government, which enabled traditional forms of governance and indigenous hierarchical power structures to retain their hold on local authority. This chapter argues that the rule of law, as introduced by the colonial rule, had cultural implications for civilizational superiority and explores the levels at which the government interfered, and the niches it left undisturbed. It discusses the functioning of criminal courts, the trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar, how the government dealt with the Zamindars, and issues of women's criminality. The indigenous elite took on a specific character in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries due to their interaction with the rule of law, both as an expression of sovereignty and as a language of cultural superiority.
Robert Holland
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205388
- eISBN:
- 9780191676604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205388.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the political condition in colonial Cyprus during the period from 1878 to 1950. The 1950s represent a period of intense and bitter political conflict in Cyprus between the ...
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This chapter examines the political condition in colonial Cyprus during the period from 1878 to 1950. The 1950s represent a period of intense and bitter political conflict in Cyprus between the British and the Greek Cypriots. This was triggered by the refusal of Britain to grant Cyprus Enosis since 1878. Political mobilization, as embodied in the church by plebiscite on the one side, and the temptation of special powers for the colonial government on the other, were mirror images of the hostile forces set in motion.Less
This chapter examines the political condition in colonial Cyprus during the period from 1878 to 1950. The 1950s represent a period of intense and bitter political conflict in Cyprus between the British and the Greek Cypriots. This was triggered by the refusal of Britain to grant Cyprus Enosis since 1878. Political mobilization, as embodied in the church by plebiscite on the one side, and the temptation of special powers for the colonial government on the other, were mirror images of the hostile forces set in motion.
Andrew Porter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199253487
- eISBN:
- 9780191698156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253487.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter provides an overview of the connection between the British Empire and Christian missions overseas during the period from 1700 to 1914. From the beginning of the eighteenth century ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the connection between the British Empire and Christian missions overseas during the period from 1700 to 1914. From the beginning of the eighteenth century Christianity expanded as part of British culture and activities overseas on an unprecedented scale. Home and colonial governments supported ecclesiastical and missionary expansion wherever they can assert their authority and promote social order. However, the dynamics of religion were unpredictable and often inconsistent with imperial needs. This led to the negative relationship between imperial control and the missionary movement.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the connection between the British Empire and Christian missions overseas during the period from 1700 to 1914. From the beginning of the eighteenth century Christianity expanded as part of British culture and activities overseas on an unprecedented scale. Home and colonial governments supported ecclesiastical and missionary expansion wherever they can assert their authority and promote social order. However, the dynamics of religion were unpredictable and often inconsistent with imperial needs. This led to the negative relationship between imperial control and the missionary movement.
François G. Richard
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226252407
- eISBN:
- 9780226252681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226252681.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
Chapter 7 revisits the problems of colonialism and the colonial state by analyzing the brittle foundations of French power in rural Senegal and the deeply contested history of colonial rule in the ...
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Chapter 7 revisits the problems of colonialism and the colonial state by analyzing the brittle foundations of French power in rural Senegal and the deeply contested history of colonial rule in the Siin. Picking up on the discussion of state forms and political landscape begun in earlier chapters, it argues that rural milieus offer clues about the materiality of colonial rule, more specifically, about the logics of colonial government, and the conduits and channels through which French officials sought to manage colonized subjects. Peanut cash cropping is important to this story, and the material networks of commerce, habits, monetization and debt/credit it set in motion developed into central vectors of colonial transformation. The apparatus of peanut imperialism unfolded side-by-side with the development of colonial forms of knowledge designed to assist the subjection of Africans. Here, however, and in tandem with colonial ethnographies, rural assemblages also hint at the anxieties and epistemic confusion inhabiting the early days of colonial rule, as well as obstacles to its implementation. Siin’s colonial countryside thus emerges as a hesitant and nervous geography of power, whose outcomes were disputed, partial, and not quite foreseeable.Less
Chapter 7 revisits the problems of colonialism and the colonial state by analyzing the brittle foundations of French power in rural Senegal and the deeply contested history of colonial rule in the Siin. Picking up on the discussion of state forms and political landscape begun in earlier chapters, it argues that rural milieus offer clues about the materiality of colonial rule, more specifically, about the logics of colonial government, and the conduits and channels through which French officials sought to manage colonized subjects. Peanut cash cropping is important to this story, and the material networks of commerce, habits, monetization and debt/credit it set in motion developed into central vectors of colonial transformation. The apparatus of peanut imperialism unfolded side-by-side with the development of colonial forms of knowledge designed to assist the subjection of Africans. Here, however, and in tandem with colonial ethnographies, rural assemblages also hint at the anxieties and epistemic confusion inhabiting the early days of colonial rule, as well as obstacles to its implementation. Siin’s colonial countryside thus emerges as a hesitant and nervous geography of power, whose outcomes were disputed, partial, and not quite foreseeable.
Liu Shiyung
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622095878
- eISBN:
- 9789882206854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622095878.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter highlights the three themes of the Japanese anti-malaria campaign — modern malariology, treatment, and environmental improvements — in a review of the history of Japanese malaria control ...
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This chapter highlights the three themes of the Japanese anti-malaria campaign — modern malariology, treatment, and environmental improvements — in a review of the history of Japanese malaria control efforts in colonial Taiwan. It shows that the legacy of colonial medicine is essentially mixed and that the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of colonial medicine can only be understood by detailed contextual research, through an examination of the colonial government's responses to the problem of malaria. It notes that the Japanese colonial government in Taiwan circulated a film to promote the anti-malaria program and made the claim that the government had advocated an integral approach to malarial control. It explains that this control involved prompt diagnosis, the administration of drugs, proper case management, improved health services, community-based support systems, the use of insecticide and bed-nets, and proper environmental management geared towards vector control, as well as continuous research in developing effective anti-malarials.Less
This chapter highlights the three themes of the Japanese anti-malaria campaign — modern malariology, treatment, and environmental improvements — in a review of the history of Japanese malaria control efforts in colonial Taiwan. It shows that the legacy of colonial medicine is essentially mixed and that the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of colonial medicine can only be understood by detailed contextual research, through an examination of the colonial government's responses to the problem of malaria. It notes that the Japanese colonial government in Taiwan circulated a film to promote the anti-malaria program and made the claim that the government had advocated an integral approach to malarial control. It explains that this control involved prompt diagnosis, the administration of drugs, proper case management, improved health services, community-based support systems, the use of insecticide and bed-nets, and proper environmental management geared towards vector control, as well as continuous research in developing effective anti-malarials.
W. G. Beasley
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221685
- eISBN:
- 9780191678479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221685.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Within 20 years of negotiating an end to its unequal treaties with the West, Japan had become a substantial colonial power. The territories they gained were not large – Korea, Taiwan, and Karafuto ...
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Within 20 years of negotiating an end to its unequal treaties with the West, Japan had become a substantial colonial power. The territories they gained were not large – Korea, Taiwan, and Karafuto together had a total area which was only four-fifths that of the Japanese home islands – but they were important to Japan in a number of ways. For an aspiring world power, colonies were a prestige symbol. Japan's overseas empire – taken together with the Kurile, Ryukyu, and Benin islands, which were part of Japan proper – formed a defence zone in depth, and provided jump-off points for further advances. Both the army and the navy regarded the empire as strategically vital. It was also a major economic resource: its markets, food supplies, and industrial raw materials were to seem more and more valuable as the Japanese economy became ‘advanced’.Less
Within 20 years of negotiating an end to its unequal treaties with the West, Japan had become a substantial colonial power. The territories they gained were not large – Korea, Taiwan, and Karafuto together had a total area which was only four-fifths that of the Japanese home islands – but they were important to Japan in a number of ways. For an aspiring world power, colonies were a prestige symbol. Japan's overseas empire – taken together with the Kurile, Ryukyu, and Benin islands, which were part of Japan proper – formed a defence zone in depth, and provided jump-off points for further advances. Both the army and the navy regarded the empire as strategically vital. It was also a major economic resource: its markets, food supplies, and industrial raw materials were to seem more and more valuable as the Japanese economy became ‘advanced’.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter opens by describing the changing volume of UK emigration, particularly though not only to empire destinations (and not only to the colonies of ‘white settlement’), as well as the ...
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This chapter opens by describing the changing volume of UK emigration, particularly though not only to empire destinations (and not only to the colonies of ‘white settlement’), as well as the movement of non‐white migrants around the empire and of others entering from outside. It then sets the agenda for the rest of the book. The relationship between migrant flows, using a dual labour market model, and immigration into the UK (from empire periphery to empire core) are to be addressed. Migrant experiences will be compared, and the roles of colonial and imperial governments and other agencies in affecting migrant flows explored. Chapters consider some of the economic, social, environmental, political and demographic consequences of empire migration (including the impact on indigenous peoples) and also the volume, causes and consequences of return migration.Less
This chapter opens by describing the changing volume of UK emigration, particularly though not only to empire destinations (and not only to the colonies of ‘white settlement’), as well as the movement of non‐white migrants around the empire and of others entering from outside. It then sets the agenda for the rest of the book. The relationship between migrant flows, using a dual labour market model, and immigration into the UK (from empire periphery to empire core) are to be addressed. Migrant experiences will be compared, and the roles of colonial and imperial governments and other agencies in affecting migrant flows explored. Chapters consider some of the economic, social, environmental, political and demographic consequences of empire migration (including the impact on indigenous peoples) and also the volume, causes and consequences of return migration.
Gary Ka-wai Cheung
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622090897
- eISBN:
- 9789882207011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622090897.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The left wing paid a heavy price for instigating the riots which briefly brought Hong Kong society to a standstill. At the beginning of the labour dispute at the Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, ...
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The left wing paid a heavy price for instigating the riots which briefly brought Hong Kong society to a standstill. At the beginning of the labour dispute at the Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, some members of the public were sympathetic towards the workers who joined the strike. However, the leftists quickly dropped the labour issues and the call for improving labour rights. Instead, they presented the incident as a “national oppression” by the colonial government. It largely offset the progress that Beijing had made in winning over the hearts and minds of Hong Kong in the 1950s and early 1960s. The leftist newspapers were hit hard because of their support for the disturbances and they lost appeal among the general public after the riots. The colonial government was forced to introduce social reforms to the Hong Kong people.Less
The left wing paid a heavy price for instigating the riots which briefly brought Hong Kong society to a standstill. At the beginning of the labour dispute at the Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, some members of the public were sympathetic towards the workers who joined the strike. However, the leftists quickly dropped the labour issues and the call for improving labour rights. Instead, they presented the incident as a “national oppression” by the colonial government. It largely offset the progress that Beijing had made in winning over the hearts and minds of Hong Kong in the 1950s and early 1960s. The leftist newspapers were hit hard because of their support for the disturbances and they lost appeal among the general public after the riots. The colonial government was forced to introduce social reforms to the Hong Kong people.
Raymond Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189667
- eISBN:
- 9780199851645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189667.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter examines the repair of the damage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre caused by the July 1927 earthquake. An evaluation by the Palestinian Department of Public Works (DPW) stated that ...
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This chapter examines the repair of the damage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre caused by the July 1927 earthquake. An evaluation by the Palestinian Department of Public Works (DPW) stated that the stones of the church might collapse or overturn. The British colonial government immediately committed the Palestinian government to undertaking the repairs. The repair work involved a lot of discussions on legal responsibility, ultimate ownership of the church and liability for funding any work carried out. After the issues were settled, the DPW proceeded with the repair of the Katholikon and the cupola. However, a 1933 report by William Harvey revealed that the church was structurally in imminent danger.Less
This chapter examines the repair of the damage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre caused by the July 1927 earthquake. An evaluation by the Palestinian Department of Public Works (DPW) stated that the stones of the church might collapse or overturn. The British colonial government immediately committed the Palestinian government to undertaking the repairs. The repair work involved a lot of discussions on legal responsibility, ultimate ownership of the church and liability for funding any work carried out. After the issues were settled, the DPW proceeded with the repair of the Katholikon and the cupola. However, a 1933 report by William Harvey revealed that the church was structurally in imminent danger.
Rina Verma Williams
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195680140
- eISBN:
- 9780199081721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195680140.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter deals with the policies of the British colonial government during the colonial period, when the norm of noninterference was established. The state defines the agenda on the personal ...
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This chapter deals with the policies of the British colonial government during the colonial period, when the norm of noninterference was established. The state defines the agenda on the personal laws, illustrating a gap between the rhetoric and the actions of noninterference in the personal laws. The social reform legislation ordained under the rubric of piecemeal legislation was apparently intended to benefit Indian women. Official or legislative consideration of the codification and reform of Hindu personal law came in British India in 1921, and 1943-4. The government supported the codification of Muslim personal law in 1937 and 1939. Changes to Hindu and Muslim personal laws were vindicated as conforming to popular demand and community opinion. Despite the rhetoric of community demand and popular support, it was the colonial state that ultimately decided whether, when, what, and how any changes to the personal laws would be made.Less
This chapter deals with the policies of the British colonial government during the colonial period, when the norm of noninterference was established. The state defines the agenda on the personal laws, illustrating a gap between the rhetoric and the actions of noninterference in the personal laws. The social reform legislation ordained under the rubric of piecemeal legislation was apparently intended to benefit Indian women. Official or legislative consideration of the codification and reform of Hindu personal law came in British India in 1921, and 1943-4. The government supported the codification of Muslim personal law in 1937 and 1939. Changes to Hindu and Muslim personal laws were vindicated as conforming to popular demand and community opinion. Despite the rhetoric of community demand and popular support, it was the colonial state that ultimately decided whether, when, what, and how any changes to the personal laws would be made.
W. G. Beasley
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221685
- eISBN:
- 9780191678479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221685.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
‘Co-prosperity’ was used during the First World War to describe an unequal relationship between an industrial Japan and a backward China within the treaty port system. Presumably, the co-prosperity ...
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‘Co-prosperity’ was used during the First World War to describe an unequal relationship between an industrial Japan and a backward China within the treaty port system. Presumably, the co-prosperity sphere was conceived as a type of informal empire, serving the needs of the Japanese economy but rejecting the models of European colonial government. However, there was never a blueprint towards which statesmen and their officials worked. The label emerged from a clutch of similar ones, chosen partly because it had the right ‘feel’, but also partly because it was politically convenient, in the sense of inhibiting opposition from those who were to find themselves under Japanese dominance. Only if Japan had won the war could it have been judged realistically as a form of empire.Less
‘Co-prosperity’ was used during the First World War to describe an unequal relationship between an industrial Japan and a backward China within the treaty port system. Presumably, the co-prosperity sphere was conceived as a type of informal empire, serving the needs of the Japanese economy but rejecting the models of European colonial government. However, there was never a blueprint towards which statesmen and their officials worked. The label emerged from a clutch of similar ones, chosen partly because it had the right ‘feel’, but also partly because it was politically convenient, in the sense of inhibiting opposition from those who were to find themselves under Japanese dominance. Only if Japan had won the war could it have been judged realistically as a form of empire.
John B. Nann and Morris L. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300118537
- eISBN:
- 9780300235685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300118537.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter explores the sources and techniques useful for finding information about the legal culture and law of individual colonies. While the rights and laws of England were the primary source of ...
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This chapter explores the sources and techniques useful for finding information about the legal culture and law of individual colonies. While the rights and laws of England were the primary source of the laws of the colonies, local laws also governed. Indeed, each of the thirteen North American colonies had different fundamental laws, charters, and local legislation and courts. Publication of American law books came slowly from the earliest American printing presses. Not surprisingly, these first books were not carefully written legal treatises. They were instead publications of the colonial governments—often statutory—and “how-to” manuals and formbooks primarily designed for justices of the peace, law officers, and town officials. Other sources of information on colonial law include colonial charters and legislation, royal proclamations, colonial court decisions, and colonial court records.Less
This chapter explores the sources and techniques useful for finding information about the legal culture and law of individual colonies. While the rights and laws of England were the primary source of the laws of the colonies, local laws also governed. Indeed, each of the thirteen North American colonies had different fundamental laws, charters, and local legislation and courts. Publication of American law books came slowly from the earliest American printing presses. Not surprisingly, these first books were not carefully written legal treatises. They were instead publications of the colonial governments—often statutory—and “how-to” manuals and formbooks primarily designed for justices of the peace, law officers, and town officials. Other sources of information on colonial law include colonial charters and legislation, royal proclamations, colonial court decisions, and colonial court records.
Lynn Stephen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520222373
- eISBN:
- 9780520927643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520222373.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter records the origins of land conflicts, rebellions, and cooperation between local communities with state authorities during the independence and colonial periods. It tries to show the ...
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This chapter records the origins of land conflicts, rebellions, and cooperation between local communities with state authorities during the independence and colonial periods. It tries to show the diversity in relations between indigenous communities and the colonial government and independent state of Mexico.Less
This chapter records the origins of land conflicts, rebellions, and cooperation between local communities with state authorities during the independence and colonial periods. It tries to show the diversity in relations between indigenous communities and the colonial government and independent state of Mexico.
Michael Littlewood
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622090996
- eISBN:
- 9789882207455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622090996.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter focuses on the continuation of Hong Kong's remarkable growth from 1981 to 1997. In 1981, it was already an internationally important trading and financial centre, but by the time it was ...
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This chapter focuses on the continuation of Hong Kong's remarkable growth from 1981 to 1997. In 1981, it was already an internationally important trading and financial centre, but by the time it was returned to Chinese rule in 1997, it was one of the richest cities in the world. The chapter also explains why the colonial government abandoned its original goal of a normal income tax and how, having given up on the possibility of structural reform, it turned its attention instead to the amendment of the schedular system in the Inland Revenue Ordinance.Less
This chapter focuses on the continuation of Hong Kong's remarkable growth from 1981 to 1997. In 1981, it was already an internationally important trading and financial centre, but by the time it was returned to Chinese rule in 1997, it was one of the richest cities in the world. The chapter also explains why the colonial government abandoned its original goal of a normal income tax and how, having given up on the possibility of structural reform, it turned its attention instead to the amendment of the schedular system in the Inland Revenue Ordinance.
David Pratten
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625536
- eISBN:
- 9780748670659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625536.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter focuses on the war years. The war effort gave many causes championed in the progressive discourse of the ‘reading public’ a new economic and political imperative. A range of economic ...
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This chapter focuses on the war years. The war effort gave many causes championed in the progressive discourse of the ‘reading public’ a new economic and political imperative. A range of economic issues — the manilla exchange rate, tax collection, school funding and palm oil production — would dominate their concerns, along with a growing list of ‘social ills’ which would fall under their increasingly vigilant and vociferous purview, including court corruption, masquerade violence, child betrothal, human trafficking and juvenile delinquency. The political ground shifted quickly during the war with the effect that the views of the progressive elite and the radical nationalists began to converge. At the beginning of the war government propaganda efforts sought to deflect local agitation by enlisting the support of the anti-colonial nationalist faction. By the end of the war, however, the nationalist agenda had broadened its constituency and it was not only the radical core that the Colonial Government attempted to outflank but also the improvement unions and the conservative press that had affiliated to and were supporting emergent nationalist political parties.Less
This chapter focuses on the war years. The war effort gave many causes championed in the progressive discourse of the ‘reading public’ a new economic and political imperative. A range of economic issues — the manilla exchange rate, tax collection, school funding and palm oil production — would dominate their concerns, along with a growing list of ‘social ills’ which would fall under their increasingly vigilant and vociferous purview, including court corruption, masquerade violence, child betrothal, human trafficking and juvenile delinquency. The political ground shifted quickly during the war with the effect that the views of the progressive elite and the radical nationalists began to converge. At the beginning of the war government propaganda efforts sought to deflect local agitation by enlisting the support of the anti-colonial nationalist faction. By the end of the war, however, the nationalist agenda had broadened its constituency and it was not only the radical core that the Colonial Government attempted to outflank but also the improvement unions and the conservative press that had affiliated to and were supporting emergent nationalist political parties.
